This study characterized bacteriophages that can control multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Serovar O168 isolated from ducklings in Egypt. Three phages (ECa1, ECb1, ECc1) were isolated from sewage samples and characterized. Electron microscopy showed the phages belonged to the family Podoviridae. A cocktail of the three phages was significantly more effective at reducing E. coli O168 in vitro than single phages, with a 7.4 log reduction after 12 hours. This confirms phage cocktails as a promising approach for controlling multidrug-resistant E. coli infections in ducklings.
This document describes a study that characterized Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and its toxins recovered from weaned rabbits, feed, and water in Egypt. 42 C. perfringens isolates (35 from rabbits, 7 from feed/water) were tested for toxigenicity in mice. The majority (34/35 from rabbits, 4/6 from feed) were toxigenic. Serological and molecular typing methods identified different C. perfringens toxin types present. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed sensitivity to certain antibiotics and resistance to others. The study characterized C. perfringens strains affecting rabbits in Egypt in order to better understand and control enteric disease caused by this pathogen.
ABSTRACT- Some Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. casei and L. plantarum) were isolated from locally fermented products (ogi, fura de Nunu and wara) and their effect on microbial infections caused by some pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus aureus) isolated from urine and high vaginal swab samples were studied using standard micriobiological methods.Fifiteen (15) healthy guinea pigs used for the study were divided into three (3) groups of five (5) guinea pigs each and placed in three (3) different cages. The pigs were initially fed for two (2) weeks (acclimatization period) with conventional feeds before administering the treatment. Lactobacillus species were introduced into the guinea pigs in cage 2 after the acclimatization period. Subsequently, the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were orally infected with all the clinical bacteria pathogens while the guinea pigs in cage 3 which served as control were left with no microbial treatment. Ten (10) days after treatment, the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level were determined. Striking differences were observed from guinea pigs in the different cages. The effectiveness of Lactobacilli (probiotics) was evident when the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were compared. The guinea pigs in cage 1 which were infected with pathogens but no probiotics had lower blood level (mean PCV= 24.8%) and inferior liver condition (mean ALT=58.18µl; mean AST=51.91µl). Higher blood level (Mean PCV=45%) and superior liver conditions (Mean ALT=9.51µl; mean AST=9.7µl) were obtained for guinea pigs in cage 2 which were infected with the same pathogens and fed with probiotics. The control (cage 3) had the highest PCV level and best liver conditions (mean PCV=46.6%, means ALT= 7.65µl; mean AST=11.83µl).Th .This might be attributed to the fact that they were not infected with pathogenic organisms. Lactobacillus species administered are promising probiotics against the tested bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species, Guinea pig, Bacteria pathogen, Enzymes assay, Haematological Parameters, Probiotics
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
This document summarizes a study on Clostridial enteritis affecting early weaned rabbits in Egypt. The study examined 329 rabbits showing clinical signs of enteritis across 8 governorates. Clostridium perfringens was the most commonly isolated species, found in 25.92% of samples, followed by C. tertium at 23.70%. Mixed infections with multiple Clostridial species were found in 2.96% of samples. Post-mortem examination revealed severe enteritis and hepatitis. The overall Clostridial isolation rate was 41.13% from rabbits and feed/water samples.
This document describes a study that characterized bacteria contaminating vegetables from food stalls in Solo, Indonesia using biochemical and molecular tests. Six pairs of cooked and uncooked vegetable samples were collected from three food stalls and tested. Biochemical tests identified glucose, lactose, mannitol and other sugar fermentation. Molecular characterization involved 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. The dominant bacteria identified were 24 isolates of Klebsiella species, 3 isolates of Pseudomonas aeroginosa, 2 isolates of Aeromonas caviae and 6 isolates of Enterobacter asburiae. Only one sample was uncontaminated. Most isolated bacteria were pathogenic, indicating a need for improved food handling hygiene in food stalls to prevent food
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
This document summarizes a study that tested the protective efficacy of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus IgY antibodies in Cyclosporine A treated mice. Egg-laying hens were immunized with heat-killed A. fumigatus to produce IgY antibodies in their egg yolks. IgY was extracted from eggs laid before and after immunization. Post-immunization extracts showed higher protein and IgY levels than pre-immunization extracts. When administered to Cyclosporine A treated mice challenged with a lethal dose of A. fumigatus, the post-secondary immunization IgY extract conferred the highest protection, with survival rates of 67%, 50%,
This study investigated antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples in Shiraz, Iran. Milk samples were taken from 100 cows and cultured if somatic cell count was over 100,000 cells/mL. The two most isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (37.61%) and Streptococcus spp. (36.69%). These bacteria showed the highest resistance to penicillin and cloxacillin. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests found Staphylococcus spp. were largely resistant to commonly used mastitis antibiotics like penicillin, tetracycline, and oxacillin at low concentrations. The study highlights the role of hygiene and prudent antibiotic use in mastitis control and prevention to
This document describes a study that characterized Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and its toxins recovered from weaned rabbits, feed, and water in Egypt. 42 C. perfringens isolates (35 from rabbits, 7 from feed/water) were tested for toxigenicity in mice. The majority (34/35 from rabbits, 4/6 from feed) were toxigenic. Serological and molecular typing methods identified different C. perfringens toxin types present. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed sensitivity to certain antibiotics and resistance to others. The study characterized C. perfringens strains affecting rabbits in Egypt in order to better understand and control enteric disease caused by this pathogen.
ABSTRACT- Some Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. casei and L. plantarum) were isolated from locally fermented products (ogi, fura de Nunu and wara) and their effect on microbial infections caused by some pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus aureus) isolated from urine and high vaginal swab samples were studied using standard micriobiological methods.Fifiteen (15) healthy guinea pigs used for the study were divided into three (3) groups of five (5) guinea pigs each and placed in three (3) different cages. The pigs were initially fed for two (2) weeks (acclimatization period) with conventional feeds before administering the treatment. Lactobacillus species were introduced into the guinea pigs in cage 2 after the acclimatization period. Subsequently, the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were orally infected with all the clinical bacteria pathogens while the guinea pigs in cage 3 which served as control were left with no microbial treatment. Ten (10) days after treatment, the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level were determined. Striking differences were observed from guinea pigs in the different cages. The effectiveness of Lactobacilli (probiotics) was evident when the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were compared. The guinea pigs in cage 1 which were infected with pathogens but no probiotics had lower blood level (mean PCV= 24.8%) and inferior liver condition (mean ALT=58.18µl; mean AST=51.91µl). Higher blood level (Mean PCV=45%) and superior liver conditions (Mean ALT=9.51µl; mean AST=9.7µl) were obtained for guinea pigs in cage 2 which were infected with the same pathogens and fed with probiotics. The control (cage 3) had the highest PCV level and best liver conditions (mean PCV=46.6%, means ALT= 7.65µl; mean AST=11.83µl).Th .This might be attributed to the fact that they were not infected with pathogenic organisms. Lactobacillus species administered are promising probiotics against the tested bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species, Guinea pig, Bacteria pathogen, Enzymes assay, Haematological Parameters, Probiotics
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
This document summarizes a study on Clostridial enteritis affecting early weaned rabbits in Egypt. The study examined 329 rabbits showing clinical signs of enteritis across 8 governorates. Clostridium perfringens was the most commonly isolated species, found in 25.92% of samples, followed by C. tertium at 23.70%. Mixed infections with multiple Clostridial species were found in 2.96% of samples. Post-mortem examination revealed severe enteritis and hepatitis. The overall Clostridial isolation rate was 41.13% from rabbits and feed/water samples.
This document describes a study that characterized bacteria contaminating vegetables from food stalls in Solo, Indonesia using biochemical and molecular tests. Six pairs of cooked and uncooked vegetable samples were collected from three food stalls and tested. Biochemical tests identified glucose, lactose, mannitol and other sugar fermentation. Molecular characterization involved 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. The dominant bacteria identified were 24 isolates of Klebsiella species, 3 isolates of Pseudomonas aeroginosa, 2 isolates of Aeromonas caviae and 6 isolates of Enterobacter asburiae. Only one sample was uncontaminated. Most isolated bacteria were pathogenic, indicating a need for improved food handling hygiene in food stalls to prevent food
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
This document summarizes a study that tested the protective efficacy of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus IgY antibodies in Cyclosporine A treated mice. Egg-laying hens were immunized with heat-killed A. fumigatus to produce IgY antibodies in their egg yolks. IgY was extracted from eggs laid before and after immunization. Post-immunization extracts showed higher protein and IgY levels than pre-immunization extracts. When administered to Cyclosporine A treated mice challenged with a lethal dose of A. fumigatus, the post-secondary immunization IgY extract conferred the highest protection, with survival rates of 67%, 50%,
This study investigated antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples in Shiraz, Iran. Milk samples were taken from 100 cows and cultured if somatic cell count was over 100,000 cells/mL. The two most isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (37.61%) and Streptococcus spp. (36.69%). These bacteria showed the highest resistance to penicillin and cloxacillin. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests found Staphylococcus spp. were largely resistant to commonly used mastitis antibiotics like penicillin, tetracycline, and oxacillin at low concentrations. The study highlights the role of hygiene and prudent antibiotic use in mastitis control and prevention to
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
1) Researchers are evaluating the sterilizing effects of alkaline hydrolysis using potassium hydroxide at 150°C for 6 hours to destroy prions and bacteria in animal byproducts for use in non-ruminant feed.
2) Initial tests showed this process destroyed all Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores below detection limits.
3) Additional testing will hydrolyze CWD-positive deer tissue and analyze for prion proteins, and infect scrapie-infected mouse brain samples into mice to test for prion infectivity.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated E.coli from different water sources ...Sulieman Bahar
This study tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of E.coli isolated from different water sources in Nyala Town, Sudan. E.coli was isolated from 50 water samples using standard methods and tested against 12 commonly used antimicrobial agents. The results showed that the E.coli strains were most sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Co-Trimoxazole and Chloramphenicol and most resistant to Tetracycline and Ampicillin/Sulbactam. This indicates multiple antibiotic resistant E.coli exist in the water sources of the study area, making the water potentially unsafe for drinking.
Effect of pH concentration on hydatid cyst protoscolices infectivity: In vitr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (Enterobacteriaceae - i)Hussein Al-tameemi
This document discusses Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli (E. coli). It describes E. coli as a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that is commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. The document outlines various biochemical tests used to identify E. coli, including catalase and oxidase tests, growth on selective and differential media, and automated identification systems. It also lists some common clinical specimens where E. coli may be found and diseases it can cause such as urinary tract infections and diarrhea.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to detect Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in chicken meat samples using various detection methods, including biochemical tests, latex agglutination, and the VIDAS Immuno Diagnostic Assay System (VIDAS). The study analyzed 100 chicken breast samples collected from supermarkets in Baghdad, Iraq. The results showed that 60% of samples were contaminated with S. aureus and contained toxins A, B, and C at concentrations ranging from 0.25-2.00 ng g-1. Toxin A was found at the highest concentrations, even at lower bacterial levels (104-105 CFU ml-1) compared to other studies. The VID
This document analyzes the microbiological quality of fresh beef sausages collected from different regions in Tripoli, Libya. 100 sausage samples were tested microbiologically. Results showed all samples were highly contaminated with bacteria, with total plate counts averaging 2.5x108 CFU/g. There were no significant differences in bacterial counts between regions. Additionally, 81% of samples were contaminated with E. coli and 48% contained the pathogenic E. coli O157:H7. The study found sausage samples in Tripoli to have high levels of bacteria exceeding recommended limits.
Citrex612 e-en-presentacion final listeriamonocytogenesCITREX
The document discusses an in vitro evaluation of the Citrex molecule against Listeria monocytogenes. It determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Citrex against two L. monocytogenes strains. The MIC for one strain was 25 ppm and for the other was 100 ppm. It also evaluated Citrex's effectiveness as a disinfectant on food products and surfaces contaminated with high levels of L. monocytogenes. Results showed that Citrex significantly reduced bacterial counts and was able to eliminate L. monocytogenes from contaminated surfaces within 15-30 minutes.
Two soil samples were collected from Puerto Rico and isolated bacteria were analyzed. Two different bacteria grew from one sample and one from the other. One bacterium was a coccus and two were bacillus based on gram staining. None produced antibiotics but some showed resistance to certain antibiotics like penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin. The isolated bacteria demonstrated characteristics needed for further analysis but genomic sequencing was left for future work.
Production of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) Specific Polyclonal Antibod...iosrjce
Serological techniques are commonly used in the detection and characterization of plant viruses.
These methods employ the use of antisera produced by highly purified preparations in intramuscular,
intradermal and intraocular. In this study oral route was explored using crude extracts. Two groups (control
and experimental) of Swiss albino mice consisting of two replicates were immunized via the oral route with
crude extracts from uninfected cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) and cassava plants systematically infected
with African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). Uninfected and infected leaves were grinded separately in saline
solution (0.15M) at 1:2 (w/v) with laboratory mortar and pestle and then filtered with double layered cheese
cloth of 75µm to obtain extracts. Clarified extracts were orally administered to the mice in daily doses of 200µl
per mice for 21 days and booster doses were also given at day 28 and 35 respectively. Antiserum were obtained
from the mice for 6 consecutive weeks after the commencement of immunization and were analyzed using
antigen coated plate (ACP) and triple antibody sandwich (TAS) indirect enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Group A antisera gave negative reactions (OD values < 1.5) while group B antisera reacted positively
(OD values ≥ 1.5) in the two methods used. The polyclonal antisera obtained were very specific to ACMV in
ACP and TAS ELISA. This appears to be the first antisera specific to ACMV obtained by oral immunization of
mice. Oral immunization is considered less stressful for animals, the method is a fast, simple and cheap way for
producing antisera to plant virus compared to the traditional methods of using purified preparations for
immunization. We have used this procedure in the production of antisera yet there is room for improvement in
immunization strategies to enhance antibody production. Immunization dosage can also be tried and
manipulated in bigger animals like rabbits and chicken. This research work leaves room for further exploration
of similar procedure in bigger experimental animals like rabbits and chicken for greater antiserum production.
The document describes a study that evaluated a new combined method for detecting Listeria monocytogenes in environmental and food samples using ActeroTM Listeria Enrichment Media followed by detection with the DuPontTM BAX® System Real-Time PCR assay. The study compared the new method to USDA-FSIS MLG 8.09 and US FDA BAM 10 reference methods using inoculated samples of various foods and surfaces. The results demonstrated that the new combined method performed statistically equivalent or superior to the reference culture methods, with significantly reduced time to detection of L. monocytogenes. Independent laboratory validation studies further confirmed the high accuracy and reliability of the new method.
Characteristics of salmonella spp. isolated from wild birds confiscated in il...racheltrans
1) Salmonella was isolated from 3 of 109 wild birds confiscated from illegal wildlife trade in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, including one strain of Salmonella Typhimurium and two strains of Salmonella Panama.
2) All Salmonella isolates showed resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs. PFGE analysis found 100% similarity between the Salmonella Typhimurium strain isolated from a bird and strains from a human outbreak in southern Brazil, indicating potential spread between wildlife and humans.
3) The two Salmonella Panama strains isolated from birds in the same catch showed identical genetic fingerprints, suggesting a common source of infection. However, these strains did not match any isolates in reference databases.
Isolation and Identification of Avibacteriumparagallinarum from Layer Chicken...Dr. Md. Ehsanul Haque
An investigation was conducted for isolation, identification and determination of antibiotic sensitivity of Avibacteriumparagallinarun, the causal agent of infectious coryza, from layer chickens. A total of 21 samples with characteristic symptoms of the disease were collected from a Hatchery of Gazipur. Tissue specimens obtained aseptically from swollen infra orbital sinus and tracheal swab were processed, of which, 3 were found positive while the rest 18 were negative. Isolation of bacteria was performed by first putting the specimen in Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) enriched phosphate buffer broth, anaerobically incubated for 24 hours followed by culturing loopful of broth on Blood agar (BA) and Chocolate agar (CA) plates enriched with NAD and streaked with feeder organism of Staphylococcus. aureus. On 24 hours of anaerobic incubation (candle jar method), dew drop satellite colonies of A. paragallinarum were visible on the culture plates. Cultural characteristics of bacteria as well as their staining, morphological, motility and biochemical properties such as sugar fermentation, MR and V-P tests, Indole production and catalase tests were recorded for identification. Further, antibiogram study revealed that the isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin but resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin and Sulphamethoxazole.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluated the safety risks of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) present in the microbiota of commercial and artisanal salami in Brazil. Nineteen CNS strains were isolated from salami samples, with different species identified between commercial and artisanal salami. The strains were found to harbor multiple genes for enterotoxins and toxins and showed antimicrobial resistance. Real-time PCR and ELISA confirmed the isolated strains could express enterotoxins in vitro, posing risks for food poisoning. The study characterized the CNS species in Brazilian salami and their potential safety risks in terms of enterotoxin production and antimicrobial resistance.
15. camille and 3. justin final version bacteria reportJustinCotto
This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected from different locations, diluted and plated. Three distinct bacterial colonies grew and were purified. Gram staining showed one was gram-positive coccus and two were gram-positive bacillus. PCR/electrophoresis positively identified one coccus sample. No bacteria produced antibiotics but two samples showed resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin and vancomycin while the other did not resist any antibiotics tested. The goal was to identify properties of isolated bacteria including antibiotic production and resistance.
This document discusses a study that characterized Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolates from poultry farm environments in Tunisia. Samples from 8 farms yielded 21 Salmonella isolates, including 16 S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. PFGE identified 2 types, plasmid profiling found 4 types, and most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. Combined methods showed the spread of a particular S. enteritidis clone related to a major worldwide clone.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The study analyzed urine samples from 100 UTI patients and isolated Proteus bacteria, identifying 10 as ESBL producers. The ESBL-producing Proteus isolates were resistant to several antibiotics but sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem. Aqueous extracts of four plants were tested against Proteus isolates, with Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis demonstrating the highest antibacterial activity. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Proteus in urine samples was 10%, with most gram-negative bacteria sensitive to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin.
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus HayataCây thuốc Việt
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,
after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were
still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of
lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential
value for the treatment of human cancers.
Antibacterial and Immuno Modulatory Roles of Ocimum Gratissimum in the Contro...ijtsrd
O. gratissimum is one of the leafy vegetables used by Nigerians as a food additive in preparing some local dishes. It has also been documented by some researchers to have some medicinal values. This research aimed at monitoring the immunomodulatory and antibacterial roles of Ocimum gratissimum ethanolic extract in the control of colibacillosis in broilers as a natural alternative to antibiotic therapy.1.5 ml 107 cfu ml E. coli O157 H7 isolated from nono sour milk and identified with 16s rDNA sequencing, was used to elicit colibacillosis infection in three weeks old broilers. Oral administration of the plant extract 40 g l to the infected birds over a 1 month period resulted in regulated haemoglobin, blood electrolytes, urea, creatinine, C reactive protein and liver enzyme values. Microbial counts in the intestine revealed a decrease in total E. coli count. Histopathology examination of the intestinal tissues revealed the activity of gut associated lymphoid tissue in immune response. O. gratissimum ethanolic extract can serve as a natural alternative to antibiotic therapy in the control of colibacillosis in broilers. Ikele, O. M. | Ezeonu, I. M. | Umeoduagu, N. D. "Antibacterial and Immuno-Modulatory Roles of Ocimum Gratissimum in the Control of E. coli O157:H7 Chicken Colibacillosis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51930.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/51930/antibacterial-and-immunomodulatory-roles-of-ocimum-gratissimum-in-the-control-of-e-coli-o157h7-chicken-colibacillosis/ikele-o-m
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This study examined the differences in biofilm formation capabilities between vancomycin-resistant and ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Six S. aureus isolates from urine samples were tested for antibiotic resistance to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. Two isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and three were resistant to vancomycin based on standard guidelines. A variety of assays were used to analyze biofilm formation, finding that ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates showed moderate biofilm formation, while vancomycin-resistant isolates showed strong biofilm formation. The study concluded that antibiotic-resistant S. aureus clinical isolates displayed differences in their ability to form biofilms.
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
1) Researchers are evaluating the sterilizing effects of alkaline hydrolysis using potassium hydroxide at 150°C for 6 hours to destroy prions and bacteria in animal byproducts for use in non-ruminant feed.
2) Initial tests showed this process destroyed all Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores below detection limits.
3) Additional testing will hydrolyze CWD-positive deer tissue and analyze for prion proteins, and infect scrapie-infected mouse brain samples into mice to test for prion infectivity.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated E.coli from different water sources ...Sulieman Bahar
This study tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of E.coli isolated from different water sources in Nyala Town, Sudan. E.coli was isolated from 50 water samples using standard methods and tested against 12 commonly used antimicrobial agents. The results showed that the E.coli strains were most sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Co-Trimoxazole and Chloramphenicol and most resistant to Tetracycline and Ampicillin/Sulbactam. This indicates multiple antibiotic resistant E.coli exist in the water sources of the study area, making the water potentially unsafe for drinking.
Effect of pH concentration on hydatid cyst protoscolices infectivity: In vitr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (Enterobacteriaceae - i)Hussein Al-tameemi
This document discusses Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli (E. coli). It describes E. coli as a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that is commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. The document outlines various biochemical tests used to identify E. coli, including catalase and oxidase tests, growth on selective and differential media, and automated identification systems. It also lists some common clinical specimens where E. coli may be found and diseases it can cause such as urinary tract infections and diarrhea.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to detect Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in chicken meat samples using various detection methods, including biochemical tests, latex agglutination, and the VIDAS Immuno Diagnostic Assay System (VIDAS). The study analyzed 100 chicken breast samples collected from supermarkets in Baghdad, Iraq. The results showed that 60% of samples were contaminated with S. aureus and contained toxins A, B, and C at concentrations ranging from 0.25-2.00 ng g-1. Toxin A was found at the highest concentrations, even at lower bacterial levels (104-105 CFU ml-1) compared to other studies. The VID
This document analyzes the microbiological quality of fresh beef sausages collected from different regions in Tripoli, Libya. 100 sausage samples were tested microbiologically. Results showed all samples were highly contaminated with bacteria, with total plate counts averaging 2.5x108 CFU/g. There were no significant differences in bacterial counts between regions. Additionally, 81% of samples were contaminated with E. coli and 48% contained the pathogenic E. coli O157:H7. The study found sausage samples in Tripoli to have high levels of bacteria exceeding recommended limits.
Citrex612 e-en-presentacion final listeriamonocytogenesCITREX
The document discusses an in vitro evaluation of the Citrex molecule against Listeria monocytogenes. It determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Citrex against two L. monocytogenes strains. The MIC for one strain was 25 ppm and for the other was 100 ppm. It also evaluated Citrex's effectiveness as a disinfectant on food products and surfaces contaminated with high levels of L. monocytogenes. Results showed that Citrex significantly reduced bacterial counts and was able to eliminate L. monocytogenes from contaminated surfaces within 15-30 minutes.
Two soil samples were collected from Puerto Rico and isolated bacteria were analyzed. Two different bacteria grew from one sample and one from the other. One bacterium was a coccus and two were bacillus based on gram staining. None produced antibiotics but some showed resistance to certain antibiotics like penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin. The isolated bacteria demonstrated characteristics needed for further analysis but genomic sequencing was left for future work.
Production of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) Specific Polyclonal Antibod...iosrjce
Serological techniques are commonly used in the detection and characterization of plant viruses.
These methods employ the use of antisera produced by highly purified preparations in intramuscular,
intradermal and intraocular. In this study oral route was explored using crude extracts. Two groups (control
and experimental) of Swiss albino mice consisting of two replicates were immunized via the oral route with
crude extracts from uninfected cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) and cassava plants systematically infected
with African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). Uninfected and infected leaves were grinded separately in saline
solution (0.15M) at 1:2 (w/v) with laboratory mortar and pestle and then filtered with double layered cheese
cloth of 75µm to obtain extracts. Clarified extracts were orally administered to the mice in daily doses of 200µl
per mice for 21 days and booster doses were also given at day 28 and 35 respectively. Antiserum were obtained
from the mice for 6 consecutive weeks after the commencement of immunization and were analyzed using
antigen coated plate (ACP) and triple antibody sandwich (TAS) indirect enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Group A antisera gave negative reactions (OD values < 1.5) while group B antisera reacted positively
(OD values ≥ 1.5) in the two methods used. The polyclonal antisera obtained were very specific to ACMV in
ACP and TAS ELISA. This appears to be the first antisera specific to ACMV obtained by oral immunization of
mice. Oral immunization is considered less stressful for animals, the method is a fast, simple and cheap way for
producing antisera to plant virus compared to the traditional methods of using purified preparations for
immunization. We have used this procedure in the production of antisera yet there is room for improvement in
immunization strategies to enhance antibody production. Immunization dosage can also be tried and
manipulated in bigger animals like rabbits and chicken. This research work leaves room for further exploration
of similar procedure in bigger experimental animals like rabbits and chicken for greater antiserum production.
The document describes a study that evaluated a new combined method for detecting Listeria monocytogenes in environmental and food samples using ActeroTM Listeria Enrichment Media followed by detection with the DuPontTM BAX® System Real-Time PCR assay. The study compared the new method to USDA-FSIS MLG 8.09 and US FDA BAM 10 reference methods using inoculated samples of various foods and surfaces. The results demonstrated that the new combined method performed statistically equivalent or superior to the reference culture methods, with significantly reduced time to detection of L. monocytogenes. Independent laboratory validation studies further confirmed the high accuracy and reliability of the new method.
Characteristics of salmonella spp. isolated from wild birds confiscated in il...racheltrans
1) Salmonella was isolated from 3 of 109 wild birds confiscated from illegal wildlife trade in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, including one strain of Salmonella Typhimurium and two strains of Salmonella Panama.
2) All Salmonella isolates showed resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs. PFGE analysis found 100% similarity between the Salmonella Typhimurium strain isolated from a bird and strains from a human outbreak in southern Brazil, indicating potential spread between wildlife and humans.
3) The two Salmonella Panama strains isolated from birds in the same catch showed identical genetic fingerprints, suggesting a common source of infection. However, these strains did not match any isolates in reference databases.
Isolation and Identification of Avibacteriumparagallinarum from Layer Chicken...Dr. Md. Ehsanul Haque
An investigation was conducted for isolation, identification and determination of antibiotic sensitivity of Avibacteriumparagallinarun, the causal agent of infectious coryza, from layer chickens. A total of 21 samples with characteristic symptoms of the disease were collected from a Hatchery of Gazipur. Tissue specimens obtained aseptically from swollen infra orbital sinus and tracheal swab were processed, of which, 3 were found positive while the rest 18 were negative. Isolation of bacteria was performed by first putting the specimen in Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) enriched phosphate buffer broth, anaerobically incubated for 24 hours followed by culturing loopful of broth on Blood agar (BA) and Chocolate agar (CA) plates enriched with NAD and streaked with feeder organism of Staphylococcus. aureus. On 24 hours of anaerobic incubation (candle jar method), dew drop satellite colonies of A. paragallinarum were visible on the culture plates. Cultural characteristics of bacteria as well as their staining, morphological, motility and biochemical properties such as sugar fermentation, MR and V-P tests, Indole production and catalase tests were recorded for identification. Further, antibiogram study revealed that the isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin but resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin and Sulphamethoxazole.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluated the safety risks of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) present in the microbiota of commercial and artisanal salami in Brazil. Nineteen CNS strains were isolated from salami samples, with different species identified between commercial and artisanal salami. The strains were found to harbor multiple genes for enterotoxins and toxins and showed antimicrobial resistance. Real-time PCR and ELISA confirmed the isolated strains could express enterotoxins in vitro, posing risks for food poisoning. The study characterized the CNS species in Brazilian salami and their potential safety risks in terms of enterotoxin production and antimicrobial resistance.
15. camille and 3. justin final version bacteria reportJustinCotto
This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected from different locations, diluted and plated. Three distinct bacterial colonies grew and were purified. Gram staining showed one was gram-positive coccus and two were gram-positive bacillus. PCR/electrophoresis positively identified one coccus sample. No bacteria produced antibiotics but two samples showed resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin and vancomycin while the other did not resist any antibiotics tested. The goal was to identify properties of isolated bacteria including antibiotic production and resistance.
This document discusses a study that characterized Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolates from poultry farm environments in Tunisia. Samples from 8 farms yielded 21 Salmonella isolates, including 16 S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. PFGE identified 2 types, plasmid profiling found 4 types, and most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. Combined methods showed the spread of a particular S. enteritidis clone related to a major worldwide clone.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The study analyzed urine samples from 100 UTI patients and isolated Proteus bacteria, identifying 10 as ESBL producers. The ESBL-producing Proteus isolates were resistant to several antibiotics but sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem. Aqueous extracts of four plants were tested against Proteus isolates, with Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis demonstrating the highest antibacterial activity. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Proteus in urine samples was 10%, with most gram-negative bacteria sensitive to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin.
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus HayataCây thuốc Việt
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,
after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were
still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of
lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential
value for the treatment of human cancers.
Antibacterial and Immuno Modulatory Roles of Ocimum Gratissimum in the Contro...ijtsrd
O. gratissimum is one of the leafy vegetables used by Nigerians as a food additive in preparing some local dishes. It has also been documented by some researchers to have some medicinal values. This research aimed at monitoring the immunomodulatory and antibacterial roles of Ocimum gratissimum ethanolic extract in the control of colibacillosis in broilers as a natural alternative to antibiotic therapy.1.5 ml 107 cfu ml E. coli O157 H7 isolated from nono sour milk and identified with 16s rDNA sequencing, was used to elicit colibacillosis infection in three weeks old broilers. Oral administration of the plant extract 40 g l to the infected birds over a 1 month period resulted in regulated haemoglobin, blood electrolytes, urea, creatinine, C reactive protein and liver enzyme values. Microbial counts in the intestine revealed a decrease in total E. coli count. Histopathology examination of the intestinal tissues revealed the activity of gut associated lymphoid tissue in immune response. O. gratissimum ethanolic extract can serve as a natural alternative to antibiotic therapy in the control of colibacillosis in broilers. Ikele, O. M. | Ezeonu, I. M. | Umeoduagu, N. D. "Antibacterial and Immuno-Modulatory Roles of Ocimum Gratissimum in the Control of E. coli O157:H7 Chicken Colibacillosis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51930.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/51930/antibacterial-and-immunomodulatory-roles-of-ocimum-gratissimum-in-the-control-of-e-coli-o157h7-chicken-colibacillosis/ikele-o-m
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This study examined the differences in biofilm formation capabilities between vancomycin-resistant and ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Six S. aureus isolates from urine samples were tested for antibiotic resistance to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. Two isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and three were resistant to vancomycin based on standard guidelines. A variety of assays were used to analyze biofilm formation, finding that ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates showed moderate biofilm formation, while vancomycin-resistant isolates showed strong biofilm formation. The study concluded that antibiotic-resistant S. aureus clinical isolates displayed differences in their ability to form biofilms.
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study examining the incidence and antibiotic sensitivity of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready-to-eat foods sold in markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Sixty-four food samples were tested and Bacillus cereus was found in all samples, with the highest frequency occurring in cooked rice (29.51%) and masa (26.23%). All Bacillus cereus isolates were susceptible to several antibiotics including rifampin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin, but were 100% resistant to norfloxapin, floxapen, and ampiclox. The presence of Bacillus cereus in foods sold in markets poses a public health risk due to poor sanitation
This document summarizes a study on the microbial quality of raw milk samples collected from four locations in Abia State, Nigeria. A variety of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp.) and fungi (Candida spp, Mucor spp.) were isolated from the milk samples. The total bacterial counts ranged from 9.88 x 107 to 1.26 x 108 cfu/ml across samples. The coliform, staphylococcal, and fungal counts also varied between locations. The milk from the university farm location had lower microbial loads compared to milk from other commercial sources, likely due to better hygienic practices on the university farm.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
This study investigated the multidrug resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected from hospitals and tested for S. aureus, which was isolated from 38.8% of samples, primarily from wound swabs. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found high resistance to ciprofloxacin (64.3%), ampicillin (59.5%), and chloramphenicol (54.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in over 92% of isolates. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was highest at 0.6 (23.8%) and 0.5 (19.0%), indicating resistance to multiple drugs. The results demonstrate high multidrug resistance in S. aureus isolates from the
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
This document summarizes a study investigating certain epidemiological aspects of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in chickens. The key findings include:
1. A gentamicin-resistant A. hydrophila strain was used to study survival and transmission. It survived for 26 days in water and 11-23 days in various chicken materials like crates, feces, ration, sawdust and straw.
2. When embryonated eggs were dipped in an A. hydrophila culture, it caused 8.3% embryonic mortality. Hatched chicks showed 13.3% mortality in the first week and signs of infection.
3. Orally infected breeder hens had higher fecal shedding than sub
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Campylobacter (curved rod in Greek) may have been discovered in the late nineteenth century (1886) by Theodor Escherich from an infant who died of cholera and called the disease “cholera infantum”
In the last 30 years, Campylobacter has been recognized as a leading pathogen causing diseases in both animals and humans and considered a zoonotic pathogen
Campylobacters (formerly Vibrio fetus) were first associated with diseases of cattle and sheep at the beginning of 20th century
Respiration of e. coli in the mouse intestineAndrew Fabich
Mammals are aerobes that harbor an intestinal ecosystem dominated by large numbers of anaerobic microorganisms. However, the role of oxygen in the intestinal ecosystem is largely unexplored. We used systematic mutational analysis to determine the role of respiratory metabolism in the streptomycin-treated mouse model of intestinal colonization. Here we provide evidence that aerobic respiration is required for commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli to colonize mice. Our results showed that mutants lacking ATP synthase, which is required for all respiratory energy-conserving metabolism, were eliminated by competition with respiratory-competent wild-type strains. Mutants lacking the high-affinity cytochrome bd oxidase, which is used when oxygen tensions are low, also failed to colonize. However, the low-affinity cytochrome bo(3) oxidase, which is used when oxygen tension is high, was found not to be necessary for colonization. Mutants lacking either nitrate reductase or fumarate reductase also had major colonization defects. The results showed that the entire E. coli population was dependent on both microaerobic and anaerobic respiration, consistent with the hypothesis that the E. coli niche is alternately microaerobic and anaerobic, rather than static. The results indicate that success of the facultative anaerobes in the intestine depends on their respiratory flexibility. Despite competition for relatively scarce carbon sources, the energy efficiency provided by respiration may contribute to the widespread distribution (i.e., success) of E. coli strains as commensal inhabitants of the mammalian intestine.
Antioxidants are substances which are capable to protect the body from damages caused by free radical. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants exists in the body and many of them are derived from plant sources. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the absolute ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark on typhoid fever induced rats. Salmonella typhi infected rats were treated every day between 7 to 9 AM with different doses of plant extract (9.16, 36.5 and 73 mg/kg or oxytetracyclin 20 mg/ kg). After 09 days of treatment, the results show that the different doses of this extract have all contributed to the cure of the infected rats, healing marked by the absence of salmonella in animal’s blood cultured on ss agar. In the other hand, treatment with different doses of plant extract result in a relative and signifi cant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of some blood and tissues antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and POD while the level of alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide as compared to untreated control group animal as compared to the untreated control group animals. Whereas, the level of ALP, MDA and NO were signifi cantly decreased (p < 0.05). These results showed that the absolute ethanolic extract of E. chlorantha stem bark possess antioxidant and antityphoid properties necessary to eradicate the free radical produced during typhoid fever infection.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
Virulence Phenotype, Physicochemical Properties and Biofilm Formation of Pseu...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study characterizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Morocco. The study examined the virulence phenotypes, biofilm formation ability, and physicochemical properties of the P. aeruginosa isolates.
The results showed that the isolates expressed a range of virulence factors including proteases, lipases, and hemolysins. Most isolates were motile and able to form biofilms on polyethylene surfaces within 8-12 hours. Physicochemical characterization found the isolates possessed a range of surface properties like hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity that influence their ability to adhere to surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy images showed cell adhesion and biofilm formation on polyethylene over time.
In summary, the study
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Austin Journal of Robotics & Automation supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Robotics & Automation research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary technology.
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Austin Leukemia strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Autism impacts normal brain development in areas of social interaction and communication. People with autism may exhibit repetitive behaviors, unusual responses to people, attachment to objects, and resistance to change in routine. The main types of autism are autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, Rett's disorder, and childhood disintegrative disorder, which are distinguished based on levels of impairment and when symptoms begin. While there is no definitive medical test, autism is diagnosed by a team using interviews, observations, and checklists to evaluate social skills, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors.
Austin Journal of Asthma: Open Access is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Asthma.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Asthma. Austin Journal of Asthma: Open Access accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Asthma.
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
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Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
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Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
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Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
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Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
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The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
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Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
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Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
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Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
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7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
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9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
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This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
India Medical Devices Market: Size, Share, and In-Depth Competitive Analysis ...Kumar Satyam
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2. J Bacteriol Mycol 5(6): id1079 (2018) - Page - 02
Merwad AMA Austin Publishing Group
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range (1-14 days) were collected from three commercial duckling
farms and from Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Sharkia,
Egypt. The samples included gizzard, liver and spleen and swabs
from mouth and cloacae. All samples were collected from euthanized
ducklings. Samples were directly transported to the Laboratory under
aseptic conditions and kept in an insulated box with ice packs.
Isolation of Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and
Pasteurella species
Isolation of E. coli from swab and tissue samples of ducklings
was carried out according to the microbiological method listed in
Bacteriological Analytical Manual with minor modifications [9]. The
swabs from mouth and cloacae were pre-enriched in buffered peptone
water; while 25g of each liver, spleen and gizzard was added to 225ml
of buffered peptone water, then homogenized using a stomacher at
230rpm for 5min. The pre-enriched swabs and tissue mixtures were
incubated at 37°
C for 18hrs. One loopful of enriched culture was
subjected to streaking on MacConkey agar plates, then followed by an
incubation at 37°
C for 18-24 hrs. Afterwards, reinoculation of lactose
fermenting colonies was performed on the Eosin Methylene blue
(EMB) agar plates, then plates were incubated at 37°
C for 18-24 hrs.
The presumptive E. coli isolates appearing as metallic green colonies
on EMB agar plates were subjected for biochemical identification
as previously described [10]. Serotyping of E. coli isolates was done
using commercial antisera kits ((Difco, Detroit, MI, USA) at the
Serology Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
Stock cultures of the isolates were stored in 50% glycerol at -80°
C.
The isolation of Salmonella species from swab and tissue samples
of ducklings was carried out according to the ISO-6579 method
[11]. Briefly, 0.1ml of pre-enriched cultures was added to 10ml of
Rappaport-Vassiliadis soy peptone (RVS, OXoid CM0669) broth
then incubated at 41.5°
C for 18-24 hrs. A loopul from enriched broth
was streaked on the surface of Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate (XLD,
Oxoid, CM0469) agar plate followed by incubation at 37°
C for 24hrs.
The isolates of salmonellae were biochemically identified. Serotyping
of Salmonella isolates was carried out according to [12]. The pre-
enriched swabs were streaked on 5% sheep blood agar plates for
isolation of Pasteurella spp., and then incubated at 37°
C for 24hrs. The
identification of Pasteurella species was done as previously described
[13].
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
A total of 22 bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli serotype
O168 (n=6), Salmonella Typhimurium (n=13) and Pasteurella
anatipestifer (n=3) were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against
10 antibiotics by the disk diffusion method [14]. The used antibiotics
and their concentrations were including: Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
(30µg), gentamycin (10µg), chloramphenicol (30µg), doxycycline
(30µg), imipenem (30µg), streptomycin (30µg), rifampin (10µg),
ciprofloxacin (30µg), ampicillin (30µg) and sulfadimethoxine-
ormetoprim (2µg. The test was performed by applying a bacterial
inoculum of approximately 2×108
CFU/ml to the surface of Mueller-
Hinton agar plate. The disks of antibiotics were distributed on the
surface of inoculated agar plate, and incubated at 37°
C for 18-24 hrs.
The inhibition growth zone around each antibiotic disk is measured
to the approximate millimeter. The diameters zone of each antibiotic
was explained according to criteria documented by the European
Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing [15].
Isolation of lytic phages against Escherichia coli serotype
O168
Duckling’sdroppingsfromthesameretailstoresmentionedabove
and sewage water were collected from several stations in Zagazig, and
10th
of Ramadan, then homogenized in 100ml of Luria-Bertani (LB)
broth supplemented with 10ml mol/L CaCl2
. Those homogenates
were subjected to inoculation with overnight cultures (100ml) of 9 E.
coli isolates as host cells, and then followed by incubation at 37°
C for
24h. The inoculated samples (5ml) were harvested and centrifuged
at 12,000x g for 5min. The supernatant was collected and filtrated
through 0.45mm pore size filter (Millipore, France) to generate phage
lysate. For screening of the existence of lytic phages, the lysate (10ml)
was spotted onto the lawn of bacteria prepared from 9 bacterial hosts
after overnight culture of on the double layer LB agar plates (Oxoid).
These plates were dried at room temperature for 10 minutes, and then
were exposed to overnight incubation at 37°
C. Lysate showing clear
lytic zones at the application point on the double layer LB plates were
serially diluted in SM buffer (0.05mol/L Tris- HCl buffer, pH 7.5,
containing 0.1mol/L NaCl, 0.008mol/L MgSO4, and 0.01% gelatin).
The dilutions (100ml) were subjected to incubation with 100ml
of corresponding host(s) at 37°
C for 20min, mixed in 4ml molten
agar, plated on LB and incubated at 37°
C for 24hrs. The existence
of plaques was checked in the plates. For phage isolation, we picked
up the one clear and the most separated plaque that appeared on the
double layer agar plates, then followed by serial dilution in SM buffer
and incubated with bacterial host culture and plated on the double
layer LB as previously stated. For the isolation of every phage, this
procedure was repeated at least 3 times at least to prove the phage
purity. The storage of final lysates was performed in SM buffer at 4°
C
until use.
Electron microscopy
A drop of three purified bacteriophage particles of a highly
concentrated suspension (109
PFU/ml) was spotted on the carbon-
coated copper grid, left to adsorb for 2min, and then followed by
negativestainingwith2%(w/v)uranylacetate.Phagemorphologywas
observed with electron microscope (Hitachi, H600A) at University of
Mansoura, Egypt.
Phage adsorption
Exponential host bacterial cultures of E. coli isolate serotype
(O168) were adjusted to a 0.8 O.D. at 600nm (corresponding to a
cell density of 109
CFU/ml). Phage suspensions (10µl) were added
to 10ml of E. coli isolate to obtain a multiplicity of infection (MOI)
of 0.001 and then incubated at 25°
C [16]. Aliquots of mixture were
gathered after zero, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 minutes of
incubation and chloroform (1% as a final volume) was added. The
mixture was centrifuged at 12.000g for 5 minutes and supernatants
were immediately filtered by using 0.2 (Millipore, France). Dilution
and titration of unadsorbed phages were performed. Incubation of
plates was carried out at 37°
C followed by examination of plaques
after 4-8 hrs. The adsorption was expressed as the percentage decrease
of phage titer in the supernatant when compared to the zero time.
The phage suspensions without any host cells were utilized as non-
adsorption standard for calculations [16]. Three independent assays
were performed.
3. J Bacteriol Mycol 5(6): id1079 (2018) - Page - 03
Merwad AMA Austin Publishing Group
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Determination of Phage host range and analysis for
Efficiency of Plating (EOP)
After phage isolation, the bacterial strains used in the present
study were listed in (Table 3). The stocks of phages were prepared
and the host range of isolated phages was detected by the spot testing
as previously explained [17]. Each isolated phage was tested against
39 strains of pathogenic bacteria to determine the host range of each
phage [18]. Briefly, phage stocks (10ml) were spotted onto each
bacterial lawn, then it dried in a clean bench for 10 min and exposed
to incubation at 37°
C for 24hrs. The lytic zones of phages being visible
at the application point were labeled as positive for lytic activities.
Two categories of pathogenic bacteria were differentiated according
to the clarity of spot including: Clear lysis zone (+), no lysis zone (-).
Using the double-layer agar method, the EOP was determined for
bacteria with positive spot tests (occurrence of a clear lysis zone) [17].
For each phage, three independent experiments were performed. The
EOP was calculated by the following equation: Average PFU on target
bacteria/average PFU on host bacteria with the standard deviation for
the three measurements as previously explained [19].
Effect of temperature and pH on phages stability
For thermal stability test, the suspensions of phages were added
to LB broth at different temperatures of 28, 37, 45 and 65°
C, then
exposed to incubation at the respective temperatures for one hour.
For pH stability test, the suspension of phage was inoculated into the
LB liquid medium with a pH range of 3-11 and the phage titer was
determined after incubation at 37°
C for one hour.
Figure 1: Electron micrographs of E. coli phages. (A) Phage ECa1; (B) Phage ECb1; (C) phage ECc1. The bars represent 100nm.
Isolated pathogenic bacteria
Study location Types of samples E. coli
Salmonella Pasteurella Total No. of
spp. spp. isolates
Commercial duckling farms and Cloacal swabs 70 8 2 80
Animal Health Research Institute Liver 20 2 1 23
Gizzard 2 4 5 11
Mouth swabs 7 11 1 19
Spleen 2 4 1 7
Total isolates 101 29 10 140
Table 1: Isolation of pathogenic bacteria from different samples from ducklings.
Escherichia coli serotype (O168) Salmonella typhimurium Pasteurella anatipestifer
(n=6) (n=13) n=3)
Antimicrobials (Code, disc concentration) R (%)*
I (%) S (%) R (%) I (%) S (%) R (%) I (%) S (%)
Ampicillin (Amp, 30µg) 33.3 66.7 ¥
ND 76.9 15.3 7.7 ND ND 100
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid(AMC, 30µg) 100 ND ND 38.4 46.1 15.3 33.3 66.7 ND
Gentamycin (CN, 10µg) ND 83.3 16.7 53.8 46.1 ND 33.3 33.3 33.3
Chloramphenicol (CHL, 30µg) 50 33.3 16.7 46.1 30.7 23.07 ND 33.3 66.7
Doxycycline (DOX, 30µg) 83.3 50 20 ND 46.1 53.9 ND 66.7 33.3
Imipenem (IPM, 30µg) 100 ND ND 23.07 15.3 61.5 33.3 33.3 33.3
Streptomycin(STR, 30µg) 66.7 33.3 ND 30.7 23.07 46.1 33.3 ND 66.7
Rifampin (RIF, 10µg) 50 83.3 33.3 46.15 30.7 23.07 ND 33.3 66.7
Ciprofloxacin(CIP, 30µg) 100 ND ND 23.07 30.7 46.1 ND ND 100
Sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim (2µg) 66.6 33.3 ND 30.7 61.5 7.6 66.7 33.3 ND
Table 2: Percentages of antibiotic resistance for the isolated Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pasteurella anatipestifer from ducklings.
*
R: Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Sensitive. ¥
ND: Not detected any susceptibility of the bacterial isolate to the corresponding antimicrobial agent.
4. J Bacteriol Mycol 5(6): id1079 (2018) - Page - 04
Merwad AMA Austin Publishing Group
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One single-step growth experiments
Adjustment of exponential host bacterial cultures of E. coli strain
was done to a 0.8 O.D. at 600nm (corresponding to a cell density
of 109
CFU/ml). The phage suspensions (10µl) were mixed with
10ml of the bacterial culture to have a MOI of 0.001 and followed
by incubation at 28°
C [20]. The mixture was centrifuged at 12.000g
for 5 minutes, and then pellet was re-suspended in LB (10ml) at
28°
C and then followed by perfect dilution and titration. During
incubation at 37°
C for 30-minutes, samples were removed intervals
up to 5hrs and the phage titers were determined by the double-layer
plaque assay. The first set of samples was subjected to dilution before
titration. The second set of samples was treated with chloroform (1%
V/v) for the release of intracellular phages to determine the eclipse
period. Incubation of plates was performed at 37°
C and examination
of plates was done for presence of plaques after 4-8 hrs [20]. Three
independent assays were done.
Challenge of E. coli O168 with three phages separately
and in phage cocktail
The phages ECa1, ECb1 and ECc1 were separately tested then
phage cocktails were tested (two or three phages mixed together at
the same concentration). The two phage cocktails were: ECa1/ECb1,
Figure 2: One-step growth curves of ECa1, ECb1 and ECc1 phages in
the presence of E. coli O168 as host. Values represent the mean of three
experiments. Adsorption of bacteriophages ECa1, ECb1 and ECc1 o E. coli
O168. Percentage of unadsorbed phage is the ratio of PFU in the supernatant
to the initial PFU and was determined by tittering an equivalent dilution of
the phage in the absence of host cells. Values represent the mean of three
experiments.
Bacterial strains
Spot test Efficacy of plating (PFU mL-1
)
ECa1 ECb1
ECc1
ECa1 ECb1
ECc1
Salmonella typhimurium
ATCC 14,028
+ - + ND *
ND 0
Salmonella typhimurium
ATCC13311
+ - + ND ND 0
Salmonella enteriditis
CVA
+ - + 0 ND 0
S. enteriditis CVE - - + ND ND 0
E. coli ATCC 25922 + - + 0 ND 0
E. coli ATCC 13706 - - + ND ND 0
E. coli BC30 + - + 0 ND 0
E. coli AE11 - - + ND ND 0
E. coli AF15 + + + 0 0 0
E. coli AD6 + + - 0 0 ND
E. coli O157 + + + 0 0 0
E. coli O55 + - - ND ND ND
E. coli O26 + - + ND ND 0
E. coli O114 + + + 0 0 0
E. coli O111 + - - ND ND ND
E. coli O168 + - - 9.21 × 10-6
1.55 × 10-1
1.00 × 10-4
E. coli O125 + + + 6.75 ×10-4
1.57 × 10-2
2.76 × 10-2
E. coli O78 + + + ND 0 0
E. coli O1 + + + 5.8× 10-6
0 0
E. coli O127 + + + 0 3.14× 10-2
1.41× 10-2
Enterococcus faecalis - + - ND 0 ND
S. enteriditis CVB + + - 8.13× 10-6
0 ND
S. enteriditis CVC + - + 0 ND 0
S. enteriditis CVD - - - ND ND ND
Shigellaflexneri - - - ND ND ND
Citrobacterfreundii - - - ND ND ND
Providenciasp - - - ND ND ND
P. vermicola - - - ND ND ND
Proteus vulgaris - - - ND ND ND
Proteus mirabilis - - - ND ND ND
Klebsiellapenumoiea +
- - 0 ND ND
Listeria innocua - - - ND ND ND
L. monocytogenes - - - ND ND ND
Vibrio parahaemolyticus - - - ND ND ND
V. fischeri - - - ND ND ND
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
+ + + 9.21 × 10-6
1.55 × 10-1
1.00 × 10-4
P. fluorescens - - - ND ND ND
P. gingeri - - - ND ND ND
Shigella _ + + ND ND 0
Table 3: Lytic spectra of three E. coli phages isolates determined on 39 bacterial
strains.
*
ND: Not detected efficacy of plating.
Figure 3: Effect of pH on the stability of phages ECa1, ECb1 and ECc1.
Assays were performed in triplicate and phage titers were expressed as the
mean ± standard deviation.
ECa1/ECc1, ECb1/ECc1 and ECa1/ ECb1/ECc1 phages. E. coli O168
was used as host at a MOI of 100 (based in preceding studies using
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different MOI: 1, 10, 100 and 1000, data not shown). To reach a MOI
of 100, 2.5µl of E. coli serotype O168 culture (≈108
CFU.ml−1
) and
20µl of phage suspension (109
PFU.ml−1
) were added to LB medium
(30ml) and then followed by incubation at 37°
C without agitation.
Two control samples were included in each assay: The bacterial
control (BC) and the phage control (PC). The inoculation of BC
was not done with the phages and the inoculation of PC was not
performed with the phages but without the bacteria. One milliliter of
test samples and BC and PC was withdrawn after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
and 24 hrs of incubation. For all assays, determination of phage titer
was carried out in duplicate using the double agar layer method after
incubation at 37°
C for 4-8 hrs. The reductions in bacterial counts were
calculated by the differences in viable counts between the control and
phage-treated samples.
Results
Bacterial isolation and identification
In this study, the overall presumptive isolates of E. coli, Salmonella
spp. and Pasteurella spp. were detected in 140 of 150 (93.3%) samples
of ducklings by plating onto selective media. The identification of
all isolates showed that 101 isolates were confirmed as E. coli and
29 isolates were Salmonella spp. and 10 strains were identified into
Pasteurella spp. (Table 1). The O-serogrouping of 27 E. coli strains
showed that 15 out of 27 (55.6%) strains were O-serogroup untypeable
(OUT); while the remaining12 out of 27 (44.4%) were typeable into 9
different groups; O1, O55, O78, O111, O114, O125, O127, O168, and
O169 (Table 3). The serotyping of Salmonella isolates was ranging
between serotype S. Typhimurium, S. Enteriditis. Also, Pasteurella
anatipestifer was identified from ducklings.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
The antimicrobial resistance patterns of 22 bacterial isolates
including E. coli (n=6), S. Typhimurium (n=13) and Pasteurella
anatipestifer (n=3) were determined using 10 types of wide spectrum
antibiotic by disc diffusion method (Table 2). Escherichia coli serotype
O168 showed 100% resistance to each of the three tested antibiotics
(amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and imipenem) and also
higher resistance (83.3%) to doxycycline when compared to the
other antibiotics. In S. Typhimurium, the percentages of resistance
to ampicillin (76.9%) and also for gentamycin (53.8%) were relatively
higher than those detected in other tested antibiotics. Moreover,
Pasteurella anatipestifer was resistant to sulfadimethoxine-
ormetoprim with a percentage of 66.7%.
Morphology and electron microscopy of isolated phages
Sewage samples of different stations were used to screen and
isolate different bacteriophages active against the most drug resistant
E. coli serotype O168 using the plaque assay test technique. Three
different single plaques with different plaque morphologies and
diameters designated as ECa1, ECb1, and ECc1 were picked and
chosen for further purification, amplification and characterization.
The isolated phages were assigned to the family Podoviridae on the
basis of morphological features. The electron microscopic analysis
revealed that phage ECb1 has an icosahedral capsid of approximately
57.1nm in diameter and with no tail. These characteristics suggest
that phage ECb1 is a member of the Podoviridae family (Figure
1). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that ECa1
belonged to the C3 morphotype of the Podoviridae family according
to their structure in electron micrograph (Figure 1). The phage had
an elongated head of was 138.58x38.36 nm, and the tail was a little
long, 16.12nm. While, the phage ECc1 had an icosahedra capsid of
approximately 59×59 nm in diameter without tail.
Host range of isolated phages and their susceptibility to
Escherichia coli O168
The host range of the recovered bacteriophages ECa1, ECb1,
ECc1 against different bacterial strains was determined by the spot
test (Table 3). The results of the spot test indicated that phage ECa1
had the capacity to form completely cleared zones on 21 of the 39
strains, the phage ECb1 form cleared zones on 12 of the 39 strains, and
the phage ECc1 form cleared zones on 19 of the 39 bacterial isolates
(Table 3). However, EOP results indicated that the three Podoviridae
phages formed phage lysis plates only in presence of their hosts. There
was a degree of variability in the host range of each phage (Table 3).
All tested E. coli strains were susceptible to most E. coli phages. In
contrast, when examined individually, phages ECa1 only 53.8 tested
isolates. Plaque assay results showed that bacterial strain E. coli O168
was the most sensitive strain to the three phages under investigation.
These results explained why E. coli O168 was chosen for the following
studies.
One-step growth curve of isolated phages
Phage adsorption assays with phage ECc1, ECb1showed that
approximately 38% of the phage particles adsorbed to the host cell
after 40min and 97% adsorbed after 70min (Figure 2). For phage
ECa146% of particles adsorbed to E. coli O168within 20min and 98%
after 50min. One-step growth curve experiment was performed to
estimate the latent time period and burst size of the phage, which are
the two most important characteristics of phage infection process.
The one-step growth curve for the isolated phages ECa1, ECb1, and
Figure 4: In vitro inactivation of E. coli O168 using the three phages (ECa1,
ECb1 and ECc1) separately in LB broth at a MOI of 100 during 24hrs.
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ECc1 was determined (Figure 2). From the triphasic curves obtained,
an eclipse period of 30min, a latent period of 20min and a burst size
of 17±2 PFU/host cell were calculated for phage ECa1. The phages
ECb1, ECc1are characterized by an eclipse period of 50min, the latent
time was at 40min and each infected bacterium produced 117±11
PFU/ host cell.
Effects of pH on phage viability
The isolates appeared to be stable at the pH range 5-9 but
inactivation is evident at the very low pH of 3 and very high pH level
of 11 (Figure 3).
Challenge of E. coli O168 with three phages separately
and phage cocktail
The mixture of E. coli O168 and three phages separately and in
a cocktail form was incubated at 37°
C up to 24hrs in LB broth to
examine the lytic potential as therapeutic agents efficacy. In Figure 4A
and B we noticed that the addition of the phages results in differences
of bacterial counts to treatment and non-treatment cultures. The
bacterial inactivation with the ECa1 phage was 4 log after 4hrs of
incubation and after 12hrs was still significantly higher (4.2 log) and
the host cells were undetectable at 24hrs incubation (<10CFU/ml)
(Figure 4A). The phage concentration was significantly increased after
24hrs the when this phage was subjected to incubation in the presence
of the host, relatively to phage control (1.6 log) (Figure 4B). When the
ECb1 phage inactivate bacteria, we observed that after 4hrs (3.8 log)
and after 12hrs the rate of inactivation was still significantly high (4.2
log) relatively to the bacterial control, the host cells were undetectable
at 24hrs incubation (<10 CFU/ml) (Figure 4A). A significant increase
of 1.7 log in phage concentration was observed after 24hrs relatively
to phage control (Figure 4B). The bacterium inactivation by the ECc1
phage was 2.6 log, 3 log after 4, 6 hrs respectively. After 12hrs, the
bacterium inactivation was still high (2.5 log) relatively to the bacterial
control (Figure 4A). The phage control remained constant since the
beginning of the treatment, but the phage concentration increased
considerably in the presence of the host, by 1.8 log, (Figure 4B). The
inactivation of the bacteria by the phage ECc1 was less efficient than
phages ECa1 and ECb1 until 4hrs of treatment as they were more
efficient after 6hrs (Figure 4A).
When the ECa1, ECb1 phage cocktail was used, the utmost of
bacterial inactivation was 2.8 log after 4hrs of incubation, after 12hrs
the inactivation was 6.4 log. These results are significantly higher
from the values obtained for the phage ECb1 alone (Figure 5A). There
was an increasing in phage concentration in the presence of the host
during the study time by1.6 log (Figure 5B). Then the phage cocktail
ECa1ECc1 was tested and the maximum of inactivation was 2 and
6.2 log, respectively, after 4hrs and 12hrs of bacterial incubation. The
inactivation was significantly higher from the value obtained when
phage ECc1 was used alone. However, when compared to ECa1
inactivationtheresultswerenotsignificantlydifferent(Figure5A).The
phage concentration was constant during study period in the absence
of the host and in the presence of its host the phage concentration
increased significantly by 1 log. There was an increasing in phage
concentration in the presence of the host during the study time of
1 log (Figure 5B). Phage cocktail ECb1ECc1recorded a maximum
inactivation after 4 and 12 hrs of bacterial incubation by 1.9, 6.8
respectively. These results were differing from assays with both phages
separately. There was an increasing in phage concentration in the
presence of the host during the study time of 1.1 log (Figure 5B). The
phage cocktail ECa1ECb1 ECc1 recorded a bacterial inactivation by
2.5 log achieved after 4hrs of incubation and of 7.4 log after 12hrs.
Results are significantly different from the results obtained using
ECa1 and ECc1 alone but are comparable with the results obtained
using ECb1 phage. The phage titer was constant during the study
period and an increase of 1 log in phage concentration in the presence
of bacterial host was observed (Figure 5B). The inactivation of the
bacteria by the phage cocktails ECa1/ECc1, ECb1/ECc1 was similar,
reductions of 2-1.9 log after 4hrs of phage addition, but the phage
cocktail ECa1/ECb1 was more effective (reductions of 2.8 log after
4hrs of phage addition) than the to inactivate the bacteria (Figure
5A). However, the inactivation of the bacteria by the phage cocktails
ECa1/ECb1ECc1 was the most effective one as recorded reductions
by 3.5 log after 4hrs of phage addition.
Discussion
The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize
phages against multi drug resistant isolates of E. coli from ducklings
in Egypt and also to investigate the efficacy of isolated phages on the
In vitro inactivation of pathogenic E. coli. The O-serogroup typing of
27 E. coli isolates from different sources (swabs from cloaca, mouth,
liver, gizzard & spleen) of ducklings showed that 12 out of 27(44.4%)
isolates were typeable O-serogroups including O1, O55, O78, O111,
O114, O125, O127, O168, and O169. Moreover, S. Typhimurium, S.
Enteriditis and Pasteurella atipestifer were identified from different
samples of ducklings. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of 22
bacterial strains including E. coli (n=6), S. Typhimurium (n=13) and
Figure 5: In vitro inactivation of E. coli serotype O168 using a cocktail of three
phages (ECa1, ECb1 and ECc1) in LB broth at a MOI of 100 during 24hrs.
A. Bacterial concentration: BC: Bacteria control; B + P: Bacteria plus phage.
Phage concentration: PC: Phage Control; B + P: Bacteria Plus Phage. Values
represent the mean of three independent experiments; error bars represent
the standard deviation.
7. J Bacteriol Mycol 5(6): id1079 (2018) - Page - 07
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Pasteurella anatipestifer (n=3) were estimated by 10 types of wide
spectrum antibiotic using the disc diffusion method. Escherchia coli
serotype O168 was found as the most multidrug resistant strain to
the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, imipenem and ciprofloxacin with a
resistance percentage of 100%; while E. coli O168 had a resistance
percentage of 83.3% for doxycycline.
Therefore, the use of bacteriophages is considered as a possible
alternative tool to antimicrobials against multi drug pathogens [21].
In this study, three bacteriophages of different plaques morphology
and size targeting these multidrug resistant E. coli O168 had been
isolated from different sewages samples. The isolated phages were
named as ECa1, ECb1, and ECc1 and recovered phages showed
variations in their abilities to infect and induce lysis for the target
pathogen. The morphology of phages revealed different structural
features and dimensions by TEM. The isolated bacteriophages were
assigned to the family Podoviridae based on their morphological
features. The phage ECa1 was belonged to of the C3 morphotype and
this was compatible with the results suggested by the E. coli phage
phiEco32 [22]. Other analyzed C3 phages growing on Gram negative
enterobacteria include the Serratia marcescens phage KSP100 isolated
in Japan [23], The Salmonella entrica, Newport phage 7-11 [24,25].
While the ECb1 phage had an icosahedral capsid of approximately
57.1nm in diameter and with no tail and the Phage ECc1 had an
icosahedral capsid of approximately 59×59 nm in diameter without
tail.
The one step growth curve for these phages was determined
and the results of burst sizes and latent periods were estimated for
ECa1, ECb1, ECc1 phages. The ECa1 phage showed higher merit for
the inactivation of E. coli O168 than the ECb1 and ECc1 phages and
had a higher burst size and a shorter latent period than the other two
phages. This finding indicated that the use of high burst sizes and
short lytic cycles plainly improved the efficiency of phage therapy.
The ECa1 phage having the highest burst size (more than 3 times of
those of ECb1 and ECc1 phages) and the shortest lytic cycle (half of
those of ECb1 and ECc1 phages), was more efficient to inactivate E.
coli O168 than ECb1 and ECc1 phages (more 2 log of inactivation,
with the maximum of inactivation occurring 2-3 hrs before than
those of ECb1 and ECc1 phages). Our findings agreed with previous
study which elucidated that burst size upsurge might participate to
higher burst size and larger plaques [26].
The survival and stability of phages are influenced by physical
and chemical factors such as pH, temperature and storage [27]. Our
results showed that the three Podoviridae phages against E. coli O168
could survive at pH range of 4 to 10. However, at extreme low pH
(3.0), phage viability was greatly impaired. This was consistent with
findings of previous studies, where the incubation at pH value of
3.5, but not pH value of 10 significantly affected the phage survival
compared to the more neutral ph value of 7.4 [28,29].
The three phages ECa1, ECb1 and ECc1 infect a semi-similar
host range, which can be confirmed by the fact that all of these
bacteriophages were isolated using the same strain of E. coli O168
as a target host. The ECa1, ECb1 and ECc1 phages could inactivate
different pathogenic bacteria with high efficiency. These results were
supported with the previous studies that some phages might infect
more than one related species of bacteria or even genus [30,31]. In
our study, the isolated Podoviridae phages had a broad host range.
The phage ECa1 had the capacity to form completely cleared zones
of lysis on 21 of the 39 bacterial strains and the phage ECb1 formed
cleared zones of lysis on 12 of the 39 strains and the phage ECc1
formed cleared zones of lysis on 19 of the 39 strains. Furthermore,
these phages showed lytic effect on different bacterial strains tested
indicating that these bacteriophages were polyvalent. This finding
was coincided with previous studies, where the isolated phages had
the ability to infect E. coli strains and Salmonella serovars [32,33]. For
phage therapy, a wide host range phage that kills multiple species of
bacteria would be the same of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent.
Thus, the use of phage therapy for inactivation of pathogenic
bacteria from infected ducklings could offer a fast and relatively
inexpensive technology. Therefore, we tested the phages (ECa1,
ECb1 and ECc1) against the most multidrug resistant strain E. coli
O168 either used individually or in cocktails. The inactivation of E.
coli O168 by the phage ECc1 was less efficient than phages ECa1 and
ECb1 until 4hrs of treatment as they were more efficient after 6hrs.
Of interest, the phage cocktail ECa1ECb1ECc1 recorded a bacterial
inactivation by 2.5 log achieved after 4hrs of incubation and of 7.4
log after 12hrs. Results obtained by cocktail of three phages (ECa1
ECb1 ECc1) were significantly different than the findings obtained
by using ECa1 and ECc1 alone, but were comparable with the results
obtained using ECb1 phage. The phage titer was constant during
the study period and an increase of 1 log in phage concentration in
the presence of bacterial host was noticed. The inactivation of the
E. coli O168 by the phage cocktails ECa1/ECc1, ECb1/ECc1 was
similar, reductions of 2-1.9 log after 4hrs of phage addition, but the
phage cocktail ECa1/ECb1 was more effective (reductions of 2.8 log
after 4hrs of phage addition) than the ECa1/ECc1, ECb1/ECc1 to
inactivate the bacteria. However, the inactivation of E. coli O168 by
the phage cocktails ECa1, ECb1, ECc1 was the most effective one as
recorded reductions by 3.5 log after 4hrs of phage addition. Thereby,
the level of bacterial reduction was gradually increased when phage
cocktail introduced the re-growth of the host cells in the treatment
was not observed. This was proved in a study, where phage cocktails
were prepared to inactivate pathogenic bacteria, it was important to
consider the receptors utilized by the phage to infect the host; and to
improve the bacterial inactivation effectiveness [34].
Conclusion
This study showed that ECa1 phage had higher merit for the
inactivation of multi drug resistant E. coli O168 than the ECb1 and
ECc1 phages. The higher burst size and a shorter latent period of ECa1
compared to the other two phages improved the efficiency of phage
therapy. Also, the inactivation of E. coli O168 by the Podoviridae
phage cocktails (ECa1/ECb1/ECc1) was the most effective one due
to the reductions by 3.5 log after 4hrs of phage treatment. Therefore,
Podoviridae phage cocktails could be used as an alternative tool for
antibiotics and a biological method to treat mutltidrug resistant E.
coli O168 infecting ducklings.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the members of Serology
Unit, Animal Health Research Unit, Doki, Giza, Egypt for their
support in serotyping of E. coli isolates.