This document summarizes a study that tested the protective efficacy of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus IgY antibodies in Cyclosporine A treated mice. Egg-laying hens were immunized with heat-killed A. fumigatus to produce IgY antibodies in their egg yolks. IgY was extracted from eggs laid before and after immunization. Post-immunization extracts showed higher protein and IgY levels than pre-immunization extracts. When administered to Cyclosporine A treated mice challenged with a lethal dose of A. fumigatus, the post-secondary immunization IgY extract conferred the highest protection, with survival rates of 67%, 50%,
Production of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) Specific Polyclonal Antibod...iosrjce
Serological techniques are commonly used in the detection and characterization of plant viruses.
These methods employ the use of antisera produced by highly purified preparations in intramuscular,
intradermal and intraocular. In this study oral route was explored using crude extracts. Two groups (control
and experimental) of Swiss albino mice consisting of two replicates were immunized via the oral route with
crude extracts from uninfected cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) and cassava plants systematically infected
with African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). Uninfected and infected leaves were grinded separately in saline
solution (0.15M) at 1:2 (w/v) with laboratory mortar and pestle and then filtered with double layered cheese
cloth of 75µm to obtain extracts. Clarified extracts were orally administered to the mice in daily doses of 200µl
per mice for 21 days and booster doses were also given at day 28 and 35 respectively. Antiserum were obtained
from the mice for 6 consecutive weeks after the commencement of immunization and were analyzed using
antigen coated plate (ACP) and triple antibody sandwich (TAS) indirect enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Group A antisera gave negative reactions (OD values < 1.5) while group B antisera reacted positively
(OD values ≥ 1.5) in the two methods used. The polyclonal antisera obtained were very specific to ACMV in
ACP and TAS ELISA. This appears to be the first antisera specific to ACMV obtained by oral immunization of
mice. Oral immunization is considered less stressful for animals, the method is a fast, simple and cheap way for
producing antisera to plant virus compared to the traditional methods of using purified preparations for
immunization. We have used this procedure in the production of antisera yet there is room for improvement in
immunization strategies to enhance antibody production. Immunization dosage can also be tried and
manipulated in bigger animals like rabbits and chicken. This research work leaves room for further exploration
of similar procedure in bigger experimental animals like rabbits and chicken for greater antiserum production.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
Production of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) Specific Polyclonal Antibod...iosrjce
Serological techniques are commonly used in the detection and characterization of plant viruses.
These methods employ the use of antisera produced by highly purified preparations in intramuscular,
intradermal and intraocular. In this study oral route was explored using crude extracts. Two groups (control
and experimental) of Swiss albino mice consisting of two replicates were immunized via the oral route with
crude extracts from uninfected cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) and cassava plants systematically infected
with African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). Uninfected and infected leaves were grinded separately in saline
solution (0.15M) at 1:2 (w/v) with laboratory mortar and pestle and then filtered with double layered cheese
cloth of 75µm to obtain extracts. Clarified extracts were orally administered to the mice in daily doses of 200µl
per mice for 21 days and booster doses were also given at day 28 and 35 respectively. Antiserum were obtained
from the mice for 6 consecutive weeks after the commencement of immunization and were analyzed using
antigen coated plate (ACP) and triple antibody sandwich (TAS) indirect enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Group A antisera gave negative reactions (OD values < 1.5) while group B antisera reacted positively
(OD values ≥ 1.5) in the two methods used. The polyclonal antisera obtained were very specific to ACMV in
ACP and TAS ELISA. This appears to be the first antisera specific to ACMV obtained by oral immunization of
mice. Oral immunization is considered less stressful for animals, the method is a fast, simple and cheap way for
producing antisera to plant virus compared to the traditional methods of using purified preparations for
immunization. We have used this procedure in the production of antisera yet there is room for improvement in
immunization strategies to enhance antibody production. Immunization dosage can also be tried and
manipulated in bigger animals like rabbits and chicken. This research work leaves room for further exploration
of similar procedure in bigger experimental animals like rabbits and chicken for greater antiserum production.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
ABSTRACT- The objective of our study is to determine its anti-inflammatory potential of protein extracted from the
stings of honey bee (Apis mellifera). In this study, protein extracted from the stings of Apis mellifera using Tris HCl/ice
cold acetone and determined through Nano drop method and then determined its Da protein using SDS-PAGE. In
addition, indirect ELISA was performed using rubella vaccine as coating antigen and determined its antibody titre using
variable concentration of sting protein (15.62-250 μg) and also determined its activity on human whole blood for
determining total cellular content and proliferation against rubella vaccine antigen. The results showed that protein from
stings of Apis mellifera showed drastic declined in antibody titre at higher doses but there is slightly enhancement in
antibody titre, total cellular content and proliferations at lower concentration as compared to control and rubella vaccine
(standard).Overall, this study suggest that stings protein of Apis mellifera showed anti-inflammatory potential against
rubella vaccine antigen.
Key-words- Anti-inflammatory, Apis mellifera, Stings, Nanodrop, ELISA
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
In this slide contains definition and biological assay of Adsorbed Diphtheria Vaccine.
Presented by: G.CHIRANJEEVI (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
Commercial Application of Anoectochilus formosanus: Immunomodulating ActivitiesCây thuốc Việt
Anoectochilus formosanus is an important ethnomedicinal plant of Taiwan. We investigated the effect of oral administration of A. formosanus effective fraction (AFEF) on the innate immune response in mice. Male BALB/c mice were treated orally for 2 weeks with 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg of AFEF. Primary peritoneal macrophage harvest from mice that administered with AFEF (500 –1500 mg/kg) was directed to activate phagocytosis. AFEF significantly increased interferon-production from lymph node cells by ConA stimulation for 48 hours in AFEF (1500 mg/kg) treated group. AFEF might be the active fraction in activation of innate immunity.
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
bioneedle bioneedle(biodegradable mini implant) delivery of vaccineVishal N.
bioneedle(biodegradable mini implant) delivery of vaccine
Best seminar from First semester student of niper ahmedabad : seminar given by Vishal Goyani, Department of Pharm.Analysis,NIPER-Ahmedabad
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
ABSTRACT- The objective of our study is to determine its anti-inflammatory potential of protein extracted from the
stings of honey bee (Apis mellifera). In this study, protein extracted from the stings of Apis mellifera using Tris HCl/ice
cold acetone and determined through Nano drop method and then determined its Da protein using SDS-PAGE. In
addition, indirect ELISA was performed using rubella vaccine as coating antigen and determined its antibody titre using
variable concentration of sting protein (15.62-250 μg) and also determined its activity on human whole blood for
determining total cellular content and proliferation against rubella vaccine antigen. The results showed that protein from
stings of Apis mellifera showed drastic declined in antibody titre at higher doses but there is slightly enhancement in
antibody titre, total cellular content and proliferations at lower concentration as compared to control and rubella vaccine
(standard).Overall, this study suggest that stings protein of Apis mellifera showed anti-inflammatory potential against
rubella vaccine antigen.
Key-words- Anti-inflammatory, Apis mellifera, Stings, Nanodrop, ELISA
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
In this slide contains definition and biological assay of Adsorbed Diphtheria Vaccine.
Presented by: G.CHIRANJEEVI (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
Commercial Application of Anoectochilus formosanus: Immunomodulating ActivitiesCây thuốc Việt
Anoectochilus formosanus is an important ethnomedicinal plant of Taiwan. We investigated the effect of oral administration of A. formosanus effective fraction (AFEF) on the innate immune response in mice. Male BALB/c mice were treated orally for 2 weeks with 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg of AFEF. Primary peritoneal macrophage harvest from mice that administered with AFEF (500 –1500 mg/kg) was directed to activate phagocytosis. AFEF significantly increased interferon-production from lymph node cells by ConA stimulation for 48 hours in AFEF (1500 mg/kg) treated group. AFEF might be the active fraction in activation of innate immunity.
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
bioneedle bioneedle(biodegradable mini implant) delivery of vaccineVishal N.
bioneedle(biodegradable mini implant) delivery of vaccine
Best seminar from First semester student of niper ahmedabad : seminar given by Vishal Goyani, Department of Pharm.Analysis,NIPER-Ahmedabad
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
The Role of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Leaf Powder in the Broiler Chicken...UniversitasGadjahMada
Aflatoxin (AF) is the secondary metabolite of Aspergillus flavus and commonly contaminates feed during storage.AF causes lowered growth rate, stress, and increased mortality in the poultry, especially for broiler industries.The aims of this study are to determine the effects of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. leaf powder (SAP) in the chickens fed a diet naturally contaminated with AF. A total of 108 chickens are divided into 6 group: group I fed with basal diet (AF not detectable); group II fed with basal diet (AF not detectable) + 5%SAP; group III with AF (>1 ppb <50 ppb); group IVwithAF (>1 ppb <50ppb) + 5% SAP; groupVwithAF (>51 ppb <100 ppb) + 5%SAP; group VI with AF (>101 ppb <150 ppb) + 5% SAP.The data of the body weight, feed intake and efficiency, the relative weight of liver, kidney, spleen, bursa of Fabricius (BF), histopathology, haematological profile, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer, AF residue, and immunohistochemistry are collected on days 7, 14, and 21. All the data were analysed using SPSS 16. The supplementation of 5%SAPin the chickens fed a diet naturally contaminated withAFshowed the potential effects of the bodyweight performance, haematological profile protection, increase in the cellular and humoral immune responses, reduction of AF residue in the organ, protection of liver, kidney, spleen, and BF histopathology, and increase in the immune-expression of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes ratio (P < 0.05). It shows that 5% SAP can be used as the alternative herbal supplementation to depress the impacts of aflatoxicosis in the broiler chickens.
ABSTRACT- Some Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. casei and L. plantarum) were isolated from locally fermented products (ogi, fura de Nunu and wara) and their effect on microbial infections caused by some pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus aureus) isolated from urine and high vaginal swab samples were studied using standard micriobiological methods.Fifiteen (15) healthy guinea pigs used for the study were divided into three (3) groups of five (5) guinea pigs each and placed in three (3) different cages. The pigs were initially fed for two (2) weeks (acclimatization period) with conventional feeds before administering the treatment. Lactobacillus species were introduced into the guinea pigs in cage 2 after the acclimatization period. Subsequently, the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were orally infected with all the clinical bacteria pathogens while the guinea pigs in cage 3 which served as control were left with no microbial treatment. Ten (10) days after treatment, the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level were determined. Striking differences were observed from guinea pigs in the different cages. The effectiveness of Lactobacilli (probiotics) was evident when the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were compared. The guinea pigs in cage 1 which were infected with pathogens but no probiotics had lower blood level (mean PCV= 24.8%) and inferior liver condition (mean ALT=58.18µl; mean AST=51.91µl). Higher blood level (Mean PCV=45%) and superior liver conditions (Mean ALT=9.51µl; mean AST=9.7µl) were obtained for guinea pigs in cage 2 which were infected with the same pathogens and fed with probiotics. The control (cage 3) had the highest PCV level and best liver conditions (mean PCV=46.6%, means ALT= 7.65µl; mean AST=11.83µl).Th .This might be attributed to the fact that they were not infected with pathogenic organisms. Lactobacillus species administered are promising probiotics against the tested bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species, Guinea pig, Bacteria pathogen, Enzymes assay, Haematological Parameters, Probiotics
Protective Effect of Gongronema Latifolium Leaf Extract on Rambo And Raid Mos...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR)
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
Www.Iosrphr.Org Volume 3, Issue 7 (Aug 2013), Pp 23-29
23
Anti- Aspergillus Fumigatus IgY Antibodies And Their Protective
Efficacy In Cyclosporine A Treated-BALB/C Mice
Kohar Annie B. Kissoyan1
, Nayla S. Al-Akl1
, Fawwak Sleiman2
, Alexander M.
Abdelnoor1*
1
Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and 2
Department
of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
ABSTRACT : Previously, the protective efficacy of anti- Aspergillus fumigatus IgY antibodies;
prepared in egg laying hens, was reported in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Since A.
fumigatus infections are of main concern in immunocompromised patients, the aim of this
study was to test the efficacy of the same product in Cyclosporine A treated- BALB/c mice.
Heat- killed A. fumigatus was emulsified with both Freund’s complete and incomplete
adjuvant and injected into egg-laying hens with a 12 days interval between the former and
the latter emulsions. IgY was extracted from pooled egg yolks laid prior to, post- primary and
post- secondary immunizations, and were dialyzed and lyophilized. Elevated levels of protein
and IgY in the post-immunized preparations was confirmed by the Bradford assay and
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).Earlier specific IgY was detected by Enzyme
Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The different extracts obtained were administered to
mice treated with Cyclosporine A and challenged with an LD50 of A. fumigatus and survival
rates were determined.Results indicated that IgY concentrations were highest in post-
secondary immunized extracts and was most effective in protecting Cyclosporine A treated-
mice against challenge with A. fumigatus.It appears that IgY antibodies provided some
therapeutic and prophylactic effects in Cyclosporine A treated-mice. Probably better
protective and therapeutic results would be obtained by manipulating the dose of post-IgY.
KEYWORDS : Fungus, Immunocompromised, vaccination
I. INTRODUCTION
Aspergillus is a large genus containing more than 180 species, among which the most common
etiological agent of human disease is Aspergillus fumigatus [1]. A. fumigatus is a ubiquitous, cosmopolitan, and
saprophytic fungus [2, 3]. The primary ecological niche of A. fumigatus is the soil or decaying vegetation,
however, the small and hydrophobic conidia produced by the fungus disperse easily into the air, making
exposure a universal phenomenon [3, 4]. The effect of the fungus is largely dependent on the immune status of
the host; it does not usually cause disease in immunocompetent individuals. However, in immunocompromised
individuals it can cause life threatening diseases. A. fumigatus can cause diseases such as allergic
bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), noninvasive aspergilloma, and invasive aspergillosis (IA); the latter
being the most devastating disease, targeting mostly the severely immunocompromised patients [2]. Patients
at greatest risk to develop IA include individuals with hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and other
malignancies, solid- organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients, patients with genetic
immunodeficiencies such as chronic granulomatous disease, and individuals with advanced human
immunodeficiency virus disease [2, 4, 5]. Mortality rates of IA range from 40 % to 90 % depending on the
degree of immune suppression, site of infection and treatment regimen used [2]. Concerning IA treatment the
limited number of active and non-toxic antifungal agents and the emergence of resistant strains calls for
searching for other means either to prevent or treat Aspergillus mediated diseases [4, 6 and 7]. Among human
pathogens, fungal diseases are the only type of diseases where vaccines for human use are not available [1].
However, a number of reports dealt with potential vaccines in animal models [8]. Furthermore, the
immunocompromised population, are not eligible for active immunization, thus passive immunization would be
a resort.
2. Anti- Aspergillus Fumigatus Igy Antibodies…
24
Chicken egg yolk is thought to be an appropriate alternative for mammalian antibody production [9].Chicken
housing is inexpensive, feeding is cheap, no invasive protocols are used and IgY ( IgG equivalent) isolation is
time efficient, simple, and hygienic [10]. In earlier studies conducted at our laboratory, IgY anti- Candida
albicans antibodies and IgY anti- A. fumigatus antibodies proved to be protective and therapeutic in
immunocompetent BALB/c mice upon their challenge with lethal doses of Candida albicans and A. fumigatus
respectively when given prior to, simultaneously with, or after the fungal challenge [11, 12] . However, since
the immunocompromised population is the main target of the life threatening diseases caused by Aspergillus,
the aim of the present study was to see if anti-A. fumigatus IgY antibodies had a similar effect in Cyclosporine A
treated-mice. Egg laying hens were immunized with A. fumigatus, IgY was extracted from the yolk of laid eggs,
and the protective and therapeutic effect of the specific IgY antibodies was tested in Cyclosporine A treated
mice.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Preparation of IgY Anti A. fumigatus Antibodies in Egg Laying Hens:
2.11. Immunization of egg laying hens.
An isolate of A. fumigatus was obtained from the diagnostic microbiology laboratory at the American
University of Beirut Medical Center and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C for 3 days.A suspension
of A. fumigatus, prepared in PBS, having an absorbance of 1 at a wavelength of 480 nm was heated at 800
C for 1
hour. Equal volumes of this preparation and Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (Af-FCA) or Freund’s Incomplete
Adjuvant (Af-FIA) were emulsified. Two egg laying hens were injected subcutaneously with 2ml of Af-FCA
(primary immunization) and 12 days later with 2ml of Af-FIA (secondary immunization).
2.12. Egg collection and IgY extraction
Eggs were collected 3 days prior to primary immunization (control), on days 8, 9, 10 and 11 post-
primary immunization and on days 19 to day 33 post-secondary immunization. Each of the 3 egg collections
yolk from the two hens were pooled. IgY was extracted from each of the three pooled egg yolk preparations
using the EGGstract® IgY Purification System Protocol (Promega Corporation, WI, USA). The extracts were
dialyzed against distilled water for a period of 4 days and lyophilized.
2.2. Protein levels, Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) and Specific IgY levels of Pre-
Immunization, Post-Primary and Post-Secondary Immunization IgY Extracts.
The protein concentrations of the 3 pooled extracts were determined by the Bradford assay® (Bio-Rad,
Hercules, California, USA) [13]. PAGE was performed according to Life Science Products Protocol, ORTEC
Incorporated, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. Briefly, the running gel in the slab consisted of 4 layers having
different gel concentrations. A first layer of 20.4ml of 8% gel was loaded, followed by a layer of 3.8ml of 6%
gel, then a layer 2.2ml of 4.5% gel and a final layer of 4ml of 8% gel. After complete polymerization, the slab
containing- gel was placed into the buffer tank and the samples were loaded. Twenty μl of each of pre-
immunization (control), post- primary immunization and post-secondary immunization preparations (50 mg/ml)
were mixed thoroughly with 20 μl of 50% sucrose. Each sample was loaded to a well, followed by an 8 %
sealing cap gel. The current was allowed to run for 2 hours, at 40 mA. Next, the gel was removed from the slab
and placed in a 1% Naphthalene Black dye dissolved in 7% acetic acid for 1 hour. After complete staining, the
gel was transferred into a 7% acetic acid de-staining solution until background was completely de-stained and
bands were clear and visible. The gel was visualized using light transilluminator (ULTRA LUM, Dual Light
Transilluminator, Claremont, CA). Band intensities were analyzed and compared using UVP Doc-It LS EC3
Imaging System (Ultra Violet Products Ltd., Cambridge, UK). Percentages of the band intensities were
calculated and compared to the intensities of the control bands. Earlier, specific anti- A. fumigatus IgY
antibodies were detected by ELISA (12),
2.3. Evaluation of the Protective Efficacy of IgY- Anti A. fumigatus Antibodies in Cyclosporine A
Treated-Mice
Forty eight female BALB/c mice, 6-8 weeks old, were divided into eight groups, each group containing
six mice. Cyclosporine A (30mg/kg, the maximum dose that could be used without causing death) dissolved in
olive oil was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) daily to mice, for a period of 10 days. The protocol for the
treatment of mice with post- primary and post secondary extracts in relation to Cyclosporine A administration
and challenge with LD 50 of A. fumigatus is given in Table 1. Mice were monitored on a daily basis, and the
number of deaths /day was recorded. Dead mice were dissected, gross morphological changes were observed,
the lungs and kidneys were homogenized and the homogenates were cultured on Sabouraud Agar plates to
confirm that the death was due to the A. fumigatus.
3. Anti- Aspergillus Fumigatus Igy Antibodies…
25
2.4. Statistical analysis
Whenever applicable, data were expressed as Mean ± SD. To test for significance of survival rates
between groups, the Kaplan Meier curve was generated. Differences were considered significant at a P value
≤0.05.
III. RESULTS
3.1. Protein Concentration
Protein concentrations of the pooled extracts from eggs laid by hens 1 and 2 are given in Table 2.
Protein levels were higher for both post-primary (9.215 mg/ml) and post-secondary immunization (8.23 mg/ml)
extracts as compared to the pre-immunization control extracts (6.73 mg/ml).
3.2. Quantification of IgY Bands Using PAGE
The electrophoretic pattern of pre-, post-primary and post-secondary immunization IgY extracts is
given in Fig. 1. The IgY band had a molecular weight of about 180,000 D. The highest band intensity was seen
for the post-secondary immunization extract followed by the band obtained in the post-primary immunization
extract. The intensity of the IgY band in the post- primary immunization sample was 41 % more than that of the
control sample. Whereas the intensity of the IgY band in the post-secondary immunization sample was 56%
more than that of the control sample.
3.3, Anti-A. fumigatus Specific IgY levels. Earlier it was reported that in ELISA the absorbance obtained
assaying post-immunized egg yolk extract was about 6 times that obtained when pre-immunized egg yolk
extract was assayed
3.4. Evaluation of the Protective Efficacy of IgY Anti- A. fumigatus Antibodies in Cyclosporine A
Treated-Mice
Survival of the immunocompromised mice, challenged with A. fumigatus, and treated with post-
immunization egg yolk extracts, at different times with respect to the fungal challenge are represented in Table
3. Mice receiving only the diluents (olive oil and PBS) along with the fungus had a 50% survival rate. All
Cyclosporine A treated mice that received only PBS without any extracts died. No survival was observed in
Cyclosporine A treated mice that received post-primary immunization IgY extracts, given prior to,
simultaneously with, or after challenge with the fungus. On the other hand, prolonged survival and statistically
significant higher survival rates were obtained in the groups that received post-secondary immunization extracts
as compared to the control group treated only with Cyclosporine A and challenged with fungus (Tables 4). Four
of 6 mice survived in the group that received the post- secondary immunization IgY extract 24 hours before the
fungal challenge (67% survival with a p value= 0.002 when compared to control Cyclosporine A only treated
group), 3 of 6 mice survived in the group that received the post-IgY extract simultaneously with the fungal
challenge (50% survival with p value=0.002 when compared to control Cyclosporine A only treated group) and
2 out of 6 mice survived in the group that received post-secondary immunization IgY extract 24 hours after the
fungal challenge (33% survival with p value=0.005 when compared to control Cyclosporine A only treated
group). In addition, a delay in time of death was observed in all the groups receiving the post- secondary
immunization extract compared to the rest of the groups. A Kaplan Meier curve was generated to elucidate the
survival rate (Fig. 2). Lung and kidney obtained from dead mice were homogenized and cultured onto
Sabouraud agar. Growth of A. fumigatus indicated that death was due to the fungal infection.
IV. DISCUSSION
A. fumigatus does not usually cause disease in the immunocompetent host. However, in the
immunocompromised host it can cause serious life-threatening infections. Although A. fumigatus is susceptible
to a number of antifungal agents including voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, posaconazole and
itraconazole, alone they are usually not capable of controlling the fungal infection; the host’s immunocompetent
system is needed as well. Moreover, there is always the fear that resistant strains might emerge. Hence the need
for alternative means of prevention and treatment. One would consider the preparation of an active vaccine, but
of what benefit would it be in an immunocompromised individual? An alternative would be to prepare a passive
vaccine that could be used for prophylaxis and therapy.Conventional methods of preparing polyclonal
antibodies include the immunization of a horse, rabbit or sometimes a goat, bleed the animal, separate the serum
and purify the gamma globulin. In this study we aimed at finding an easier, faster, more ethical and economical
method at developing such a vaccine. We selected to use egg laying-hens to produce IgY antibodies, the
equivalent of human IgG. Ethically, being a non- invasive process, and economically, hens being relatively
4. Anti- Aspergillus Fumigatus Igy Antibodies…
26
easier and cheaper to raise and feed [14, 15]. Furthermore, purification and extraction of IgY
immunoglobulins is easily done from egg yolk and yields higher concentrations and pure form of IgY as
compared to larger animals since a considerable amount of IgY produced by hens, ends up in the yolk sac. [10,
16]. In earlier studies anti-human lymphocyte antibodies, anti-Candida albicans and anti- A. fumigatus
antibodies were prepared in egg- laying hens, in our laboratory. The presence of anti-human lymphocytes
antibodies was detected in vitro. The presence of anti-Candida albicans and anti-A. fumigatus IgY antibodies
was confirmed in vitro and were proved to be protective and therapeutic in immunocompetent BALB/c mice
[11, 12, 17]. However, since A. fumigatus is a concern mostly in the immunocompromised population, testing
for the efficacy of passive vaccination against A. fumigatus in mice treated with an immunosuppressive agent,
Cyclosporine A, gives insight for possible effective therapy in immunocompromised patients. Determination of
higher protein levels and the appearance of more intense IgY bands in PAGE in post-immunized IgY as
compared to pre-immunized IgY was indicative of the presence of IgY- anti-A fumigatus antibodies in egg yolk
extracts from post-immunized hens. Moreover, specific IgY was detected in post-immunization egg yolk extract
(12). Treatment of immunocompromised mice with immunization extract provided protection against challenge
with a lethal dose of A. fumigatus. It can be noted that only post- secondary extract, administered 24hrs before,
24hrs later or simultaneously with fungal challenge, offered significant prolonged survival of mice as compared
to post-primary immunization extracts treated groups. Survival was best observed when post- secondary extract
was administered 24 hrs before or concomitantly with fungal challenge, indicating that timing might be an
important criterion. The mechanism by which IgY is protective is yet to be determined. It has been suggested
that IgY behaves as an opsonin [9]. It is worth mentioning that IgY is foreign to humans and some individuals
suffer from allergic reactions to eggs. However, the use of an IgY passive vaccine in immunocompromised
individuals who had a history of allergy to eggs should not be of concern.
V. CONCLUSION
It appeared that IgY antibodies provided some therapeutic and prophylactic effects in Cyclosporine A
treated-mice. Probably better protective and therapeutic results would be obtained by manipulating the dose of
post-immunized IgY. It can be suggested to consider testing the efficacy of immune IgY in animals that are
phylogenetically close to humans and if proven to be effective, clinical trials can be considered.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
An acknowledgement section may be presented after the conclusion, if desired.
Table 1: Treatment protocol for the assessment of the protective efficacy of IgY rich- yolk extracts on
Cyclosporine A treated-mice.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8
Day 0-
10 Cyclsporine A (30mg/kg)
Injecte
d with
A.
fumigatus
+ Olive
oil+ PBS
A.
fumigatus
+ PBS
PPI extract
+A.fumigat
us (24hrs
later)
A.fumigatus
+ PPI
extract (at
the same
time)
A.fumigatu
s+ PPI
extract
(24hrs
later)
PSI extract
+A.fumigat
us (24hrs
later)
A.fumigatu
s+ PSI
extract (at
the same
time)
A.fumigatu
s+ PSI
extract
(24hrs
later)
Six mice per group, Cyclosporine A dose= 30mg/kg/daily, challenge dose of A. fumigatus = LD50 (39.45 units), PPI
extract= Post- primary IgY* extract (2mg/mouse), PSI extract= Post-secondary IgY *extract (2mg/mouse)
5. Anti- Aspergillus Fumigatus Igy Antibodies…
27
Table 2: Protein concentration of egg yolk extracts.
*Averages obtained from Hen 1 and Hen 2 on specific days
Table 3: Numbers of deaths/day in the different groups of mice
*Groups are defined in Table 1
Table 4: Comparison of survival rates between all groups and the control Cyclosporine A treated group
challenged with A. fumigatus,
Treatment
Group 2: Cyclosporine A +
A. Fumigatus + PBS
Chi- Square P value
Group 1: A. fumigatus + Olive Oil 7.787 0.005
Group 3: PPI extract + A. fumigatus (24hrs later) 3.190 0.074
Group 4: A. fumigatus + PPI extract (at the same time) 1.222 0.269
Group 5 : A. fumigatus + PPI extract (24hrs later) 0.000 1.000
Group 6: PSI extract + A. fumigatus (24hrs later) 9.355 0.002
Egg Yolk Extracts dissolved in PBS Protein Concentration
(mg/ml)*
Control
Pre-immunization
6.73 ± 1.61
Days 8-11
Post-primary immunization
9.215 ± 2.28
Days 19-33
post-secondary immunization
8.23 ± 1.47
Day Group1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8
Number of
mice/group
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
IgY extract(ml) 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Day 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Day 2 0 4 1 2 4 0 0 0
Day 3 2 2 4 4 2 1 1 2
Day 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1
Day 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Day 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Day 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total number of
dead mice
3 6 6 6 6 2 3 4
Survival rate 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% 67% 50% 33%
6. Anti- Aspergillus Fumigatus Igy Antibodies…
28
Group 7: A. fumigatus + PSI extract (at the same time) 9.355 0.002
Group 8: A. fumigatus + PSI extract (24hrs later) 7.787 0.005
PPI: Post-primary immunization extracts, PSI: Post-secondary immunization extracts
Significance is described as P-values
Figure 1: PAGE electrophoresis pattern of the pooled IgY preparations. Lane 1: Ladder (63-245 kDa), Lane
2:pre-immunization IgY extract, Lane 3: post- primary immunization IgY extract, Lane 4: post-secondary
immunization IgY extract.
Figure 2: Kaplan–Meier survival curve. Mice survival rate was prolonged when treated with post-secondary immunizaion
IgY extracts whether 24hrs before, later or simultaniously to A. fumigatus challenge ( Groups 6, 7 and 8) . Post secondary
IgY alone increased survival rate as compared to the control groups receiving either A. fumigatus alone (Group 1) or
Cyclosporine A treatment along with fungal challenge (Group 2). Refer to Table 1 for group identification.
IgY
245 kDa
180 kDa
135 kDa
100 kDa
75 kDa
63 kDa
Lane 3: Post-
primary
extract
Lane 4: Post-
secondary
extract
Lane 2:
Control
Lane 1:
Ladder
7. Anti- Aspergillus Fumigatus Igy Antibodies…
29
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