viable but non-culturable microorganisms (VBNC).
WHAT IS A VBNC STATE?
CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA IN VBNC STATE.
CONDITIONS STIMULATING VBNC STATE.
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF VBNC STATE.
Impact on public health.
Advantages of VBNC.
Disadvantages of VBNC state.
Conclusion.
A broad module on industrial microbiology is summarized with pictures .It includes the production of vitamins,vaccine ,alcohol,vinegar,steroids,amino acids ,antibiotics .it also includes the general idea on history ,media,equipment,fermentation,procedure ,uses of industrial microbiology .The production of wine,beer and vinegar are mine core interest .Hope may help ....Thank you .
Secondary screening of industrial important microbes DhruviSuvagiya
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
Bioluminescence is production of light without heat energy through chemical reaction by living organism.
The light emitted by a bioluminescent organism is produced by energy released from chemical reactions occurring inside the organism.
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It consists of basic structure of steps for analysis of food borne pathogens in various ways and about these ways . what do we mean by food borne pathogens and why there is a need for their detection . then it has a little brief about each and every method . then we have covered 4 basic pathogens found in food and their detection methods . we are very thankful for all the sources from which we got this data . some of them are research papers and google books but it helped us to learn more .
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
A broad module on industrial microbiology is summarized with pictures .It includes the production of vitamins,vaccine ,alcohol,vinegar,steroids,amino acids ,antibiotics .it also includes the general idea on history ,media,equipment,fermentation,procedure ,uses of industrial microbiology .The production of wine,beer and vinegar are mine core interest .Hope may help ....Thank you .
Secondary screening of industrial important microbes DhruviSuvagiya
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
Bioluminescence is production of light without heat energy through chemical reaction by living organism.
The light emitted by a bioluminescent organism is produced by energy released from chemical reactions occurring inside the organism.
Food safety ( Basic steps in detection of food borne pathogens )SurbhiRai8
It consists of basic structure of steps for analysis of food borne pathogens in various ways and about these ways . what do we mean by food borne pathogens and why there is a need for their detection . then it has a little brief about each and every method . then we have covered 4 basic pathogens found in food and their detection methods . we are very thankful for all the sources from which we got this data . some of them are research papers and google books but it helped us to learn more .
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Doctors Data Inc A Revolution in the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal MicrofloraBonnieReynolds4
Recent research regarding the gastrointestinal microbiome has irrefutably confirmed the fact that the
microbial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, and their astonishing scope of metabolic activities,
are at the very core of health and numerous disease processes. It is also clear that clinical microbiology
testing should be optimized to address the relative abundance of all bacterial species present in a stool
specimen.
Presentation 5: Review of vibriosis in shrimp farming prior to EMS and risk m...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-importance of TB day,classification of Mycobacterium species,Details on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-morphology,culture,resistance,biochemical reactions,antigenic characters,mode of transmission,pathogenesis,complications,lab diagnosis,treatment,DOTS Strategy and prophylaxis
Phage Endolysins as Potential Antimicrobials against Multidrug Resistant Vibr...Pig Farm Solution
Phage Endolysins as Potential Antimicrobials against Multidrug Resistant Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Current Status of Research and Challenges Ahead
Nandita Matamp and Sarita G. Bhat *
Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi-682022, Kerala, India; nandita.matamp@gmail.com
* Correspondence: saritagbhat@gmail.com; Tel.: 91-984-603-3486. Fax: 0484-257-7595
Received: 25 February 2019; Accepted: 15 March 2019; Published: 18 March 2019
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
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The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. INTRODUCTION
•The cells those are metabolically active but can’t be
cultured on specific media are the viable but non-
culturable cells (VBNC).
•Microorganisms that do not grow in culture methods, but which
are still metabolically active and capable of causing infections in
animals and plants are said to be in VBNC state.
• VBNC will not resume growth immediately when appropriate
nutrients
and conditions are provided.
•VBNC cells of Vibrio cholerae, enteropathogenic E.coli,
Legionella pnuemophila and various other bacteria have
been shown to regain culturability after they have entered
the intestinal tracts of animals.
3. WHAT IS A VBNC STATE
The VBNC state is defined as a state of dormancy triggered by environmental harsh conditions,
such as nutrient starvation, temperature, osmotic stress, oxygen availability, several food
preservations, heavy metals, exposure to white light and determining processes, as
pasteurization of milk and chlorination of waste water.
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA IN VBNC STATE
Some of the characteristics of bacteria in VBNC state are as follows:-
Maintain apparent cell integrity.
Possession of some form of measurable cellular activity.
Possess apparent capacity to regain culturability.
Respond to external stimulus by specific gene expression.
Low metabolic activity.
Exhibit dwarfing.
Reduced nutrient transport
High ATP level and high membrane potential.
Plasmids are retained.
Extensive modifications in cytoplasmic membrane fatty acid compositions.
Higher autolytic capability than exponentially growing cells.
Changes in outer-membrane protein profile. Continuous gene expression.
5. CONDITIONS STIMULATING VBNC STATE
In the environment, bacterial cells can enter VBNC state may be due to-
1.Lack of nutrients. 2. Lack of temperatures. 3. High pressure.
4. Damage to or lack of an essential cellular component. 5. Sharp changes in pH or salinity.
8.Nutrient starvation.
9. Incubation outside the normal temperature range of growth. 10. Oxygen concentrations.
6. DNAdamage. 7. Elevated or lower osmotic concentrations.
11. Food preservatives.
14. Chlorination of wastewater.
12. Exposure to white light. 13. Heavy metals.
15. Pasteurization of milk.
6. METHODS FOR DETECTION OF VBNC STATE:
Bright field microscopy with Nalidixic acid
Fluorescent microscopy
Gene probe/ oligonucleotide probe/ hybridization
Blotting
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
RT-PCR
7. Bright field microscopy with Nalidixic acid
Nalidixic acid (20–40 mg/L) is used to stop cell division. After
exposure to nalidixic acid, viable cells continue to grow and will
appear elongated, whereas the nonviable metabolically inactive
cells will retain their original shape and size. The cells are then
observed under a microscope. Viable cells will be seen as
elongated, whereas VBNC/dormant cells will be seen as oval
and large.
8. Fluorescent microscopy
Various fluorescent staining procedures can be used to determine VBNC
organisms. Frequently used stains are acridine orange, 4,6-diamino-2-phenyl indole
(DAPI), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), indophenyl-nitrophenyl-phenyltetrazolium
chloride (INT), and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) .
In recent years, a new differential staining assay, the BacLight Live/Dead
assay, has been developed. The assay allows simultaneous counting total and viable
(metabolically active) cells, by using two nucleic acid stains, that is, green-fluorescent
SYTO 9 stain and red-fluorescent propidium iodide stain. SYTO 9 stains both live and
dead bacteria, whereas propidium iodide penetrates only bacteria having damaged
membranes. When used together, propidium iodide reduces SYTO 9 fluorescence in
dead bacteria with damaged membranes resulting in red fluorescent cells, whereas
the live bacteria will fluoresce green
9. Molecular Techniques.
Hybridization probes are nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) which have been
chemically or radioactively labeled and are used to detect complementary
target DNA/RNA. Specific amplification of DNA targets in bulk DNA extracts
from environmental and clinical samples permits detection of specific
organisms or groups of related organisms without the need to cultivate
them, provided the appropriate unique primers are used. These procedures
do not discriminate between culturable and nonculturable forms of the
target organisms. Due to the failure of distinguishing between dead or live
cells by DNA-based methods, RNA-based methods are a more valuable
estimate of gene expression and/or cell viability under different conditions.
This technique is more able to discriminate between culturable and
nonculturable forms of an organism. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase
PCR (RT-PCR) can distinguish between live and dead cells. This is
possible because it is an mRNA-based method and mRNA is short-lived
(half-life less than 1 minute). Messenger RNA is only present in
metabolically active cells and not found in nature after cell death. RT PCR
can detect nonculturable but active or live cells.
10. Impact on public health
Many believe that pathogens in the VBNC state are unable to induce infection/disease despite retaining their virulent
properties. However, when VBNC pathogens pass through a host animal, resuscitation and resumption of metabolic activity
have led to infections and diseases. The first evidence of pathogenicity of nonculturable cells was the demonstration of fluid
accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop assay (RICA) by VBNC Vibrio cholerae O1, followed by human volunteer experiments.
VBNC E. coli nonculturable cells were also reisolated after passaging through rabbit ileal loops 4 days after inoculation, and
chick embryos died when injected with nonculturable cells of Legionella pneumophila, leading to the conclusion that VBNC
pathogens remain potentially pathogenic. So, VBNC has a huge significance in public health care.
Many indicator bacteria and pathogenic bacteria which exist in aquatic habitats have been shown to have a VBNC state.
Water is routinely tested for such indicators and pathogens, and if they are not detected or enumerated at a concentration
below guidelines, waters are deemed to be safe for public consumption. Therefore, where circumstances indicate possible
presence of VBNC pathogens, additional molecular methodology needs to be used to reduce the risk of infective disease
outbreaks.
Thus, food and environmental and clinical samples no longer can be considered free from pathogens if culturing yields
negative results. For the general public, the presence of VBNC in water and food may be related to low-grade infections or
the so-called aseptic infections. In many cases, the infections are incorrectly attributed to viruses since no bacteria were
detected. For example, Vibrio cholerae O1 in the surface water have been shown to remain in nonculturable state. These
water sources are used for domestic purpose regularly and pose a risk of infection. When conditions are not favorable for
growth, then it transforms to the nonculturable state in association with crustacean copepods. Persistence of Vibrio cholerae
in water in the VBNC state is an important public health factor, since detection will not be successful if only conventional
cultural methods are used.
11. Advantages of VBNC
VBNC is a survival strategy employed by a wide range of gram-negative
heterotrophic bacteria and also by many nonsporulating gram-positive and gram-
variable bacteria. It appears to be a genetically inducible state (Oliver 2000).
VBNC is an advantage to organisms living in changing environments such as the
aquatic environment where sudden fluctuations in a range of conditions could
potentially threaten survival. The ability to rapidly respond to changing conditions
offers obvious evolutionary benefits. Environmental conditions seen to trigger the
VBNC state include; fluctuating temperature, nutrient levels, salinity, age, oxygen
levels and light levels Which are in fact very similar to many conditions found
during pharmaceutical manufacture. The VBNC response to changes in
environmental conditions is now being considered as a possible explanation as to
why different species dominate the same geographical location at different times
of the year (Oliver 2000).
12. Disadvantages of VBNC state
The ability to enter the VBNC state may be advantageous for bacteria, but
poses a risk to human health. If VBNC cells are present, the total number of
viable bacteria in a sample will be underestimated by the CFU count method
due to the inherent non-culturability of VBNC cells. Even worse, if all bacteria in
the sample are in VBNC state, the sample may be regarded as gram-free due to
non-detection.
For bacterial species causing human infections, the underestimation or non-
detection of viable cells in quality control samples from the food industry and
water distribution systems, or clinical samples may pose serious risks to the
public. The risk emerge from the fact that pathogenic bacteria can be avirulent
in the VBNC state but virulence after resuscitation into culturable cells under
suitable conditions.
Apart from this , the identification of conditions that can induce bacteria to enter
VBNC state and the underlying mechanisms, as well as the understanding of
resuscitation conditions and mechanisms are necessary to effectively prevent
bacterial infections and cure infected patients.
13. Conclusion
• The knowledge about the VBNC state comes from research on a variety of bacteria and highlights
the complexity of this mechanism of adaptation. What seems clear is that induction and
resuscitation of the VBNC state are highly variable across bacterial species and in some cases,
strains.
• However, the basic genetic mechanisms may share a common theme and further research into this
field will help tie up the loose ends that exist in this area. The ability to avoid conditions that lead to
resuscitation, or the development of drugs that induce resuscitation during antibiotherapy could
have a major impact on the consequence of the VBNC state in chronic infectious diseases.
• Development of new, inexpensive methods to easily detect cells in the VBNC state is needed to
increase food safety. In conclusion, the potential applications of VBNC research are significant to
prevent food- and water-borne infections, and find new treatments to cure chronic bacterial
infections.
• --THE END--