Introduction: Highway planning and development in India, Classification of Rural and Urban roads, Highway alignment and surveys, Preparation of Detailed Project Report

1. “INTRODUCTION TO
HIGHWAY PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT”
1
PREPARED BY : ASST. PROF. VATSAL D. PATEL
MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION &
RESEARCH CENTRE, NAVSARI.

2. SCOPE OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
 The Roads are generally constructed on small
embankments, slightly above the general ground level, in
order to avoid the difficult drainage and maintenance
problems. Such roads are therefore termed "highway" and
the science and technology dealing with road engineering is
generally called "Highway Engineering".

3. NECESSITY OF HIGHWAY PLANNING
 In our country about 30,000 villages ate not even linked by
any type of roads. The deficiencies in the road development
has contributed greatly in the agriculture, commercial and
industrial drawbacks.

4. HIGHWAY PLANNING IN INDIA
 Planning is considered as prerequisite for a development
programme.
 The need for co-ordinated road development programme in
a planned manner was first realised in India after World
War II.
 Therefore, the first attempt for proper planning of the
highway development programme in India on a long term
basis was made at the Nagpur conference in 1943,
popularly known as ‘Nagpur Road Plan’.

5. NAGPUR ROAD PLAN (FIRST 20-YEAR
ROAD PLAN: 1943-63)
 It is also known as first 20-year Road Plan.
 The conference of chief engineers held at Nagpur in 1943
finalized the first twenty year road development plan for
India called Nagpur Road plan for the period 1943-1963.
 The road network the country was classified into five
categories, viz.
 National Highways (NH)
 State Highways (SH)
 Major District Roads (MDR)
 Other District Roads (ODR)
 Village Roads (VR)

6. NAGPUR ROAD PLAN (FIRST 20-YEAR
ROAD PLAN: 1943-63)
 Recommendations were made for the geometric standards
of roads, bridge specifications and highway organizations.
 Two plan formulate were finalized at the Nagpur Road
conference for deciding two categories of road length for
the country as a whole as well for individual areas
(districts).
 This was the first attempt for highway planning in India.

7. NAGPUR ROAD PLAN (FIRST 20-YEAR
ROAD PLAN: 1943-63)
 The formulae for determining the total road length,
proposed in this plan, considers the requirements of,
 Agricultural areas
 Non-agricultural areas
 Number of large villages and towns
 Number of small villages
 Future development

8. NAGPUR ROAD PLAN (FIRST 20-YEAR
ROAD PLAN: 1943-63)
 The total length of the first category or metalled roads for
national and state Highways and major districts roads in
km is given by the formula :
 NH + SH + MDR (km)
 Where,
 A = Agricultural area, km2
 B = Non-agricultural area, km2
 N = Number of towns and villages with population range
2001-5000.

9. NAGPUR ROAD PLAN (FIRST 20-YEAR
ROAD PLAN: 1943-63)
 NH + SH + MDR (km)
 T = Number of towns and villages with population over
5000.
 D = Development allowance of 15 % of road length
calculation to be provided for agricultural and industrial
development during the next 20 years.
 R = Existing length of railway track, km.

10. NAGPUR ROAD PLAN (FIRST 20-YEAR
ROAD PLAN: 1943-63)
 The total length of second category roads for other District
Roads and village roads in km is given by the formula :
 ODR + VR (km) = [0.32V+0.8Q +1.6P+ 3.2S] + D
 Where,
 V = Number of villages with Population 500 or less
 Q = Number of villages with population 501-1000
 P = Number of villages with Population 1001-2000
 S = Number of villages with Population 2001-5000
 D = Development allowance of 15 % for next 20 years

11. SECOND TWENTY YEAR ROAD PLAN
(1961-81)
 The Nagpur Road Plan was intended for the period 1943-
63, but the target road length was achieved earlier in 1961,
mainly because of the phased developed that took place in
the country during the first two 5-year plans.
 Hence the next long tem plan for the twenty year period
commencing from 1961 was initiated by IRC and was
finalised by the sub committee and this was approved by
the chief engineers.
 The second twenty year road development plan 1961-81 is
also called Bombay Road Plan.

12. SECOND TWENTY YEAR ROAD PLAN
(1961-81)
 This plan envisaged overall road length of 10,57,330 km by
the year 1981.
 Five different formulae were formed to calculate the length
of National Highways, state Highways, Major District
Roads, Other District Roads and Village Roads.

13. SECOND TWENTY YEAR ROAD PLAN
(1961-81)
 These five formulae are :
 National Highways (km) :
 National Highways + State Highways (km) :
 National Highways + State Highways + Major District
Roads (km) :

14. SECOND TWENTY YEAR ROAD PLAN
(1961-81)
 National Highways + State Highways + Major District
Roads + Other District Roads (km) :
 National Highways + State Highways + MDR+ ODR + VR
(km) :

15. SECOND TWENTY YEAR ROAD PLAN
(1961-81)
 Where,
 A = Developed and agricultural area, km2
 B = Semi-developed area, km2
 C = Undeveloped area, km2
 K =Number of towns with population over 1,00,000
 M=Number of towns with population range
1,00,000-50,000
 N =Number of towns with population range
50,000-20,000

16. SECOND TWENTY YEAR ROAD PLAN
(1961-81)
 P =Number of towns with population range 20,000-10,000
 Q =Number of towns with population range 10,000-5,000
 K =Number of towns with population range 5,000-2,000
 S =Number of towns with population range 2,000-1,000
 T =Number of towns with population range 1,000-500
 V = Number of towns with range below 500.
 D =Development allowance of 5% of road length.

17. THIRD TWENTY YEAR ROAD
DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1981-2001.
 The third twenty year road development Plan, 1981-2001,
also known as Lucknow Road Plan was finalised and the
plan document was published by the year 1984.
 The future road development should be based on the
revised classification of road system consisting of,
 Primary system –Expressways
 National Highways (NH)
 Secondary system – State Highways (SH)
 Major district Roads (MDR)
 Tertiary system – Other District Roads (ODR)
 Village Roads (VR)

18. THIRD TWENTY YEAR ROAD
DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1981-2001.
 The road network should be developed so as to preserve the
rural oriented economy and to develop small towns with all
the essential facilities. All the villages with population over
500 should be connected by all weather roads by the end of
this century.
 The overall density of roads in the country should be
increased to 82 km per 100 sq. km area by the year 2001.
 The National Highway network should be expanded to form
square grids of 100 km sides so that no part of the country
is more than 50 km away from a NH. i.e. 100+ 100 = 200
km of road length per 100 x 100 = 10,0000 sq.km area.

19. THIRD TWENTY YEAR ROAD
DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1981-2001.
 Expressways should be constructed along major traffic
corridors to provide fast travel. Target length decided was
2000 km.
 All the towns and villages with population over 1500 should
be connected by MDR and villages with population 1000 to
1500 by ODR.
 Roads should also be built in less industrialized areas to
attract the growth of industries.
 The existing roads should be improved by rectifying the
defects in the road geometrics, widening of pavements,
improving the riding quality of the pavement surface, etc.

20. THIRD TWENTY YEAR ROAD
DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1981-2001.
 Long term master plans for road development should be
prepared at various levels, i.e. taluka, district, state and
national levels. The road network should be scientifically
designed to provide maximum benefits.

21. CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS
 The road system within urban areas are classified as urban
roads and will form a separate category of roads to be taken
care by the respective urban authorities.
 The urban roads are classified as:
 Arterial Roads
 Sub - Arterial Roads
 Collector Streets
 Local Streets

22. CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS
 The road patterns are of considerable use in urban
highways planning and have to be considered hand in hand
with land use planning.
 The various road pattern used in urban highway planning
are :
 Rectangular or block pattern
 Radial or star and block pattern
 Radial or star and circular pattern
 Radial or star and grid pattern
 Hexagonal pattern
 Minimum travel pattern

23. CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS
 Rectangular or block pattern :

24. CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS
 Radial or star and block pattern :

25. CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS
 Radial or star and circular pattern :

26. CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS
 Radial or star and grid pattern :

27. CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS
 Hexagonal pattern :

28. HIGHWAY PLANNING SURVEYS
 The following are included in the highway planning phase :
 Assessment of road length required for a district, state or
country.
 Preparation of master plan showing phasing of plan in
annual and/or five year plans.
 The planning surveys consists of the following studies :
 Economic studies
 Financial studies
 Traffic or road use studies
 Engineering studies

29. ROAD ALIGNMENT
 The position of the layout of the centre line of the highway
on the ground is called the alignment.
 There are two types of alignment :
 Horizontal alignment :
 Straight Path
 Curves
 Horizontal deviators
 Vertical alignment :
 Vertical Curves (Summit curves, valley curves)
 Vertical Gradients

30. REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD ALIGNMENT
 The basic requirement of an ideal alignment are :
 Short :
 It is desirable to have a short alignment between two
terminal stations. A straight alignment would be the
shortest. Such a route will be cheap in construction and will
reduce the time of travel.
 Easy :
 The alignment should be such that it is easy to construct
and maintain the road with minimum problems. Also the
alignment should be easy for the operation of vehicles with
easy curves and gradients.

31. REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD ALIGNMENT
 Safe :
 The alignment should be safe enough for construction and
maintenance. Also it should be safe for the traffic operation
with safe geometric features.
 Economical :
 The highway alignment should be selected in such a way
that the total cost including initial cost, maintenance cost
and operation cost is brought down to the minimum level.

32. ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATION
OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
 Before a highway alignment is finalised, the following
engineering surveys are to be carried out :
 Map Study (Topographic Study)
 Reconnaissance
 Preliminary survey
 Detailed survey (Location Survey)

33. ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATION
OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
 Map Study (Topographic Study) :
 In India a topographic maps are available from the survey
of India, with 15 or 30 m contour intervals.
 The main features like rivers, hills, valleys, etc. arc shown
on these maps. By careful study of such maps, it is possible
to have an idea of several possible alternative routes so that
further details of these may be studied later at the site.

34. ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATION
OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
 Reconnaissance :
 The objective of reconnaissance survey are :
 To examine the general character of the area.
 To collect the information about the important features of
the area.

35. ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATION
OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
 The details to be collected during reconnaissance
are :
 Obstructions along the route like valleys, ponds, lakes,
marshy land, ridge, hills, permanent structures, etc.
 Approximate values of gradient, length of gradients and
radius of curves of alternate alignment.
 Number and types of cross drainage structures, maximum
flood level, natural ground water level etc.
 Soil types along the routes from field identification tests.
 Sources of construction materials, water and location of
stone quarries.

36. ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATION
OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
 Preliminary survey :
 The main objectives of Preliminary surveys are :
 To survey the various alternative alignments proposed after
the reconnaissance and to collect all the necessary physical
information and details of topography, drainage and soil.

37. ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATION
OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
 Preliminary survey :
 To compare the different proposals in view of the
requirements of a good alignment.
 To estimate quantities of earthwork and other construction
aspects and to workout the cost of alternate proposals.
 To finalise the best alignment from all considerations.

38. ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATION
OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
 Procedure of Preliminary survey :
Primary
traverse
Topographical
features
Levelling
Work
Drainage
Studies
Soil Survey
Material
Survey
Traffic
Survey
Determination of
final centre line

39. ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATION
OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
 Location survey :
 The detailed examination of the field along the alignment
finally recommended during the preliminary survey is
called location survey or detailed survey.
 Work of location survey :
 Paper location
 Field location

40. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 The data collected during the different surveys are analysed
and the design for highway project is prepared.
 The Detailed Project Report (DPR) prepared and submitted
consists of the following three parts :
 Project report
 Cost estimate
 Project drawings

41. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 The DPR is the most important part of the project
document. It should be lucidly written in a logical sequence
highlighting the various steps adopted in the study.
 The DPR is generally written under the following broad
heads :
 Executive summary
 Background
 General details of the project
 Demographic profile
 Socio-economic profile
 Traffic surveys, traffic forecast, safety audit

42. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 Engineering surveys and investigations
 Design standards and specifications adopted
 Pavement design details
 Drainage studies, Design of cross drainage works
 Environmental and social considerations including
rehabilitation
 Materials, human resources and equipments
 Rate analysis and cost estimate
 Construction schedule
 Economic analysis

43. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 Financial analysis
 Traffic management during construction
 Conclusions and recommendation
 The design calculations data are presented in the form of
appendices.

44. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 The check list of items for DPR of a highway are as under :
 Background:
 Name of work and Project details
 Data source and plan provisions
 Scope of the services
 Background of traffic, construction maintenance,
geography, climate etc.
 Necessity and importance
 Economic and demographic profile and Project influence
area

45. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 Road Features :
 Route selection
 Alignment
 Environmental factors
 Cross-sectional elements
 Traffic factors
 Road Design specifications :
 Specifications
 Design elements
 Geometric design

46. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 Pavement design
 Design alternatives and life cycle cost analysis
 Safety audit of design elements
 Drainage Facilities including cross-Drainage
Structures :
 General drainage conditions, HFL, water-table, seepage
flows
 Surface drainage, catch water drains, longitudinal side
drains
 Sub-surface drainage, blanket courses, Sub-drains
 Cross-drainage structures

47. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 Material, Labour and Equipment :
 Sources of construction materials, transport arrangements
 Labour availability, amenities
 Equipments required
 Quality Control Laboratory
 Cost Estimate :
 Schedule of rates
 Rate analysis
 Detailed cost estimate

48. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 Construction Programming and Scheduling :
 Bar chart of activities
 Working season and time estimation
 Schedule of completing the work with mile stones
 Miscellaneous :
 Rest houses, temporary quarters and other site amenities
 Diversions and haul roads. Traffic control devices,
Temporary diversion of traffic during construction
 Site amenities, roadside plantations, landscaping
 Road safety audit. Comprehensive improvement of accident
prone sections. Safety in construction zone.

49. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 ESTIMATE :
 General abstract of the costs
 Detailed cost estimates for each major head :
 Abstract of cost
 Estimates of quantities
 Analysis of rates
 Quarry/material source charts

50. PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT (DPR)
 PROJECT DRAWINGS :
 Locality map-cum-site plan
 Drawings showing location of sources for construction
materials
 Land acquisition plan
 Plan and longitudinal section
 Typical cross-sections
 Detailed cross-sections
 Drawings for cross-drainage structures
 Road junction drawings
 Drawings for retaining walls and other structures.

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