The document outlines the process of constructing a bituminous road, including site preparation, layers, machinery used, and costs. It discusses preparing the natural ground through cutting and filling, then laying sub-base and base course layers. Machinery like loaders, graders, tanks, and compactors are used in site preparation. The road will include a camber, kerb stones, and asphalt surface. At a cost of over 67 million rupees, the project involves constructing a bituminous road due to advantages like flexibility, safety, and environmental friendliness.

1. Soran university
Department civil engineering
Second stage
supervisor : M.Anwar Jabar

2. Outline
• Introduction
• Short history of road
• What is road?
• Types of road ( Indian classification )
• Main types of road
• Our project
• Natural ground
• Data elevation
• Profile
• Design line
• Section
• Site preparation
• Machinery used in site preparation
• layer of our road(sub-grade , sub-base…etc)
• Types of pavements
• Camber, ditch , platform.
• Machinery used in road construction
• Cost of road
• Why we choose this type bituminous?
• Conclusion
• References

3. • Development of a country depend on connectivity of various places
with adequate road network .

4. History of road
History of road construction can be divided into
three ages:
1-ancient times
2-age of ancient roman
3-the period after the roman
Starts 5000 years ago since the beginning custom of wheels for horse and cattle
Human constructed road for
Walk And know the way to go.

5. Roads are defined as routes or paths that begin at destination
and lead to another.

6. Main types of road
• Earth road (soil).
• Water bound road macadam(WBM)(gravel road)
• Bituminous or blacktop road.
• Cement concrete road. 1
2
4
3

7. Types of road ( Indian classification )
• National highways (NH).
• State highways(SH).
• Major district road (MDR).
• Other district road (ODR).
• Village road(VR).

8. Nature ground
Our nature ground is earth road

9. Nature ground

10. Data of levelling

11. 100
98.885
98.62
98.19
97.328
97.49
97.095
96.72
96.13
95.562
94.97
94.467
94.198
93.864
93.58 93.542
93.466
93.134
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
profile

12. 100
98.885
98.62
98.19
97.328
97.49
97.095
96.72
96.13
95.562
94.97
94.467
94.198
93.864
93.58 93.542
93.466
93.134
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Design profile

13. sections

16. Site preparation
Before construction begins , the construction site must be carefully prepared , this includes
preparing the grade or road base , sub grade and sub base.
First The site graded to cut high points and low areas to desired roadway profile elevation.
Generally , cut materials can be used as embankment fill.
A course materials is placed on the sub-grade to provide drainage and stability

17. Sub-grade:
Layers
Sub-grade is commonly compacted before the construction of a road , pavement or railway truck , and sometimes
Stabilized by the addition of asphalt , lime… , the sub-grade is the foundation of pavement on which the sub-base is laid
Preparation of the sub-grade for construction usually involves digging , in order to remove surface vegetation , topsoil.

18. Sub-base:
The sub-base generally consist of lower quality materials than the base course but better than the sub-grade soils.
A sub-base course is not always needed or used(optional).
Advantage of sub-base:
1-minimize the intrusion fines from sub-grade into the pavement structure
2-improves drainage.
3-minimize frost action damage.
4-provide a working platform for construction.

19. Base course:
The Base course is immediately beneath the surface course , and it provides
additional load distribution , contributes To drainage and frost resistance.
The main load-bearing(load spreading).
Base course are usually constructed out of:
Aggregate : base courses are most typically constructed from durable
aggregate that will not be damaged By moisture or frost action .

20. Machinery used in site preparation
• Loader :to cutting or filling.
• Grader:to cut and fill small rate and make straight.
• truck: transport soil and course material.
• Compactor: uses for compaction layers.
• Tank : uses for water distributors.

21. Types of pavements:
1-flexible pavement 2-rigid pavement
1-Flexible pavement: bitumen has been widely used in construction of flexible pavement for long time , this is
most convenient and simple type of construction.
2-rigid pavement :though costly in initial investment , are cheap in long run because of low maintenance costs.

22. For our project we choose asphalt road
After site preparation:
Wearing course(surface course): is the top layer of the road pavement (bituminous).
What is bituminous?
Is a road constructed by using bitumen. It is also called flexible pavement
Because it change its shape according to nature of load.
Bitumen: bitumen, is a sticky black and highly viscous liquid or
semi-solid form of petroleum.

23. the advantages of asphalt
1-Asphalt is safe
2- smooth and durable
3- Asphalt is fast to construct and maintain
4- Asphalt is the green pavement
5- It is up to 100% reusable resp recyclable
6- Further more its flexibility and new technologies are making asphalt the only sustainable pavement
choice.
We choose ASPHALT(bituminous) because:

24. Comfortable: Asphalt will consistently give the driving public the smooth, quiet ride they have come to expect from
this product. Asphalt is a flexible pavement built in multiple layers with a continuous flow of material moving through
the asphalt paver.
We choose ASPHALT(bituminous) because: more information
Asphalt is safe :New asphalt technology ensures rapid dispersal and drainage of surface water, reducing water spray and
therefore, improving visibility for the driver in wet conditions. The porous asphalt materials dramatically reduce blinding spray,
and by dispersing surface water they also reduce the risk of aquaplaning and increase the visibility of road markings.
Flexible:Asphalt surfaces can be ‘tailor-made’ – appropriately formulated and designed to support the traffic load and climatic
conditions of a specific road. There are special asphalt mix solutions for motorways, urban, suburban and rural roads and its
flexibility is particularly useful in coping with the stresses of large traffic loads on bridges
Enlivenment friendly: Research clearly shows that recycling asphalt lowers energy costs and CO2 emissions significantly.
This combined with low costs makes recycling an environmentally, economically and industrially important goal.
Producing reused asphalt is a clean and safe process. The industry has in use machinery that does not harm the environment
and the immediate surroundings.
Asphalt is up to 100% Reusable :Asphalt is one of the most recycled construction product in Europe. It makes asphalt
pavements sustainable. Less new bitumen is needed to make new asphalt pavements and million tons of new aggregate can be
saved.It is even possible to create a pavement from almost 100% reclaimed asphalt.

25. Camber
Camber: a slight downward curve from the middle to the sides of a surface.
The percentage of camber in my road %2 (the different between middle to sides (7 cm).
Advantage of camber:
1-surface protection especially for gravel and bituminous roads.
2-sub-grade protection proper drainage .
3-quick drying of pavement which in turn increased safety.

26. Kerb stone
A line of stone or concrete forming an edge between a pavement and a roadway . So that the
pavement some should be laid vertical , some horizontal.
Common kerb length 75cm,height 25cm, bottom width 15cm, to width 10cm

27. Shoulder , platform and Ditch
It is the side of road , Sometimes it is paved , sometimes it is gravel.
Space between roadway and ditch.(no need for my project)
In indian min width 1.5m max width 4.5m
Ditch : channel that carries away water.
Platform : horizontal(slop)surface raised above surrounding ground.

28. Machinery used in road construction
Truck : transport hot mix asphalt.
Vibratory steel drum compactor: vibratory roller uses
for compaction Asphalt .
Paver :a paver is a machine used to lay asphalt on Roadways
, its normally fed by a dump truck which brings hot asphalt

29. END DESIGN ROAD BY Rebwar Anwarpro.sketchupv-ray2016

31. Cost for our project site preparation
NO things Working
Time
price Total price for
each
total
Site preparation
(before straight the
ground we cutting
40 cm ). Then we
filling 10 cm sub-
base and 20 cm
base course.
Loader
Grader
Tank
Compactor
Truck (cutting)
Truck (filling)
4 days
2 day
3 times
4 days
each time
Each time
150000 for each
day.
180000 For each
day.
30000 For each
time.
160000 for each
day.
12500 for each
time.
50000 for each
time bring crush
stone.
600000
360000
90000
640000
1000000
2700000
5390000

32. Road construction
no Price total
Kerb stone 910 kerb stone 5000 for each kerb stone 4550000
Asphalt 2380 m2 23000 For each m2 54740000
Platform and ditch 680 m2 platform 34 m3
680 m2 ditch 21 m3
60000 For each 1 m3 3300000
Total price : 67980000

33. Conclusion
• We defined what is road .
• Categories of road.
• Our natural ground in Delzean road.
• Profile elevation road.
• Site preparation (cutting and filling) earth work and the layers.
• The machines that uses in road construction.
• Bituminous road and advantage.
• Why we decide to choose Bituminous ?.

34. 1-slideshare/road construction.
2-google/photo/Road construction icons/sub-
base/sub-grade…..
3-
http://www.eapa.org/promo.php?c=171#SUSTAIN
ABLE

35. Any questions?