Microbiology
study of organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Microbes or Microorganisms
commonly referred to as “germs” or “bugs”
include bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths.
Prions (“infectious proteins”) are recent addition.
A presentation on Paul Ehrlich developed modern chemotherapy. This was my ppt for the module pharmaceutics 6. It i based on Anti microbial chemo; hope it help others doing relating things.
A presentation on Paul Ehrlich developed modern chemotherapy. This was my ppt for the module pharmaceutics 6. It i based on Anti microbial chemo; hope it help others doing relating things.
Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky And Martinus Willem Beijerinck-Discoveries,Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and the Discovery of Chemosynthesis, Scientific contributions
Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky And Martinus Willem Beijerinck-Discoveries,Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and the Discovery of Chemosynthesis, Scientific contributions
Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as 'microbes'.
Debridement is an important component of the wound bed preparation (WBP) management Model.
Cause of the wound and patient-centered concerns, debridement is a necessary step in local wound care.
Debridement is the removal of necrotic tissue, exudate, bacteria, and metabolic waste from a wound in order to improve or facilitate the healing process
Chest pain or discomfort
Common presenting symptom of cardiovascular disease
May be cardiac or noncardiac in origin.
Cardiac – angina, MI, pericarditis, mitral valve prolapse, dissecting aortic aneurysm
Non cardiac – anemia (physical exertion), cervical disc disease, anxiety, trigger points etc
Follows pattern of ulnar nerve distribution (heart supplied by C3-T4 spinal segments)
Radiating pain to neck, jaw, upper trapezius, upper back, shoulder or arms (commonly left
Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence to explain biological aging
Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time related to biological process that takes places as degenerative processes overtake regenerative or growth processes.
or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
Immunology plays a very important role in homeostasis but it possesses two edge sword actions. Either hypo or hyperimmunity both can cause systemic diseases which will manifest in the oral cavity.
Immunomodulators are the agents which modulate the body immunity according to
the need.
There are natural and synthetic immunomodulatory agents .
Endocrinology is a specialty of medicine; some would say a sub-specialty of internal medicine, which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to hormones. Endocrinology covers such human functions as the coordination of metabolism, respiration, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement
non-skeletal mesodermal tissues: adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, muscle, blood vessels and peripheral nerves (despite neuroectodermal origin)
benign, malignant and intermediate (low-grade malignant – locally aggressive, can recur, no metastatic potential)
originate from primitive mesenchymal stem cells
classification according to differentiation lines (e.g. liposarcoma is not a tumor arising from adipose tissue but exhibiting lipoblastic differentiation)
Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental ability of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this can vary widely.
Facial pain is pain felt in any part of the face, including the mouth and eyes.
It’s normally due to an injury or a headache, occasionally facial pain may also be due to neurological or vascular causes, but equally well may be dental in origin.
The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, transport and filtration of lymph fluid throughout the body. In addition to its important circulatory functions, the lymphatic system also has important immunological functions
The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
Eating a diet high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes.
Choosing lean, low-fat sources of protein.
Limiting sweets, soft drinks, and foods with added sugar.
Including proteins, carbohydrates, and a little good fat in all meals and snacks.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
She has a wonderful personality.”“He has no personality.”“He has a charming personality.”“We seem to have a personality conflict.”“It’s just her personality.”“She has her mother’s personality.”“He’s a real personality.”
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Various Topics cover:
Scope of Microbiology
Importance of Microorganisms
Characteristics of Microorganisms
History of Microbiology
Taxonomy
3. Scope of Microbiology
Microbiology
study of organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Microbes or Microorganisms
commonly referred to as “germs” or “bugs”
include bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths.
Prions (“infectious proteins”) are recent addition.
(Molecular Biology) A self-propagating misfolded conformer of a protein that
is responsible for a number of diseases that affect the brain and
other neural tissue. Origin From (a reordering of) the initial letters
of proteinaceous infectious particle(s). Coined in 1982 by Stanley B.
Prusiner.
4. Branches of Study
Bacteriology study of bacteria
Mycology study of fungi and yeast
Virology study of viruses
Parasitology study of parasitic protozoans and
helminths
Immunology study of the humoral and cellular
immune response to disease
agents and allergens
5. Epidemiology and Public Health Microbiology
distribution and spread of diseases and their control and prevention
Food Microbiology
use of microbes in the production of food products and drinks
Agricultural and Veterinary Microbiology
use of microbes to increase crop and livestock yield and control of
plant pests and animal diseases
Environmental Microbiology
study of the beneficial and harmful effects of microbes on the
environment
Specializations in Microbiology
6. Importance of Microbiology
First bacteria*
Photosynthesis and decomposition
Human use of microorganisms
Infectious diseases
*The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that
were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For
about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and
archaea were the dominant forms of life.
7. The Progenote*
Evolutionary Timeline: Bacteria appeared 3.5 billion years ago
* A hypothetical simple biological entity or organized system of a kind that could
have included the evolutionary common ancestor of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
8. Photosynthetic Microbes
Microbes are involved in photosynthesis and accounts for
>50% of earth’s oxygen.
Also involved in decomposition and nutrient recycling.
10. Bioleaching
Bioleaching is the extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living
organisms. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching using cyanide.
Bioleaching is one of several applications within biohydrometallurgy and
several methods are used to
recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver,
and cobalt.
Process:Bioleaching can involve numerous ferrous iron and sulfur oxidizing
bacteria, including Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (formerly known
as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (formerly known
as Thiobacillus thiooxidans).
As a general principle, Fe3+ ions are used to oxidize the ore. This step is
entirely independent of microbes. The role of the bacteria is the further
oxidation of the ore, but also the regeneration of the chemical oxidant Fe3+ from
Fe2+. For example, bacteria catalyse the breakdown of the mineral pyrite (FeS2)
by oxidising the sulfur and metal (in this case ferrous iron, (Fe2+)) using oxygen.
This yields soluble products that can be further purified and refined to yield the
desired metal.
14. General overview of microbial biodegradation of petroleum oil by microbial
communities.
Some microorganisms, such as Alcanivorax borkumensis
(marine bacteria), are able to use hydrocarbons as their
source for carbon in metabolism. They are able to oxidize the
environmentally harmful hydrocarbons while producing
harmless products, following the general equation CnHn +
O2 → H2O + CO2. In the figure, carbon is represented as
yellow circles, oxygen as pink circles, and hydrogen as blue
circles. This type of special metabolism allows these microbes
to thrive in areas affected by oil spills and are important in the
elimination of environmental pollutants.
15. Modern Uses of Microbes
Biotechnology, the use of microbes as miniature
biochemical factories to produce food and chemicals is
centuries old.
Genetic engineering makes use of molecular biology
and recombinant DNA techniques as new tools for
biotechnology.
Gene therapy replaces missing or defective genes in
human cells through genetic engineering.
Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops
from pests and freezing.
16. Infectious Diseases
Worldwide infectious disease statistics
United States Public Health Service
(USPHS) - agency where notifiable
diseases are reported
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)-
collects disease data around the U.S.
and publishes the MMWR (Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report)
World Health Organization (WHO)-
medical arm of the U.N., monitors
diseases worldwide.
19. A domain is a taxonomic category above
the kingdom level.
The three domains are: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya,
which are the major categories of life.
A kingdom is a taxonomic group that contains one or more
phyla. The four traditional kingdoms of Eukarya include:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Domain & Kingdom
20. Nomenclature
Linnaeus introduced the binomial system of scientific
nomenclature
Each organism has two names: the genus and species
epithet
Italicized or underline
Genus name is capitalized and species in lower case.
21. Scientific Names
Staphylococcus aureus
describes clustered arrangement of cells and golden
yellow color of colonies
Escherichia coli
Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich and
describes its habitat, the colon.
After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated
with the first letter of the genus and full species
epithet. (Example: E. coli)
22. General Characteristics
Prokaryotes no nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotes membrane bound nucleus
and organelles
Acellular agents genomes contain either
DNA or RNA; newer agent
are regarded proteinaceous
25. Size of Microbes
Microbes vary in size ranging
from 10 nm (nanometers) to
100 mu (micrometers) to the
macroscopic.
Viruses in nm = 10-9 m (meter)
Bacteria in um = 10-6 m
Helminths in mm = 10-3 m
26. Bacteria
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Binary fission
Ex: Escherichia coli
28. Fungi
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Molds and mushrooms
are multicellular
Yeasts are unicellular
29. Protozoa
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Eukaryotes
Mostly saprobes* &
commensals**
May be motile by means of
pseudopod, cilia or flagella
*Saprobe sap·robe (sāp'rōb') n. An organism that derives
its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter.
**Commensalism, in ecology, is a class of relationships
between two organisms where one organism benefits
from the other without affecting it.
30. Algae
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Photosynthetic
Produce molecular oxygen
and organic compounds
Part of food chain
31. Helminths
Quic kT ime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompres sed) decompressor
are needed to s ee this picture.
Eukaryotes
Multicellular animals
Parasitic flatworms and
roundworms called
helminths
Microscopic stages in life
cycles
32. Viruses
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Acellular
Obligate intracellular parasites
Genome consist of DNA or
RNA called Core
Core surrounded by protein
coat called Capsid
Virion may be enclosed in lipid
envelope
33. Prions
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Proteinaceous infectious
agents
Causes Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE)
Also causes Creutzfeldt-
Jacob Disease (CJD)
An Emerging Infectious
Disease (EID)
34. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), or Mad Cow Disease.
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a progressive
neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by an unusual
transmissible agent called a prion. ...
Mad Cow Disease is a neurological disorder of cattle.
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a universally fatal brain
disorder.[2] Early symptoms include memory problems, behavioral
changes, poor coordination, and visual
disturbances.[2] Later dementia, involuntary movements, blindness,
weakness, and comaoccur.[2] About 90% of people die within a year of
diagnosis.
35. An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence
has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future.
Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens.
EIDs are caused by newly identified species or strains (e.g. Severe acute
respiratory syndrome, HIV/AIDS) that may have evolved from a known infection
(e.g. influenza) or spread to a new population (e.g. West Nile fever) or to an area
undergoing ecologic transformation (e.g. Lyme disease), or be re-
emerging infections, like drug resistant tuberculosis.
Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus are emerging in hospitals, and extremely problematic in
that they are resistant to many antibiotics.
Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging
diseases and other infectious and non-infectious conditions leading to the
development of novel syndemics.
Many emerging diseases are zoonotic - an animal reservoir incubates the
organism, with only occasional transmission into human populations.
Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)
36. Microbiology As A Science
Science is a systematized body of knowledge explaining
the occurrence of natural phenomena
Qualities of a scientist:
curiosity
open-mindedness
skepticism
creativity
objectivity
A syndemic or synergistic epidemic is the aggregation of two or more concurrent
or sequential epidemics or disease clusters in a population with biological
interactions, which exacerbate the prognosis and burden of disease.
37. Scientific Approach
Deductive reasoning
starts with a general idea that are tested to
prove or disprove it.
Inductive reasoning
starts with drawing patterns from specific
observations resulting in generalization.
38. Scientific Method
Hypothesis
Laboratory experimentation or field Studies
Data collection and analysis
Conclusion, either reject or accept hypothesis
Theory or Law
40. Brief History of Microbiology
The Microscope
Spores and Sterilization
Spontaneous Generation
Aseptic Technique
Germ Theory
41. The First Microscope
Microbes were first observed
by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
using a simple microscope
(ca. 1673)
Reported his “animalcules” to
the Royal Society of London
42. Animalcule ("little animal", from Latin animal + the
diminutive suffix -culum) is an older term for a microscopic
animal or protozoan. ... Some better-
known animalcules include: Actinophrys, and other
heliozoa, called sun animalcules. Amoeba, called
Proteus animalcule.
a minute or microscopic animal, nearly or quite invisible to
the naked eye, as an infusorian or rotifer. ... a tiny animal,
as a mouse or fly. ... "very small animal,“ especially a
microscopic one, 1590s, from Late Latin animalculum
43. Spores and Sterilization
John Tyndall showed that some microbes in
dust and air were resistant to heat.
Ferdinand Cohn discovered and described
endospores
Term “sterile” was introduced to mean the
complete removal of all life forms including
endospores
44. Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis
“Spontaneous Generation” was an early belief
that living things can arise from vital forces
present in non-living and decaying matter.
(Ex: maggots from meat or mushrooms from
rotting wood)
The alternative hypothesis that living organisms
can arise only from pre-existing life forms is
called “Biogenesis”
45. The Pros and Cons
Francisco Redi
(ca. 1668)
A maggot is the larva of a fly (order Diptera); it is applied
in particular to the larvae of Brachycera flies, such as
houseflies, cheese flies, and blowflies, rather than larvae
of the Nematocera, such as mosquitoes and Crane flies.
46. The Pros and Cons
1745 -John Needham boiled nutrient broth into
covered flasks
Conditions Results
Nutrient broth heated
then placed in sealed
flasks
All showed growth
From where did the microbes come?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
48. The Pros and Cons
Franz Schultze and Theodor Schwann
49. The Pros and Cons
Louis Pasteur put an
end to Abiogenesis
debate with his
Goose Neck Flask
Experiment
He is the father of
Microbiology
50. Louis Pasteur
Showed microbes caused
fermentation
Studied spoilage and
introduced “Pasteurization”
to prevent it
Used cotton plugs in his
cultures to prevent air borne
contamination, devised
Aseptic Technique.
51. Antiseptics and Hand Washing
1860s - Joseph Lister used, carbolic acid, a
chemical antiseptic to prevent surgical wound
infections
Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian physician
introduced hand washing as a means of
preventing transfer of puerpueral sepsis in
obstetrical patients
52. Germ Theory of Disease
1876 - Robert Koch
provided proof that a
bacterium causes anthrax
using experimental steps
now called the Koch’s
Postulates
He was the first to use agar
as solid culture medium in
bacteriology.
53. Koch’s Postulates
The microbe must always be present in every
case of the disease
It must be isolated in pure culture on artificial
media
When inoculated into healthy animal host it
should produce the same disease
It must be isolated from the diseased animal
again
54. Infection and Disease
Infection the entry of a microbe into the host.
Disease infection followed by the appearance of
signs and symptoms.
Pathogen an infectious or disease agent.
Saprobe a microbe that lives on dead or
decaying organic matter.
Opportunistic pathogen
is a microbe that cause disease in immunocompromised hosts
or when the normal microbiota is altered.
55. Emerging Infectious Diseases
Occurrence of new diseases and increasing incidence of
old ones (EID)
Factors:
(a) evolutionary changes in existing organisms
(b) spread of known diseases into new
geographic areas by modern transportation
(c ) ecological changes resulting in introduction of
unusual agents
(d) emergence of antimicrobial resistance
56. Emerging Infectious Diseases
West Nile Encephalitis, first diagnosed in Uganda in 1937;
appeared in New York City in 1999.
Invasive Group A Streptococcus, also known as the “flesh eating
bacteria”
Escherichia coli 0157:H7, causes “bloody diarrhea” and
hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS)
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or “mad cow” disease
caused by prions
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by HIV and
Africa is hardest hit
Anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis was sensationalized in 2001
when spores were disseminated via the mail