This document discusses administration and management. It defines administration as the direction, coordination and control of many people to achieve some purposes or objectives. It also discusses the meaning, definition and concepts of management. It describes the functions/elements of administration according to Luther Gulick as POSDCORB (Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting). It also discusses the principles of administration according to Henri Fayol and theories of management such as classical, neo-classical and modern organizational theories.
This Slide is Prepare for B.Sc. Nursing Students. Which help to Understand Recruitment Process in Simple Language.
Contents:
01. Introduction
02. Definition
03. Sources of Recruitment
04. Methods of Recruitment
It is defined as the specification of roles and functions of the nature of job of each individual who has to deliver effectively in order to be retained in the institution.
Planning
Planning is an intellectual process of making decisions and it aims to achieve a co ordinate and consistent set of operations aimed at desired objectives. Planning is essentially a process of making choice between available alternatives at all levels of decision making.
This Slide is Prepare for B.Sc. Nursing Students. Which help to Understand Recruitment Process in Simple Language.
Contents:
01. Introduction
02. Definition
03. Sources of Recruitment
04. Methods of Recruitment
It is defined as the specification of roles and functions of the nature of job of each individual who has to deliver effectively in order to be retained in the institution.
Planning
Planning is an intellectual process of making decisions and it aims to achieve a co ordinate and consistent set of operations aimed at desired objectives. Planning is essentially a process of making choice between available alternatives at all levels of decision making.
Engineering Management Compiled Powerpoint Presentations (A. Y. 2013 - 2014 2nd Term : Mapua Institute of Technology - Intramuros)
(C) 2013 SHYRA GAIL SUMAGUE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - INTRAMUROS.
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"Essentials of Management" is a foundational subject that is commonly taught in various business-related degree programs such as BCom (Bachelor of Commerce), BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration), MBA (Master of Business Administration), and BCom (Honours) programs. This subject provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles, concepts, and practices of management in the context of business and organizational settings. The subject covers a wide range of topics related to planning, organizing, leading, and controlling various resources to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently. Here is a general overview of the topics covered under the subject:
Introduction to Management:
Definition of management and its significance.
Evolution of management theories and practices.
Role of managers in organizations.
Functions of Management:
Planning: Setting goals, objectives, and strategies for achieving them.
Organizing: Structuring resources and tasks to achieve goals.
Leading: Motivating, influencing, and guiding employees to work towards goals.
Controlling: Monitoring progress, measuring performance, and taking corrective actions.
Types of Management:
Strategic Management: Long-term planning and decision-making at the top level.
Tactical Management: Implementing strategies at the middle level for specific units or departments.
Operational Management: Day-to-day activities and processes to achieve operational efficiency.
Organizational Structure:
Different types of organizational structures (functional, divisional, matrix, etc.).
The concept of chain of command and delegation of authority.
Decision-Making:
The decision-making process and various models.
Factors influencing decision-making.
Leadership and Motivation:
Different leadership styles and their impact on teams.
Theories of motivation and their application in the workplace.
Communication:
Importance of effective communication in management.
Different communication channels and barriers.
Team Management:
Building and managing effective teams.
Conflict resolution and team dynamics.
Human Resource Management:
Recruitment, selection, training, and performance evaluation of employees.
Employee development and retention strategies.
Ethics and Social Responsibility:
Business ethics and ethical decision-making.
Role of businesses in society and corporate social responsibility.
Change Management:
Managing organizational change and resistance to change.
Techniques for successful change implementation.
Globalization and Diversity:
Managing in a global context.
Dealing with cultural diversity and cross-cultural communication.
The depth and emphasis on each of these topics may vary depending on the level of the program (BCom, BBA, MBA, BCom Honours) and the specific curriculum of the institution. Overall, the subject "Essentials of Management" provides students with a solid foundation in the principles and practices of effective management.
Similar to Introduction to management in nursing (20)
Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.
The Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) algorithm is a systematic, evidence-based approach designed to guide healthcare providers in the urgent treatment of: Cardiac arrest. Arrhythmias. Stroke. Other life-threatening cardiovascular emergencies.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. In the past 3 decades the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin by itself. For people living with diabetes, access to affordable treatment, including insulin, is critical to their survival. There is a globally agreed target to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity by 2025.
Levels of Organization
1
An Introduction to the Human Body
2
The Chemical Level of Organization
3
The Cellular Level of Organization
4
The Tissue Level of Organization
Support and Movement
Regulation, Integration, and Control
Fluids and Transport
Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
Human Development and the Continuity of Life
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
Communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), are among the leading causes of death and disability in low-income countries and marginalized populations.
Nursing Mangement on occupational and industrial disorders [Autosaved].pptxDR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
What are the 5 types of occupational disease?
Occupational diseases in this registry system including Occupational lung diseases, occupational skin diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, diseases caused by chemical agents (poisoning), diseases caused by biological agents, occupational cancers and other occupational diseases
Acyanotic heart disease is where the blood contains enough oxygen but it's pumped abnormally around the body. Babies born with acyanotic heart disease may not have any apparent symptoms but, over time, the condition can cause health problems.
Congenital heart disease, also called a defect, refers to one or more problems with the heart structure that are present at birth. These abnormalities occur when the heart or blood vessels don't form correctly in utero. At least eight out of every 1000 infants born in the US each year have a heart defect.
Dialysis is a treatment for people whose kidneys are failing. When you have kidney failure, your kidneys don't filter blood the way they should. As a result, wastes and toxins build up in your bloodstream. Dialysis does the work of your kidneys, removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood
Urinary disorders with congenital anomalies of Kidney, ureter. UTIs are common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra, and infect the urinary tract. The infections can affect several parts of the urinary tract, but the most common type is a bladder infection (cystitis).
Genitourinary disorders are conditions that affect the genitourinary system, which includes the urinary and reproductive systems. Some are congenital, and others are acquired later in life.
Large numbers of patients suffer from a variety of diseases in the genitourinary system, which is composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and genital organs. Genitourinary diseases include congenital abnormalities, iatrogenic injuries, and disorders such as cancer, trauma, infection, and inflammation.
The genitourinary system, or urogenital system, are the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra.
lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. INTRODUCTION
Administration is the activities of group cooperating to
accomplish common goals it is the organization and use of
men and materials to accomplish a purpose.
Meaning of Administration
The word ―administer‖ is derived from the Latin word
―ad+ ministraire‖, means ‗to care for‘ or ‗to look after
people-to manage affairs‘.
3. Definition of Administration
“Administration is the direction, coordination and control of many
people to achieve some purposes or objectives.”
- -Pfiffner and Prethus.
“Administration is the activities of the groups cooperating to
accomplish common goals”
- Herbert A Simon
“Administration is the organization and direction of human and
material resources to achieve desired ends”.
Luther Gulick.
4. Management is art of doing things through
and with the people, informally organized
group.
-Koontz
5. CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT
The concept of management is not fixed. It has changing
according to time and circumstances. The concept of
management has been used in integration and authority, etc.
Different authors in management have given different
concepts of management are as follows:
1. FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT
According to this concept “management is what a manager does”.
The man follower of this concept was Louis & Allen George,
R.Terry, Henry Fayol etc.The functional concept as given by some of
authors:
Louis & Allen: ‘management is what a manager does’.
Henry Fayol: To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to
command, to coordinate and to control.
6. 2. UNIVERSAL CONCEPT
According to universal concept “management is universal”.
Management is universal in sense that it is equally applicable
anywhere whether social , religious, or business & industrial.
The follower of this concept are Henery Fayol , Megginson,
Theo Haimenn etc.
• -According to Henery Fayol : management is an universal activity which is
equal applicable in all type os organization whether social , religious, or
business & industrial.
• -According to Megginson: Management is management whether it is in
Lisbon, or in London or in Los Angles.
7.
8. Administrative process is intellectual, social dynamic and creative as
well as continuous. The features or nature of administration is as follows:
It is universal: all basic elements of administration such as planning, organizing,
staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, budgeting can apply its effective
achievement of goals.
It is holistic: it involve total activities of the organization.
It is intangible: It cannot be transferable to anywhere. So every organization has
to develop its own administrative style within the content of functional elements of
administration.
It is continuous and ongoing process
It is goal oriented: administration is always struggling to achieve the laid down goals
and objectives of the organization.
It is social and human: usually administration, there will be group of people are
there to achieve the objective; it needs goal social and interpersonal contact or
relationship to achieve the goal .
It is dynamic: it is flexible and adaptable and adjustable.
It is creative or innovative: administration provides innovation, offers and invites
creative ideas it its organizational teams.
9. Elements/ functions/ components of Administration
Professor Luther Gullick (1937) summed up certain principles or
elements in the word “POSDCORB”.
“P”. Stands for Planning: that is working out a broad outline, the
things that need to be done and the methods for doing them to
accomplish to purpose set for the enterprises or of the purpose in
hand.
“O”. Stands for Organizing: That is the establishment of the formal
structure of authority through which work of sub divisions are
arranged, defined and coordinated for the defined objectives.
“S”. Stands for Staffing: That is the whole personnel function of
bringing in and training the staffing and maintaining favorable
conditions of work.
10. “D”. Stands for Directing: That is the continuous tasks of
making decision and embodying them, in specific and general
orders and instructions and serving as leader of the enterprise.
“CO”. Stands for Co-ordinating. That is all important duty of inter
relating the various parts of the work and eliminating of overlapping
and conflict.
“R” Stands for Reporting: That is keeping those to whom the
executive is responsible informed as to what is going on, which thus
includes keeping himself and his subordinates informed through
records, research and inspection.
“B”. Stands for Budgeting: With all that goes with budgeting in the
form of fiscal planning, accounting and control.
12. Principles of Administration
Henri Fayol 14 Principles of Administration
1) Division of labour: In any administration or manager cannot perform all the
activities to achieve its objectives. So there should be division of work according to job
which grouped according job which grouped according to departments.
2) Authority, responsibility, and accountability: If the person has to perform job
assignment effectively according to their own qualification and experience, there should
be delegation of authority and responsibility needed, which in turn helps to get
accountability.
3) Discipline: For smooth running of administration to achieve the objectives there
should be proper observation of the rules, regulations, norms, decorum, manners,5 code
of ethics and respect; this requires to be enforced within with in the organization
by the manager.
4) Unity of command: In any organization the subordinates should be supervised by a
single supervisor to whom he/she should be accountable.
5) Unity of direction: In any organization, there should be one supervisor to give
direction to his/her subordinates.
13. 6) Subordination of individual interest to organizational interest: This implies that narrow
selfish interest should be overcome or should turn to common and board interest of the
organization welfare. eg. collective bargaining
7) Remuneration of personnel: There should be to fair policy for payment to the personnel
justifying the work load, job hazards, efficiency and quality of performance.
8) Centralization: There should be some amount of greater and larger authority resting with
top level managers.
9) Scalar chain of command: which implies that there is chain or link of directional
instruction from the top level to the lowest rank of organizational members in the hierarchy
10) Order: In an administration there should be proper, systematic arrangement of staff,
materials, supplies and equipments according to the requirement of specific job departments.
11) Equity: In administration, there should be a fair and impartial treatment to all
workers irrespective of their job.
14. 12) Stability of texture of personnel: organizations should make proper efforts stability
and continuity in the texture of personnel, which gives security and promotes
productions.
13) Initiative: Administration should always be encouraging initiative from each
employee by allowing him freedom to do his/her best.
14) Esprit de corps: It refers to sense of belonging. This fosters the team spirit. ie. The spirit
of working together to achieve objective effectively
15. ROLE OF NURSE AS A MANAGER
LEADERSHIP
EDUCATOR
ORGANIZER
DIRECTOR
COORDINATOR
RECORDER
COUNSELLER
SUPERVISOR
EVALVATOR
CONTROLLER
16. THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT
Theory : It is set of concept & phenomena.
A well sub sustained explanation of some aspect of natural world, an
organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of
circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena.
There are several theories of management.
MAJOR ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES.
1. Classical organizational theory
2. Neo-classical organizational theory
3. Modern organizational theory
17. 1. Classical organizational theory
Scientific management theory
Weber’s bureaucratic theory/approach
Administrative approach/theory
2. Neo –classical theory[Behavioral /Humanistic theory}
Behavioral theory
Humanistic theory {human relation theory}
Social theory
3. Modern organizational theory
System approach
Socio-technical approach
Contingency or situation approach
18. 1. Classical organizational theory
It deals with the formal organization & concept to increase
management efficiency.
a} Scientific management theory
Frederick Winslow Taylor {1856-1912} an American Mechanical engineer .
Taylor is recognized as “father of scientific management”.
Taylor was one of the intellectual leader of the efficiency movement and his
ideas.
Taylor famous work entitled “principles of scientific management” was
published in 1911.
His primary concern was to increase productivity through greater efficiency
in production and increase pay for workers, through the application of
scientific method.
19. Taylor ‘s principles of scientific management.
Scientific
management theory
Logic and replacing rule
of thumb with science
Analysis
Synthesis
Elimination of waste
Standardization of best
practices
Affectivity
Work ethics
Rationality
20. He conducted time and motion studies to the workers.
Analyze their movements & set their standards. He used stop watch.
He applied the principle of observations, measurement, and scientific
comparison to determine the effective way to achieve a task.
{b} Weber’s bureaucratic theory/approach
This was developed by German, Psychologist, Sociologist & political,
economist , Max Weber{1864-1920}.
He earned the title of “father of organizational theory”.
His conceptualization was on bureaucracy structure of authority that
would facilitate the accomplishment of organizational objective.
21. According to Max Weber 3 type of power in an organization
traditional authority/power
charismatic power
Legal /bureaucratic power
Major principles of bureaucratic theory
A formal hierarchal structure
Management by rules{MBR}
Organization by functional specialty
Employment based on technical qualification
Well defined rules & regulation.
22. {C} Administrative approach/theory
Hanary fayol was a French industrialist known as “father of the
management process”. He studied the function of managers &
conclude that management is universal.
He gave the 14 principle of management.
1. Division of labour
2. Authority, responsibility, and accountability
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination
7. Remuneration of personne
8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain of command
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of texture of personnel
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps
23. 2. Neo-classical theory of management
The importance of individual or group behavior or emphasis on human
relations.
PRINCIPLES
The individual
The work group
Participative management
{a} Human relation theory
Human relation movement refers to those researchers who study the behavior
of people in groups and in particular work places.
It originated in the 1930s which examine the effect of social relations,
motivations and employee satisfactions on factory productivity.
24. He focused on the effect of individual behavior on the success or failure of
an organization .
Classical organization & management theory concentrated on the physical
environment , instead of concentrating the organization structure,
managers encourages worker to develop their potentials and help them to
meet their needs for
Recognition
Accomplishment
Sense of belonging
{b} Behavioral science theory
Hugo Minsterbery acknowledged being “father of industrial
psychology”{was trained as psychologist}.
In 1910 his interest turned to the application of psychology to industry,
where he saw the importance of applying behavioral science to the new
scientific management movement.
25. His emphasis is on
Use of scientific procedure to study the psychologist
Sociologist
Anthropological ,aspect of human behavior in organization.
Behavior science indicated
The importance of maintaining a +ve attitude towards people.
Training program
Fitting supervisory action to the situations.
Meeting employee needs.
Promoting employee sense of achievement.
{C} Sociological theory
Max Weber, Emile D. and V. Pareto are generally regarded as “father of
organizational theory or social system approach to management”.
26. Weber’s analysis of church, government, military and business led him to
believe that hierarch, authority and bureaucracy, lie at the foundation of
all social organizations.
Emile D. emphasized the ideas that groups, by establishing their values
and norms, control human conduct in any social organization.
Pareto viewed society as clusters of independent units, i.e. as social
system with many subsystem. He said that the social system had a tendency
to seek equilibrium upon being disturbed by outside or inside forces.
According to him it was the task of elite{small gp. Of people who control
political power} in any society to provide the leadership to maintain the
social system.
27. 3. Modern organizational theory
The modern era is characterized by trends in the management viz:
Microanalysis of human behavior, motivation, group dynamics, leadership
leading to many theory of organization.
The macro search for fusion of the many systems in business organization ,
economical, social, technical, political & qualitative methods in decision
making.
An organization is defined as designed & structure process in which individual
interact for objectives.
It have { 3} approaches.
System approach
Socio-technical approach
Contingency or situation approach
28. {a} System approach
According to system approach organization is unified, purposeful
SYSTEM COMPOSED of interrelated parts and also interrelated with its
environments.
System approach view organization as a system composed of interrelated
& thus mutually dependent sub-system.
It consist of {3} basic elements.
Component
Linking process
Goal of organization
Environment system
INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT
Raw material work activity, operational method product & services
Human resources financial results
FEEDBACK
29. {b} Socio-technical approach
The socio technical approach based on the premise that every organization
consist the technical system & the environment.
Social
system
Technical
system
Environmen
tal system
Management system External relationship
Strategic planning
30. {c} Situational/ contingency approach
The contingency approach can be described as the behavior approach. It
does not prescribe the application of certain management principle to any
situation. It is recognition of the extreme importance of individual
manager performance in any given situation.
Wood word found that many variation in organization structure.
Information system Transportation & energy
Technology
Engineering & robotic Manufacturing & construction
Education