Data Communication ,Computer Network ,The Uses of a Network ,Types of Networks ,Network Topologies,Transmission Media,Guided Transmission Media ,Wireless Transmission,,INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,COMPUTER BASICS,NME
indroduction,Evolution of Computer Networks & Application Layer.
Transport Layer & Network Layer.
Routing & Data link Layer.
Physical Layer
Evolution of Computer Networks & Application Layer.
Transport Layer & Network Layer.
Routing & Data link Layer.
Physical Layer
indroduction,Evolution of Computer Networks & Application Layer.
Transport Layer & Network Layer.
Routing & Data link Layer.
Physical Layer
Evolution of Computer Networks & Application Layer.
Transport Layer & Network Layer.
Routing & Data link Layer.
Physical Layer
This file is about the networking system. All the theory and pictures of Networking with complete detail. Like and share it
Thank you so much for your Kindness
#Faisal Shahzad Khan
Types of Networks
There are several different types of computer networks. Computer networks can be characterized by their size as well as their purpose.
The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area they occupy and the number of computers that are part of the network. Networks can cover anything from a handful of devices within a single room to millions of devices spread across the entire globe.
Some of the different networks based on size are:
Personal area network, or PAN
Local area network, or LAN
Metropolitan area network, or MAN
Wide area network, or WAN
This file is about the networking system. All the theory and pictures of Networking with complete detail. Like and share it
Thank you so much for your Kindness
#Faisal Shahzad Khan
Types of Networks
There are several different types of computer networks. Computer networks can be characterized by their size as well as their purpose.
The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area they occupy and the number of computers that are part of the network. Networks can cover anything from a handful of devices within a single room to millions of devices spread across the entire globe.
Some of the different networks based on size are:
Personal area network, or PAN
Local area network, or LAN
Metropolitan area network, or MAN
Wide area network, or WAN
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. UNIT III
• Data Communication
• Computer Network
• The Uses of a Network
• Types of Networks
• Network Topologies
• Transmission Media: Guided Transmission Media -Wireless
Transmission
3. Data Communication
• Data communication refers to the exchange of data between a source
and a receiver via form of transmission media such as a wired or
wireless.
• Data communication is said to be local if communicating devices are
in the same building or a similarly restricted geographical area.
4. Data Communication
• Datum mean the facts information statistics or the like derived by
calculation or experimentation.
• The term data used to describe information, under whatever form of
words you will be using.
5. Data Communication
• Characteristics
• Delivery: The data must be deliver in correct order with correct destination.
• Accuracy: The data must be deliver accurately.
• Timeliness: The data must be deliver in a timely manner.late delivered Data
useless.
6. Computer Network
• Open system:
A system which is connected to the network and is ready for
communication.
• Closed system:
A system which is not connected to the network and can’t be
communicated with.
8. Computer Network
• A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are
connected to each other to share information and resources.
• Share resources from one computer to another.
• Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the
other computer(s) connected over the network.
• Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within the
network and let other computers of the network use the machines available
over the network.
11. Types of Networks
• A computer network is a group of computers linked to each
other that enables the computer to communicate with
another computer and share their resources, data, and
applications.
• A computer network can be categorized by their size.
A computer network is mainly of four types:
• LAN(Local Area Network)
• PAN(Personal Area Network)
• MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
• WAN(Wide Area Network)
13. LAN(Local Area Network)
• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in
a small area such as building, office.
• LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a
communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
• It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs,
network adapters, and ethernet cables.
• The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area
Network.
• Local Area Network provides higher security.
15. PAN (Personal Area Network)
• Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an
individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters.
• Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer
devices of personal use is known as Personal Area Network.
• Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
• Personal computer devices that are used to develop the
personal area network are the laptop, mobile phones, media
player and play stations.
17. MAN(Metropolitan Are Network)
• A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area
by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
• Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private
industries.
• In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone
exchange line.
• The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN,
OC-3, ADSL, etc.
• It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
19. WAN(Wide Area Network)
• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large
geographical area such as states or countries.
• A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
• A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans
over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic
cable or satellite links.
• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business,
government, and education
21. Network Topologies
• Topology defines the structure of the network of how all
the components are interconnected to each other.
22. Bus Topology
• In case of Bus topology, all devices share single communication
line or cable.
• Bus topology may have problem while multiple hosts sending
data at the same time.
• It is one of the simple forms of networking where a failure of a
device does not affect the other devices. But failure of the
shared communication line can make all other devices stop
functioning.
24. Star Topology
• All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device,
known as hub device, using a point-to-point connection.
• That is, there exists a point to point connection between hosts
and hub.
26. Ring Topology
• In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two
other machines, creating a circular network structure.
• When one host tries to communicate or send message to a host
which is not adjacent to it, the data travels through all
intermediate hosts.
• To connect one more host in the existing structure, the
administrator may need only one more extra cable.
28. Transmission Media
• The transmission medium can be defined as a pathway that can
transmit information from a sender to a receiver.
• Transmission media are located below the physical layer and are
controlled by the physical layer.
• Transmission media are also called communication channels.
• Transmission media are of two types −
• Guided Transmission Medium
• Unguided Transmission Medium
30. GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• Guided transmission media are also called bounded media or wired
media.
• They comprise cables or wires through which data is transmitted.
31. TWISTED PAIR
• One of the earliest guided transmission media is twisted pair cables. A
twisted pair cable comprises of two separate insulated copper wires,
which are twisted together and run in parallel.
• In telephone lines
• In DSL lines
• In LANs
33. COAXIAL CABLE
• Coax has a central core of stiff copper conductor for transmitting signals. This is covered by an insulating
material.
• The insulator is encased by a closely woven braided metal outer conductor that acts as a shield against noise.
• The outer conductor is again enclosed by a plastic insulating cover.
34. BASE BAND COAXIAL CABLE
• A baseband coaxial cable transmits a single signal at a time at very
high speed.
35. BROAD BAND COAXIAL CABLE
• A broadband coaxial cable can transmit many simultaneous signals
using different frequencies.