Epidemiology - Definition, History, Aims, Approach, Uses/Purpose.
"The study of the distribution and determinants of
health related states in specified populations , and
the application of this study to control of health
problems."
Different types of epidemiological methods
Salient features of case control study
Steps for conducting case control study
Matching
Odds ratio
Bias in case control study
Advantages & disadvantages in case control study
Concept of Association, Causation and Correlation
Association - Spurious, Indirect & Direct
Multi-factorial causation
Guidelines for Judging causality
Additional Criteria for Judging causality
Descriptive Epidemiology (including Measurement in epidemiology)Dr. Animesh Gupta
Basic measurement in epidemiology
Incidence & Prevalence
Tools of measurement in epidemiology
Epidemiological methods
Descriptive epidemiology.
Distribution of disease in term of Time, Place and Person
Different types of epidemiological methods
Salient features of case control study
Steps for conducting case control study
Matching
Odds ratio
Bias in case control study
Advantages & disadvantages in case control study
Concept of Association, Causation and Correlation
Association - Spurious, Indirect & Direct
Multi-factorial causation
Guidelines for Judging causality
Additional Criteria for Judging causality
Descriptive Epidemiology (including Measurement in epidemiology)Dr. Animesh Gupta
Basic measurement in epidemiology
Incidence & Prevalence
Tools of measurement in epidemiology
Epidemiological methods
Descriptive epidemiology.
Distribution of disease in term of Time, Place and Person
What is Cohort?
Indication and Elements of Cohort Study.
What is Relative risk and Attributable risk, and its interpretation?
Advantages & disadvantages of Cohort study.
Difference between Case control & Cohort study.
The STUDY of the DISTRIBUTION & DETERMINANTS of HEALTH-RELATED STATES in specified POPULATIONS, and the application of this study to CONTROL of health problems.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Screening is defined as the search for unrecognized disease or defect by means of rapidly applied tests , examinations or other procedures in apparently healthy individuals
I. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
NEED TO STUDY BIOSTATISTICS
SAMPLING
METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF DATA
METHODS OF SUMMARIZING THE DATA
: Measures of Central Tendency
: Mean
: Median
: Mode
: Measures of Dispersion
: range
: Mean deviation
: Standard deviation
: Coefficient of variation
CORRELATION & REGRESSION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND NORMAL CURVE.
METHODS OF ANALYZING THE DATA
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
What is Cohort?
Indication and Elements of Cohort Study.
What is Relative risk and Attributable risk, and its interpretation?
Advantages & disadvantages of Cohort study.
Difference between Case control & Cohort study.
The STUDY of the DISTRIBUTION & DETERMINANTS of HEALTH-RELATED STATES in specified POPULATIONS, and the application of this study to CONTROL of health problems.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Screening is defined as the search for unrecognized disease or defect by means of rapidly applied tests , examinations or other procedures in apparently healthy individuals
I. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
NEED TO STUDY BIOSTATISTICS
SAMPLING
METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF DATA
METHODS OF SUMMARIZING THE DATA
: Measures of Central Tendency
: Mean
: Median
: Mode
: Measures of Dispersion
: range
: Mean deviation
: Standard deviation
: Coefficient of variation
CORRELATION & REGRESSION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND NORMAL CURVE.
METHODS OF ANALYZING THE DATA
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Epidemiology and its uses overview presentationsidkolambkar
Epidemiology, the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations, plays a crucial role in understanding and improving public health. This PowerPoint presentation, "Epidemiology and Its Uses," delves into the fundamental principles of epidemiology and explores its diverse applications in the realm of public health.
This presentation was given for the staff of King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh, 11-14 May, 2016
Its content included:
Ethics of public health and health promotion
Ethics of disasters and emergency medicine.
Resource allocation.
DISCLAIMER:
This presentation is based on Hussein GM, Alkabba AF, Kasule OH. Professionalism and Ethics Handbook for Residents (PEHR): A Practical Guide. Ware J, Kattan T (eds). 1st Edition. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, 2015.AND
Training material presented to the East Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET) course on Public Health Ethics (Amman, 2014)
Experimental Epidemiology
1st Clinical trial
Basic steps in RCT
Randomization & its method
Manipulation/ Intervention
Types of RCT
Phases in Clinical trial
Hierarchy of epidemiological study
Epidemiological Exercise for Undergraduate Medical Students. The exercise is based on Cohort Study, Case control study, Horrock's apparatus, Vital Indices.
It is an acute viral infection caused by an RNA virus belonging to Picornaviridae family under enterovirus genera.
It primarily infects human alimentary tract but may infect the CNS resulting in varying degrees of paralysis & possibly death.
It is discussed in the following headings:
1. Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis in children
2. Clinical spectrum of poliomyelitis
3. Clinical features/presentation of poliomyelitis in children
4. Treatment of Poliomyelitis in children
5. Prevention of Poliomyelitis in children
6. Eradication strategy of Poliomyelitis in children
A study design is a specific plan or protocol for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one
Obesity is defined as an abnormal growth of the adipose tissue and or enlargement of fat cell size (hypertrophic obesity) or increase in fat cell number (hyperplastic obesity).
Obesity is often expressed in terms of body mass index (BMI)
Dengue is a self limited acute febrile condition and sometimes
haemorrhagic, primarily transmitted to the humans from
infected Aedes species ( Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus ).
Dengue Syndrome will be discussed in following headings
1.Epidemiology
2. Manifestation
3. Clinical presentation,
4. Diagnosis
5. Treatment
6. Prevention & Control
Infection caused by three closely related nematodes (W. bancrofti, B. malayi & B. timori) & transmitted to man by bite of infective mosquitos & clinically characterized by-
Lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, elephantiasis of genitals, legs & arms or
Pulmonary esonophilia or Filaria arthritis
CLINIC PRESENTATION
MANAGEMENT
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
FILARIALSURVEY
Malaria epidemiology, clinical features & treatmentDr. Animesh Gupta
Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by infection with
parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by
certain species of infected female Anopheles mosquito.
Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is one of the major causes of cardiovascular disease, accounting for nearly 25-45% of the acquired heart disease.
Rheumatic Fever (RF) is a febrile disease affecting connective tissue (heart) & joints. It is caused due to infection of the throat by group-A beta hemolytic streptococci.
It is NOT a communicable disease but results from communicable disease(streptococcal pharyngitis).
RF is the common cause of acquired heart disease in childhood and adolescence.
IMNCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood illness) is an integrated approach to child health that focuses on the well-being of the whole child.
IMNCI strategy is one of the main interventions under RCH-II/NRHM, that focuses on Preventive, Promotive and Curative aspects of program.
NACP (National AIDS Control Programme) launched on February 12 ,2014. The Objectives was:
- Reduce new infections by 50% (2007 Baseline of NACP III)
- Comprehensive care, support and treatment to all persons living with HIV/AIDS
The general shift from acute infectious and deficiency diseases characteristic of underdevelopment to chronic non-communicable diseases characteristic of modernization and advanced levels of development is usually referred to as the "epidemiological transition".
According to WHO, Ergonomics is defined as “ that branch of community medicine, which deals with the study of health promotion, health protection & maintenance of highest degree of physical, mental & social well-being of workers in all occupations”
It is the study of humans at work in order to understand the complex relationship among people, machines, job demands and work methods in order to minimize gaps between task demands and human capacities in activities of work and daily living. [Maxcy-public health]
Ergonomics as the science of “designing the job to fit the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job. [International Ergonomics Society]
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. ▪Pessimist: The glass is half
empty.
▪Optimist: The glass is half
full.
▪Epidemiologist: As
compared to what?
2
3. EPI DEMO LOGOS
Upon, on People, population, man the Study of
The study of anything that happens to people
“That which befalls man”
3
4. Hippocrates(460-370 BC )
▪ Greek physician
▪ “Father of Medicine”
▪ Recognized association of disease with place
(geography), climatic conditions, water, eating
habits and housing.
.
4/25/2020Epidemiology - Dr. Animesh Gupta 4
5. ▪Louis Pasteur : Germ theory of disease
▪Robert Koch : 4 postulates to prove an
infectious agent causes a particular disease
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6. John Snow (1813-1858)
▪ “Father of Epidemiology”
▪ 20 yrs before discovery of
microscope, conducted studies
of cholera out breaks.
▪ Used spot maps to show case
distribution.
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8. "The study of the distribution and determinants of
health-related states in specified populations, and
the application of this study to control of health
problems."
8
*Last, J.M. 1988. A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2nd ed.
4/25/2020Epidemiology - Dr. Animesh Gupta
9. DYNAMIC STUDY OF THE
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
DETERMINANTS
CONTROL
9
OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
IN A POPULATION
4/25/2020Epidemiology - Dr. Animesh Gupta
10. ▪Frequency of disease, disability, death..
▪Expressed as rates & ratios
- prevalence, incidence, death rate.
▪Used to make comparisons
- Gives clues to etiology.
▪Helps in development of strategies
for prevention &control programme.
▪Health related events- health need , demands…
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11. ▪Formulation of etiological hypothesis
▪“Descriptive epidemiology”
▪Time Place and Person distribution of disease
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12. ▪To test etiological hypothesis
▪Identify underlying
causes (risk factors)
▪“Analytical epidemiology”
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13. ▪To describe the distribution and magnitude of health and disease
problems in human populations
▪To identify etiological factors ( risk factors ) in the pathogenesis of
disease.
▪To provide the data essential for the planning , implementation
and evaluation of services for the prevention ,control and
treatment of diseases and to set up priorities among those
services.
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15. a) What is the event ?
b) What is its magnitude ?
c) Where did it happen ?
d) When did it happen ?
e) Who are affected ?
f) Why did it happen ?
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16. a) What can be done to solve this ?
b) How can it be prevented ?
c) What action can be taken ?
d) What resources are required ?
e) What difficulties may arise and how to solve them ?
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17. a. Groups having and not having the disease
b. Randomization
c. Matching
d. Standardization
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18. DESCRIPTIVE Health and disease in the community
What? Who? When? Where?
How many
people
are affected?
What are the
attributes of
affected
persons?
Over what
period of time?
Where do the
affected people
live, work or
spend leisure
time?
What are the
health problems
of the
community?
What are the
attributes of
these illnesses?
19. 1. To describe the frequency and extent of health conditions
and disease.
2. To determine the burden of disease in a community,
including socioeconomic impact of disease occurrence in
specific populations.
3. To identify the causes and risk factors of specific
diseases.This is the basis of disease prevention.
4/25/2020 19Epidemiology - Dr. Animesh Gupta
20. 4. To evaluate medical interventions, including both
preventive and therapeutic measures, and evaluate the
delivery of these measures in health care settings.
5. To study the natural history and prognosis of disease.
6. To provide the foundation for developing public policy
and regulatory decisions relating to health.
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