SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is used to communicate with a database. SQL statements are used to perform tasks such as update data on a database, or retrieve data from a database. SQL commands are divided into several different types, among them data manipulation language (DML) and data definition language (DDL) statements, transaction controls and security measures.

1. Introduction to Database
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Bengaluru INDIA
Presentation By
Ramananda M.S Rao

2. Content
Content
Overview
Database Concepts
Database Fundamentals
Introduction to Database Management Systems
Different Models
Three Layer Architecture
Data Independence,
DDL, DML, DCL, Functions of DBA, DBM
Introduction to ORACLE technology stack
SQL Language
Introduction & Using SQL*Plus
SQL History and Standards, SQL Basics
SQL Data Types
Writing Basic SQL statements
Creating and Managing Tables
Insert, Update, Delete commands
Alter, Drop commands
Select Command
Constraints
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3. Content
SQL Operators and Functions
Single row functions
Aggregating data using group functions
Group By clause
Set Operators
Joins
Creating Views
Subquery
Nested Queries
Co-related Sub-queries
Controlling user access
Grant and Revoke Statements
Optimization and Performance
SQL Tuning
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4. Content
ER Model
Assignments on E-R Model
E-R to Relational Mapping
Assignments on E-R to Relational Mapping
Normalization
Assignments on Normalization
Using simple modeling Tool
Building model for Simple Applications
Simple Fund Management example
Simple Inventory example
Simple Security example
PL/SQL Programming
PL/SQL Variables and Constants
Using %TYPE and %ROWTYPE Attributes
PL/SQL Variable Scope
Creating Anonymous PL/SQL Block
Using DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
PL/SQL Control Structures and Variables
Writing Interactive PL/SQL program
Embedding SELECT Statement inside PL/SQL Block,
Embedding DML Statements inside PL/SQL Block
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5. Content
Cursors and Exceptions
Cursors - Definition Cursor
Using Implicit and Explicit Cursors
Cursor Attributes, Cursor FOR loops, Parameterized Cursors
FOR UPDATE and WHERE CURRENT OF with Explicit Cursors
Exception Definition
Handling user defined,
Oracle predefined and non-predefined exceptions.
Propagating exceptions
Procedures , functions and Triggers
Creating Stored Procedures and functions
Invoking stored procedures
Parameter Modes – IN, OUT and IN OUT
Calling Stored Functions
Packages
Definition Packages
Advantages of using Packages
Components of a Package
Creating and using Package
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6. Content
Triggers - Definition Triggers
Database Triggers
Difference between Stored Procedure and Database Triggers
Trigger Components and types
Creating and using Database Triggers
Objects In database
Objects Types and Using Object Table
Creating and Using Collection Types
Dynamic SQL
Native Dynamic SQL
Using Packages like DBMS_OUTPUT, DBMS_PIPE, UTL_FILE,
DBMS_SQL
Bulk statements in PL/SQL
Creating Indexes
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7. Overview
 SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
 SQL is used to communicate with a database.
 SQL statements are used to perform tasks such as update
data on a database, or retrieve data from a database.
 SQL commands are divided into several different types,
among them data manipulation language (DML) and data
definition language (DDL) statements, transaction
controls and security measures.
 The DML vocabulary is used to retrieve and manipulate
data.
 DDL statements are for defining and modifying database
structures.
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8. Overview
 PL/SQL is an Oracle procedural extension for SQL. They
have designed this language for easy use of complex SQL
statements.
 PL SQL basically stands for "Procedural Language
extensions to SQL".
 It combines the data manipulation power of SQL with the
processing power of procedural language to create a
super powerful SQL queries.
 Similar to other database languages, it gives more control
to the programmers by the use of loops, conditions and
object oriented concepts.
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9. SQL
SQL> create database student
SQL>show database
SQL>create table employee
(id int(11),ename varchar(45),address varchar(45),
Dob date);
SQL>insert into employee values(1,’raj’,’vijayanagar
bengaluru’,’02-02-2017’);
SQL>desc employee
SQL>select * from employee
SQL> update employee set ename=‘Sunilkumar' where
id=1;
SQL>DELETE FROM employee WHERE id=1;
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10. SQL
SQL>create table student
(id int(11),sname varchar(45),address varchar(45),Dob date,age int(11));
SQL>insert into employee values(1,’kumar’,’vijayanagar mysore’,’01-02-2017’,20);
SQL>insert into employee values(2,’sunil’,’vijayanagar bangalore’,’05-02-2017’,25);
SQL>desc student
SQL>select * from student
SQL> update student set ename=‘Anilkumar' where id=2;
SQL>DELETE FROM student WHERE id=1;
SQL>create table customer
(id int(11),cname varchar(45),address varchar(45),mno varchar(45));
SQL>insert into customer values(1,’chetan’,’btm bangalore’,’9865324175’);
SQL>insert into customer values(2,guru’,’rpc layout bangalore’,’9586231475’);
SQL>desc customer
SQL>select * from customer
SQL> update customer set ename=‘Vishal' where id=2;
SQL>DELETE FROM customer WHERE id=1;
Alter Command
ALTER TABLE customer ADD Gender char(1);
ALTER TABLE customer MODIFY Location char(100);
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11. PL/SQL
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(‘Hello World..’);
END;
Declaring and usage of variables in program
DECLARE
text VARCHAR2(45);
BEGIN
text:= ‘Hello World’;
dbms_output.put_line(text);
END;
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12. Ratio
declare
numerator number;denominator number;
the_ratio number;
lower_limit constant number:=0.72;
samp_num constant number:=132;
BEGIN
SELECT X, Y INTO numerator, denominator from result_table where sample_id = samp_num;
the_ratio := numerator/denominator;
if the_ratio > lower_limit then
insert into ratio values(samp_num, the_ratio);
ELSE
Insert into ratio values (samp_num,-1);
END IF;commit;
exception
when zero_divide then
insert into ratio values(samp_num,0);
commit;when others then rollback; end;
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13. Wages
CREATE FUNCTION dept-sal (dnum NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS CURSOR
emp-cursor ISo
SELECT sal, comm FROM emp WHERE deptno = dnum;
total-wages NUMBER(,(:=0;
cnt NUMBER(10) :=1;
BEGIN
FOR emp-record IN emp-cursor LOOP
emp-record.comm := NVL (emp-record.comm, 0);
total-wages := total-wages + emp.record, sal+emp-record-comm;
PUT-LINE (LOOP number = '|| cnt ||', 'wages ='|| TO-CHAR (total-wages));
cnt := cnt+1;
ENDLOOP:
/* Debug Line */
PUT-LINE (Total wages ='|| TO-CHAR (total-wages));
RETURN total-wages;
END dept-sal:
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14. Procedures and Functions in PL/SQL
Procedure is a subprogram unit that consists of a group of PL/SQL
statements.Procedure can have a RETURN tatement to return the control to
the calling block, but it cannot return any values through the RETURN
statement.
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE welcome_msg(p_name IN
VARCHAR2)
IS
BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line(‘Welcome’||p_name);
END
EXEC welcome_msg(‘Collaboration Technologies’);
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