This document provides an introduction to databases including: - It defines what a database is and how data is organized into tables with rows and columns. - It discusses some common database management systems like Microsoft Access, MySQL, and SQL Server. - It outlines some key components of a database management system environment including hardware, software, data, procedures, and people. - It also briefly mentions some potential disadvantages of database management systems like complexity, size, costs, and performance issues.

1. Introduction to database
Akif
Department computer Science
University of Peshawar
Akifshexi
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2. Contents of this chapter
• Data
• Information
• Introduction to File processing system
• Problems in file Processing System
• Introduction to Database
• Advantages of Database
• Applications of Database
• Database Management System
• Common Database Management System
• Components of DBMS Environment
• Disadvantages of DBMS
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3. Data
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• Collection of raw facts and figures.
• Data can be collect from different sources but it is not
meaning for making decisions.
• Data may be: Numbers, Characters, Symbols, pictures,
sounds etc..
• Types of data: Numeric data, Alphabetic data and
Alphanumeric data.

4. Information
• Processed data is called information
• It is more meaningful than data and is used for making decisions.
• Data is used as input for the processing and information is
output for this processing.
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Data Processing Information

5. File Processing System
• In past many organization stored data in files on tap or disk.
• Data was managed using file-processing system.
• Each organization has its own set of files.
• Record in one file are not related to the record in other file.
• No relation between files.
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6. Problems in File Processing System
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7. Data redundancy
• In file processing system the same data may be duplicated in
several files.
• E.g. there are two files “Student” and “Library”. the file Student”
contains the Roll No, name and address of all students.
• The library contain the Roll No, name etc.
• it means the data of one student appear in two files.
• This is known as data redundancy.
• Same data may appear in many files which is difficult to
manage.
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8. Redundancy example
Student file Hostel File
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Roll No: 123
Name: Ali
Address: Dir
Program: BCS
Semester: 7th
Session:2012-16
RegNo: ab-3455
--------
-------
--------
Roll No: 123
Name: Ali
Address: Dir
Program: BCS
Semester: 7th
Hostel: szic hostel
Room: 5 Block B
Hostel dues: 10000
-------
-------
-------
Redundant information

9. Inconsistency
• Inconsistency means that two files may contain different
data of the same student.
• For example if address of the student is changed in one file then
you will must change the address in other files.
• if student information are stored in student file and same student
information are stored in hostel file.
• If any changed occur in one file then you must update the
subsequent file as well.
• In File processing system many files contains the data of same
student
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10. Inconsistency Example
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Student file Hostel FileStudent file Hostel File
Roll No: 123
Name: Ali
Address: Dir
Program: BCS
Semester: 7th
Session:2012-16
RegNo: ab-3455
--------
-------
--------
Roll No: 123
Name: Ali
Address: Swat
Program: BCS
Semester: 7th
Hoste: szic hostel
Room: 5 Block B
Hostel dues: 10000
-------
-------
-------
Inconsistent address of the same student

11. Data Isolation
• In file system data is stored in various files
• It become very difficult to retrieve data.
• For example student email are stored in student file and fee info
are stored in Fee file.
• To send an email message to inform a student about his/her fee
you need retrieve data from both files which are difficult.
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12. Data Isolation Example
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Roll No: 123
Name: Ali
Address: Dir
Program: BCS
Semester: 7th
Email:abc@ini.com
RegNo: ab-3455
--------
Student File
Roll No: 123
Name: Ali
Hostel dues: 1000
Semester: 20000
--------
--------
Account File
Roll No: 123
Name: Ali
Books issued: 9
Card Exp: 1-12- 2013
----
----
Library File
If we want to inform a student by email
that clear his/her dues and return library
Books
• Then we will extract data from student
file, account file and Hostel file which is
difficult in file processing system.

13. Integrity Problems
• Integrity means reliability and accuracy of data.
• In File Processing System it is difficult to sustain the
integrity of the data.
• For example: the name of any student contains alphabets if any
one by mistaken entered number instead of alphabets.
• File Processing system has no integrity checking option.
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14. Integrity Problem
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Roll No: 123
Name: 12345
Address: Dir
Program: BCS
Semester: 7th
Email:abc@ini.com
RegNo: ab-3455
--------
Student File
Name should not be
Composed of numbers
File Processing System
Does not prevent from
This type mistake.

15. Security Problems
• File Processing System does not provide any security on data.
• There is not mechanism in File Processing System for data to
be secured from un authorized access.
• No authentication facility in file processing system.
• Any one can easily access and changed the data.
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16. Security Problem
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Roll No: 123
Name: 12345
Address: Dir
Program: BCS
Semester: 7th
Email:abc@ini.com
RegNo: ab-3455
--------
Authorized User
Can Change
The file data
Un Authorized User
In file processing system no security was defined
Student File

17. Introduction to
Database
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18. What is Database?
• Database can be defined as an organized collection of related
data.
• The word organized means that data is stored in such a way
that the user can:
• Store, manipulate and retrieve data easily
• The word “related” means that a database is normally created to
store the data about a particular topic.
• e.g. Student database contain information about the student i.e his
name, rollno, address, cellno, class etc.
• All data in data base is arranged in tables.
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19. What is Database?
• A database is a repository of data, designed to support
efficient data storage, retrieval and maintenance.
• Multiple types of databases exist to suit various industry
requirements.
• A database may be specialized to store:
• binary files
• Documents
• Images
• videos
• geographic data
• etc.
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20. Database forms
• Data can be stored in various forms like:
• relational database
• If data is stored in a tabular form then it is called a relational database
• hierarchical database
• When data is organized in a tree structure form
• It is called a hierarchical database.
• network database
• Data stored as graphs representing relationships between objects is
referred to as a network database.
• In this course, we will focus on relational databases.
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21. Table
• In relational Database data can be store in the form of Tables.
• Tables is the fundamental object of the database structure.
• The basic purpose of a table is to store data.
• A table consists of rows and columns.
• A table is a very convenient way to store data.
• In the Table you can easily:
• Retrieve data
• Delete data
• Insert data
• Update data
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22. Table
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Roll No Name Address Email CellNo
1 Ali khan Peshawar ali@yahoo.com 03451122113
2 Adnan Charsada adnan@yahoo.co
m
03331122114
3 Jan Mardan jan@gmail.com 03132255254
STUDENT TABLE

23. Rows/Record
• Rows are the horizotal part of the table.
• It is a collection of related fields.
• For example:
• In the student table, we have three rows.
• Each row contain a record of different student.
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Roll No Name Address Email CellNo
1 Ali khan Peshawar ali@yahoo.com 03451122113
2 Adnan Charsada adnan@yahoo.
com
03331122114
3 Jan Mardan jan@gmail.com 03132255254

24. Columns/Field
• Columns are the vertical part of the table.
• For example:
• In the Student table, all values under “Name” field make a column.
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Roll No Name Address Email CellNo
1 Ali khan Peshawar ali@yahoo.com 03451122113
2 Adnan Charsada adnan@yahoo.
com
03331122114
3 Jan Mardan jan@gmail.com 03132255254

25. Types of Database Systems
• PC databases
• Centralized database
• Client/server databases
• Distributed databases

26. PC Databases
E.g.:
Access
FoxPro
Dbase
Etc.

27. Centralized Databases
Central
Computer

28. Client Server Databases
Network
Client
Client
Client
Database
Server

29. Distributed Databases
computer
computer
computer
Location A
Location C
Location B
Homogeneous
Databases

30. Distributed Databases
Local Network
Database
Server
Client
Client
Comm
Server
Remote
Comp.
Remote
Comp.
Heterogeneous
Or Federated
Databases

31. Example of Database
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32. Phone Directory
• Phone directory is a simple example of a database.
• A phone directory stores the phone numbers of different
persons .
• you can search any phone number from the phone directory
easily because all phone numbers are stored in an organized
way .
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33. Library
• A library contains thousands of books .
• It is very difficult to handle the records of all these books
without database .
• A database system can be used to store the records of books
members of the library ,issuance and recovery of the books
etc.
• You can use this database to search the required books eaily.
• This database can help you a lot for doing research work.
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34. Accounts
• A database is used to control the accounts system of an
organization .
• The account database keeps the record of all financial
transactions of the organization.
• You can easily perform different calculations to find the
information about your business such as your annual etc.
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35. College
• A college has many students in different classes.
• A database may be used to keep the records of the students
fee transaction ,examination information and other data of
the college.
• You can also store the attendance of the student in the
database.
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36. Airplane ticket reservation
• Database can be used to store passenger information
• A passenger can reserved his/her seat online.
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37. NADRA
• NADRA have its own database
• One of the most secure database in the world
• It store Pakistan citizen information
• Normally Nation Identity Card information
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38. Other databases
• YouTube
• Facebook
• Yahoo
• Google
• Hotmail
• Amazon
• etc.
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39. Advantages of Database
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40. Redundancy Control
• The data in a database appears only once and is not
duplicated.
• for example the data of a student in the college database is
store in one table we access this table for different purposes .
for example :
• if we want to store the marks of the student in a table ,only roll
NO of the student will be used . the second table will be
connected to the student table for accessing the information
about the student as follow
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41. Redundancy Control
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Roll NO Name Address Email Phone
1 Naveed Mardan Naveed@yahoo. 03469119099
2 Imran Peshawar imran@yahoo.c 03469322089
RollNo Subject Marks
1 Math 90
1 English 60
2 Math 80
2 English 70
Student Table
Marksl table
In the above figure , the details of the
student are stored in the student table.
The Marks table store only the rollno of
the student . the remaining data is not
duplicated . RollNo in the marks table is
duplicated for the joining two tables.

42. Data Consistency
• One benefit of the controlling redundancy is that the data is
consistent.
• If a data item appears only at once place ,it is easy to maintain it.
• You need to update the data , you will update it at only one place.
• This change will automatically take effect at all place where this data
is used.
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43. Data Security
• Data security is the protection of the database from unauthorized
access. The database management system provide several
procedures to maintain data security .the security is maintained by
allowing access to the database through the use of passwords .not
every use of database system should be able to access all the data .
• Database managemen system provides different levels of security
options for different user .
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44. Reduced Development Time
• A database organize data more efficiently than a file processing
system. it is often easier and faster to develop program that use this
data.
• Many database management system also provide several tools to
assist in program development. so it reduces the overall time for
developing application.
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45. Compactness
• The data base management system store data with compact and
efficient manner.
• it required less storage space than the file system. so it saves the
storage resoures of th system and memory is not wasted.
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46. Database Management System
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47. Database Managment System
• A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that
are used to create and mantian a database. DBMS is a general-Purpose
software system that provide the following facilities :
• 1 It provide the facility to define the structure of the database. the user
can specify the data types, format, and constraints for the data to be
stored in the database
• 2 it provide the facility to store the data on some storage medium that
is controlled by the DBMS
• 3 it provide the facilities to insert ,delete , update and retrive specfic
data for generation reports etc.

48. Common DBMS
• MS Access
• MySQL
• SQLite
• SQL Sever
• Oracale
• DB2
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49. Microsoft Access
• Familiar look and feel of Windows
• Easy to start building simple databases
• Can build sophisticated systems
• It’s already on your computer
• True relational database
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50. Creating Database in Access
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57. Retrieve the records
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Select * from student
This Query will display
All the record of the
Student table.

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This Query will display
The record of Roll No 1.

63. • MySQL is a very popular, open source database.
• Officially pronounced “my Ess Que Ell” (not my sequel).
• Handles very large databases; very fast performance.
• Why are we using MySQL?
• Free (much cheaper than Oracle!)
• Each student can install MySQL locally.
• Easy to use Shell for creating tables, querying tables, etc.
• Easy to use with Java JDBC
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64. Database Components
DBMS
===============
Design tools
Table Creation
Form Creation
Query Creation
Report Creation
Procedural
language
compiler (4GL)
=============
Run time
Form processor
Query processor
Report Writer
Language Run time
User
Interface
Applications
Application
Programs
Database
Database contains:
User’s Data
Metadata
Application Metadata

66. Components of DBMS
Environment
• Hardware
• PC, workstation, mainframe, a network of computers.
• Software
• DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary)
and also the application programs.
• Data
• Used by the organization and a description of this data
called the schema.
• Procedures
• Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design
and use of the database and DBMS.
• People

67. Disadvantages of DBMSs
• Complexity
• Size
• Cost of DBMS
• Additional hardware costs
• Performance
• Higher impact of a failure

68. Thanks
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