The document discusses various foundations and concepts of curriculum. The traditional concept viewed curriculum as a static course of study focused on memorization, while the modern concept sees it as a dynamic set of planned learning activities. An Islamic concept defines curriculum as a body of knowledge to prepare individuals for worship and worldly affairs, based on the Quran. Curriculum needs to be developed based on philosophical, psychological, sociological, and historical foundations to achieve educational goals and meet the needs of both students and society.

1. Introduction to Curriculum
• Old & Modern Concept of Curriculum
Traditional/Old Concept: “course of study”.
• Static view emphasized only textbook knowledge or factual information.
• Main purpose: help the learner to memorize the contents.
• A body of preserved factual knowledge to be transmitted from the teacher
to the pupils and mastered by them through memorization, recitation and
drill and to be reproduced on the demand of teacher.
Modern Concept: A broad cumulative and comprehensive term including all
the curricular and co-curricular activities. More than textbook and subject
matter selected.
• Dynamic view.
• Totality of all the learning activities to which child is exposed during study-
class room experience, laboratory, library, play ground, school, study visits,
community etc.
• Planned series of learning opportunities to be carried out teacher and
pupil.

2. Islamic Concept of Curriculum
• “Ilm” 800 references in Quran
• Definition: A body of knowledge to prepare
individual for worship (“Akhrat”) as well as
worldly affairs.
• Quran: Comprehensive blue print & primary
source of knowledge for individual & society.
• KuttabCurri.: emphasizes memorization and
recitation as important means of learning
• The mind of the child is "like a white clean paper,
once anything is written on it, right or wrong, it
will be difficult to erase it or superimpose new
writing upon it“ (Tibawi)

3. Need of Curriculum
• Educational planning tool
• Setting agenda ahead of time to prepare
• Specification of benchmark
• Setting learning goals
• Provide structure of educational course
• Lesson planning
• Selection of Teaching methods
• Quality assurance tool
• Time management & organizational tool
• Assessment frame

4. Characteristics of Good Curriculum
1. Development of individual
1. Fulfillment of Needs of the Society
2. Fulfillment of Educational Needs
3. Flexibility in the Curriculum
4. Balanced Curriculum
5. Relevance of Curriculum
6. Recognition of Individual’s Experience and
Integration
7. Real Life Situation

5. Future Trends
• Knowledge explosion & advancement in Technology to
continue
• Schools & Universities wireless: Computer, Laptop & internet-
online courses
• Internship programs as part of curriculum
• Home study and subjects of interest beyond boundaries of
combinations
• Change in Policy of admission for home schooled children
• Teachers to be trained in technology
• E-books instead of traditional textbooks
• Software companies to design curriculum to teach technology

6. Foundations of Curriculum
Guiding Framework
• Islamic Foundations
• Philosophical Foundations
• Psychological Foundations
• Sociological Foundations

7. Islamic Foundations
– QURAN DECLARES
•
• “Behold! In the creation of the heavens and the earth, And the
alternation of Night and Day, There are indeed signs for men of
understanding.”
•
• “Say: Are those equal, those who know and those who do not know?
•
• It is those who are endued with understanding that receive
admonition.”
•
• “God will raise up, to (suitable) ranks (and degrees), those of you who
believe and who have been granted knowledge.”
•
• Even the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was commanded to pray to
Allah for more knowledge.

8. Sayings of the Prophet (PBUH)
• “The learned men are the heirs of the Prophets.”
• “One learned man is better than thousand ignorant worshippers.”
• “The ink of scholar is more precious than the blood of the martyr.”
• “Of all the labour for which one may take reward, teaching is the
most deserving.”
• “Educate your sons; they must live in a time different from you.”
• “Man is learned as long as he seeks knowledge; if he thinks he has
acquired all knowledge he becomes ignorant.”
• “Everything in heavens and earth pray that learned men be
forgiven.”
• “The death of a tribe is a lesser tragedy than that of a learned man.”
• “Whoever follows the road of seeking knowledge, God will show him
the road to Paradise.”
(From Al-Gisr)

9. Islamic foundations of Curriculum
contribute
• Belief: Faith in the Almighty Allah
• Values: Dignity of man, equality, Lasting
peace, universal brotherhood, justice
• Spiritual, moral and intellectual growth

10. Philosophical Foundations
• Philosophy: Search for Truth- Science of
meanings, reasoning, Purpose, Beliefs.
• Meaning of universe and human life,
• Determine: Purpose of Edu., subject matter,
Teaching Methods & Assessment of learning.
• Reforms in society and life,

11. Philosophical foundations
contribute
• Preservation of values, traditions, customs and
knowledge wealth acquired in the past.
• Intellectual abilities need to be catered
alongside the utilitarian knowledge with
emphasis on reasoning, problem solving,
analyzing, inquiry and mental skills.
• To accept and adapt to changes as they occur.
• Techniques and skills in experimentation so that
knowledge can be advanced.
• Education should facilitate all students to their
highest potentialities.

12. Psychological Foundations
Science of Human Behavior
Major Features:
• Human Needs
• Developmental Stages (Sensorimotor,
Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal
operational)
• Readiness
• Individual Differences
• Interest & Motivation

13. Psycho. Found
Contribution in Curriculum:
• Preparation of Objectives
• Characteristics of Students
• Organization of Learning experiences
• Methods of Teaching
• Methods of Learning

14. Sociological Foundations
Major Features:
• Needs and Wishes of Society- Goals of Edu.
• Conservation & Reformation of Culture
• Future demands and Requirements
Contribution in Curriculum
• Selection of Contents to achieve set Goals

15. Historical Foundations
Major Features
• Role of curriculum in achievements of nations.
• Guides future plans
• Factors that influence development of nation
e.g. health, unity
• Elimination the useless traditions.