The document discusses the history of anatomy and provides an overview of key concepts. It describes Hippocrates as the father of medicine who attributed diseases to natural causes. It also discusses Vesalius, known as the father of modern anatomy, whose work revolutionized the teaching of anatomy for two centuries. Finally, it defines anatomy and physiology and provides classifications and terminology used in anatomy.

2. HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)
 Greek physician
 Father of Medicine
 His name is memorialized in the Hippocratic oath
 Humoral theory :
 4 body humors –
 -blood
 –phlegum
 -yellow bile
 -black bile-
 Attributed diseases to natural causes .

3. VESALIUS(1514- 1654)
 His work De humani corporis fabrica written in 7
volumes
 revolutionized the teaching of anatomy for 2 centuries
 Chose not to have his name attached to the parts of
body he described unlike anatomists Sylvius, Fallopius,
Eustachius.
 Father of Modern Anatomy
 ‘Reformer of Anatomy’

4.  Anatomy = Ana (Gr) Apart/ Up
 Tome (Gr) =To Cut
 Dissection Dissecare (Latin) To cut apart
 ANATOMY: It is a branch of science that is
concerned with the study of the structure of human
body, animals or any living organism
 PHYSIOLOGY: It is the branch of biology that
studies the normal function of human body or any
living organism

5. Classification of Anatomy According to the method of
description:
 1 – Gross (Macroscopic anatomy): Which deals with
body details which are seen by the naked eye.
 A – Regional anatomy : studying of the body as
regions ex: thorax, upper and lower limb.
 B – Systemic anatomy : studying of the body as
systems ex: CNS,CVS and respiratory systems.
 2-Microscopic anatomy:(Histology) Which deals with
fine details of the body

6. REGIONALANATOMY
 - Head and neck
 - Brain
 -Thorax
 - Abdomen
 - Upper Limb
 - Lower limb

7.  SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
 - Integumentary system
 - Skeletal system
 - Muscular system
 - Nervous system
 - Cardiovascular system
 - Lymphatic system
 - Endocrine system
 - Digestive system,
 -Respiratory system,
 - Urogenital system

8.  Clinical / Applied anatomy : it is the study of anatomy
from the aspect of its clinical application.
 Surgical anatomy: it is the study of anatomy in connection
with surgical operation and surgical procedures.
 Surface anatomy: (Topographic) it is the study of the
surface landmarks of the bony point, muscles and tendons.
It is also concerned with drawing of internal structures on
the surface of the body.
 Radiological anatomy: it is the study of anatomy using x
rays to demonstrate the bones or some internal organ.
 Developmental anatomy: (Embryology) it is the study of
the developmental Changes which occur during intrauterine
life.
 Comparative Anatomy
 Sectional Anatomy

9.  Anatomical Position
 Directional Terms
 Regional Terms and Axes
 Body Planes and Sections
 Body Cavities

10.  Standing up right
 Looking straight towards
horizon
 Upper limbs hanging by the
side of body
 Palms facing forwards
 Lower limbs are parallel with
toes pointing forwards

11.  A plane is an imaginary
surface that slices the
body into specific sections.
 MID SAGITTAL (Median Plane)
A vertical plane dividing
the body into right and left
equal halves.
 SAGITTAL:
A vertical plane which is
parallel to the sagittal plane.

12.  CORONAL PLANE
coronal / frontal / vertical
plane that divides the body
into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.
 TRANSVERSE PLANE:
cross-sectional/ horizontal plane ,
cuts perpendicularly along the long
axis of the body or organ separating
it into both superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) parts

13.  Anterior = Ventral
 Intermediate = Middle
 Posterior = Dorsal
ANATOMICAL TERMS
OF DIRECTION
 Anterior = In front of; toward the front surface
 Posterior = In back of; toward the back surface
 Dorsal = At the back side of the human body
 Ventral = At the belly side of the human body

14.  Superior / Cranial / Cephalic = Toward the head or
above the head end
 Inferior / Caudal = Toward feet OR tail end.

15.  Proximal = Closest to point of attachment to trunk
 Distal = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk

16.  Anterior- At or near the front of the body (front view)
 Posterior -At or near the back of the body (back
view)
 Midline- An imaginary vertical line that divides the
body equally (right down the middle)
 Lateral- Farther from midline (side view)
 Medial -Nearer to midline (side view)

17.  Superior -Toward the head/upper part of a structure
(bird’s-eye view, looking down)
 Inferior- Away from the head/lower part of a
structure (bottom view, looking up)
 Superficial- Close to the surface of the body
 Deep -Away from the surface of the body
 Proximal- Nearer to the origination of a structure
 Distal Farther from the origination of a structure

18. For solid organs:
 - Superficial -Deep
For hollow organs:
 -Interior -Exterior
For indicating the side:
 -Ipsilateral -Contralateral

19.  Body is partitioned into 2 main regions,
1. the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk
which comprise the main vertical axis of our body
2. our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and
make up the appendicular region

20. Skull
- Inferior surface is called as Base
Hand
 - Posterior surface - Dorsum of Hand
 Anterior surface - Palmar surface

21. Foot
 - Superior surface - Dorsum of Foot
 - Inferior Surface - Plantar Surface

22.  Flexion: - Moving part is carried forwards -
 Extension- Moving part is carried backwards.

23.  Circumduction: Moving part forms the base.

24.  Abduction: - Moving part is carried away from the
body/ reference line.
 Adduction: - Moving part is carried towards the body
/ reference line.

25.  Medial Rotation – -Moving part is rotated towards
the mid line.
 Lateral Rotation – - Moving part is rotated away
from the mid line.

26. LEG:
 Flexion – A movement on knee joint in which leg is
carried backwards.
 Extension – A movement on knee joint in which leg is
carried forwards.

27. TOES:
 Abduction – Toes move away from the long axis of 2
nd toe.
 Adduction – Toes move towards long axis of the 2
nd toe

28. NECK:
 Flexion
 Extension
 ROTATION :
 Right
 Left
 - LATERAL FLEXION –
 Right
 Left

29. FINGERS:
 ABDUCTION – Fingers move away from the long
axis of middle finger.
 ADDUCTION – Fingers move towards the long axis
of middle finger.

30. THUMB:
 Flexion
 Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction
 Opposition

31. Forearm:
 Pronation – Forearm is rotated that the palm faces
towards ground.
 Supination – Forearm is rotated that the palm faces
above.

32. FOOT –
 Inversion – Sole of the foot faces medially.
 Eversion – Sole of the foot faces laterally.

33.  Dorsiflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal
surface of foot comes closure to the front of leg.
 Plantarflexion – A movement of foot in which the
dorsal surface of foot goes away from the front of
leg

34. Trunk:
 Flexion
 Extension
 Rotation - Left
 Lateral Flexion
 - Right
 - Left

35.  Large cavities are spaces in the body that are filled with
organs and these organs are often surrounded by
membranes.
 Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the
brain
 Thoracic cavity
 Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines,
spleen, liver, and other organs
 Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the
bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

36.  LEVEL 1 : Atoms simplest level of organization
within the body is the chemical leve l ,
which is composed of atoms and molecules
. -Atoms are the smallest units of matter
 LEVEL 2 Molecules 2 or more atoms
combine to form a molecule , such as a
protein, a water molecule, or a vitamin.
Macromolecules larger and more complex
molecules such as DNA and proteins.


37.  LEVEL3 Organelles At the cellular level, specialized
structural and functional units called cells.Cells Are the
basic unit of structure and function in living things.
May serve a specific function within the organism
Examples- blood cells, nerve cells, bone cell

38.  LEVEL 4 -Cells Are the basic
unit of structure and function
in living things. May serve a
specific function within the organism
e.g - blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells
 LEVEL 5 Tissues Made up of
cells that are similar in structure and
function and which work together to
perform a specific activity
e.g : 4 basic tissues: connective,
epithelial, muscle, and nerve

39.  LEVEL 6 : Organs
 Made up of tissues that work
together to perform a specific
activity
Examples: heart, brain, skin, etc
 LEVEL 7 – Systems
 Groups of 2 or more organs that
work together to perform a specific
function for the organism.

 LEVEL 8 -HUMAN BODY