This document provides an introduction to veterinary anatomy, including:
- Defining anatomy and its main divisions of macroscopic, microscopic, and developmental anatomy.
- Describing the subdivisions of comparative anatomy, special anatomy, pathological anatomy, and applied anatomy.
- Explaining systematic and topographic anatomy, including planes, directions, and basic joint movements.
- Noting key textbooks and an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems to be covered in the next lecture.
AN 1.1 introduction anatomical terminology-Dr.GosaiDr.B.B. Gosai
This is first lecture in anatomy regarding anatomical terminology to familiarize students for Anatomical position, various branches of anatomy, Planes, Terms of relations and terms of movements.
Visit my website for more presentations: https://www.drbbgosai.com/
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
AN 1.1 introduction anatomical terminology-Dr.GosaiDr.B.B. Gosai
This is first lecture in anatomy regarding anatomical terminology to familiarize students for Anatomical position, various branches of anatomy, Planes, Terms of relations and terms of movements.
Visit my website for more presentations: https://www.drbbgosai.com/
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
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1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Veterinary Anatomy – I (ANAT-02101)
CrHr: 3(1-2)
LECTURE # 01
SULTAN ALI
DVM (SAU, TANDOJAM)
MPHIL (UVAS, LAHORE)
2. Narrate Course Code, Course Title, Credit Hours:
Course Code: ANAT 02101
ANAT- Anatomy, 02 - DVM, 1 - 1st Semester: 01 - 1st Course in Semester Scheme:
Course Title: Veterinary Anatomy - I
Credit Hours: 3(1-2)
3 – Three Classes (Theory+Practical) in a week (3x20=60 marks)
1- One Theory class in a week (1x20=20 marks)
Assignment/Quiz/Presentation = 02, Mid Term = 06, Final = 12 (Pass Marks: 08)
2- Two Practical classes in a week (2x20=40 marks)
1st Rotation=10, 2nd Rotation=10, Final Paper=08 Viva=06, Assignment=03, Notebook=03 (Pass Marks: 16)
*Note: Attendance Required : 75%
3. Course Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
1. Define and describe directional terms and bone surface modifications
2. Describe structure and relationship of bones, joints, muscles, nerves and blood vessels of
forelimb and hind limb (Practical only).
3. Describe structure of components of common integument, lymphatic and nervous system.
4. Indicate topographical location of skeletal and associated soft structures on live animals
(Practical only).
4. Books to Consult
Text book: (Theory)
Koenig, H. E. and H-G. Liebich, 2009. Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Animals, Text book
and Colour Atlas. Schattauer, Germany.
Recommended books:
1. Pasquini C., T. Spurgeon, and S. Pasquini, 2007. Anatomy of Domestic Animals –Systemic
and Regional approach. Soudz, U.S.A.
2. Getty, R., S. Sisson and J. D. Grossman, 1986. The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. W.B.
Saunders Co. Philadelphia, U.S.A.
3. Haward., E. and D. Alexander, 2000. Guide to the Dissection of the Dog. W.B. Saunders Co.
U.S.A.
5. INTRODUCTION
Anatomy:
deals with the form, structure, topography and the functional interaction of the tissues and organs of organisms.
Greek word "ana + tome" signifies the cutting apart or disassociating of parts of the body.
Division
1) Macroscopic or Gross anatomy:
The study of structures that can be dissected and observed with the unaided (naked) eye or with a hand lens.
2) Microscopic anatomy or Histology:
The study of minute structures (too small to be seen by naked eyes) with the help of microscope.
3) Developmental anatomy / Ontogeny (entire development of the individual)
The study of the development of the individual from the fertilized oocyte (zygote) to the adult.
The study of the development of the individual from the fertilized oocyte to birth is known as Embryology.
6. Subdivisions of anatomy
Comparative anatomy: is the study of description and comparison of the structure of animals, which forms
the basis for their classification.
Special anatomy: is the description of the structure of a single type or species, e. g, anthropotomy, hippotomy.
Pathological / Morbid anatomy: When an animal becomes diseased or its organs function improperly the
study of its deviation from the normal State.
Applied anatomy: The practical application of such (anatomy) knowledge in the diagnosis and treatment.
Veterinary anatomy: The branch which deals with the form and structure of the principal domesticated
animals.
Teratology – abnormal development
Specialized Branches: –Radiographic Anatomy, –Molecular Biology, –Computed Tomography (CT),
–Sonography , –Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
7. Methods of study
Systemic: structures and organs with a common function. Topographic: relative position and functional interaction
Systematic Anatomy:
The study of systems of organs or apparatus which are similar in origin and structure and are
associated in the performance of certain functions.
The divisions of systematic anatomy are:
1. Osteology: study of bone/ skeleton 2. Arthrology: study of joints of the body
3. Myology: study of muscles and accessory structure 4. Angiology: study of organs of circulation
5. Neurology: study of nervous system 6. Splanchnology: study of visceral organs/ system.
i) Digestive System ii) Respiratory System iii) Urogenital System (a)Urinary (b) Genital Organs
7. Esthesiology: study of sense organs and common integument.
i) Sense Organs ii) Common Integument. (eye, ear, nose and skin)
8. 02: TopographicAnatomy
The term topographic anatomy designates the methods by which the relative positions of the various organs of the
body and their interaction are accurately determined.
PLANE:
A surface real or imaginary, along which any two points can be connected by a straight line.
1) Median Plane:
Divides the head, body, or limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves.
2) Sagittal Plane:
Passes through the head, body, or limb parallel to the median plane.
3)Transverse Plane:
Cuts across the head, body, or limb at a right angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an
organ or a part.
4) Dorsal Plane:
Runs at right angles to the median and transverse planes and thus divides the body or head into
dorsal and ventral portions.
14. Directional Terms
DORSAL: Toward or relatively near the back and corresponding surface of the head, neck, and
tail; on the limbs it applies to the upper or front surface of the carpus, tarsus, metapodium, and
digits (opposite to the side with the pads).
VENTRAL: Toward or relatively near the belly and the corresponding surface of the head,
neck, thorax, and tail. This term is never used for the limbs.
MEDIAL: Toward or relatively near the median plane.
LATERAL: Away from or relatively farther from the median plane.
CRANIAL: Toward or relatively near the head; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus
and tarsus. In reference to the head, it is replaced by the term rostral.
CAUDAL: Toward or relatively near the tail; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and
tarsus. Also used in reference to the head.
15. Directional Terms
ROSTRAL: Toward or relatively near the nose; applies to the head only.
INTERNAL or INNER:
Close to, or in the direction of the center of an organ, body cavity, or structure.
EXTERNAL or OUTER:
Away from the center of an organ or structure.
SUPERFICIAL:
Relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ.
DEEP:
Relatively near the center of the body or the center of a solid organ.
PROXIMAL:
Relatively near the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail, the attached end.
DISTAL:
Away from the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail, the free end.
16. Directional Terms
RADIAL:
On that side of the forearm (antebrachium) in which the radius is located.
ULNAR:
On that side of the forearm in which the ulna is located.
TIBIAL:
On the corresponding sides of the leg (crus) in which the tibia is located.
FIBULAR:
On the corresponding sides of the leg (crus) in which the fibula is located.
(the tibial side being medial and the fibular side being lateral).
PALMAR:
The aspect of the forepaw (manus) on which the pads are located the surface that contacts
the ground in the standing animal and the corresponding surface of the metacarpus and carpus.
PLANTAR:
The aspect of the hind paw (pes) on which the pads are located the surface that contacts the
ground in the standing animal and the corresponding surface of the metatarsus and tarsus. The
opposite surface of both forepaw and hind paw is known as the dorsal surface.
17. The basic movements of parts of the body, Muscles & joints
Muscles act by moving joints. Thus, the same terminology can be applied to both muscle
actions and joint movements. Most joint movements are described by opposing terms
(directions). One set of muscles moves a joint in one direction; another set of muscles moves
the same joint in the opposite direction.
Most joints in the body function as "hinge" joints, meaning they move (extend/flex) in one
plane. Ball and socket joints (e.g., the hip joint) are capable of circumduction (circular
motion). Limbs as a whole are capable of rotation (supination/pronation) and movement
away from (abduction) and toward (adduction) the body. The head extends/flexes (YES
motion) at the atlanto-occipital joint and rotates (NO motion) at the atlanto-axial joint. The
spine (vertebral column) extends dorsally and flexes ventrally.
18. AXIS: The central line of the body or any of its parts.
AXIAL, ABAXIAL:
Of pertaining to, or relative to the axis. In reference to the digits, the functional axis
of the limb passes between the third and fourth digits. The axial surface of the digit faces
the axis, and the abaxial surface faces away from the axis.
ABDUCTION:
The movement of a part away from the median plane.
ADDUCTION:
The movement of a part toward the median plane.
FLEXION:
The movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angle
formed at their joint is reduced. The limb is retracted or folded; the digit is bent; the back is
arched dorsally.
EXTENSION:
The movement of one bone upon another, such that the angle formed at their joint
increases. The limb reaches out or is extended; the digit is straightened; the back is
straightened. Extension beyond 180 degrees is overextension.
19. Rotation:
The movement of a part around its long axis ( e.g. action of the radius when
using a screwdriver).
Supination: (lying on the back = supine)
is lateral rotation of the paw so that the palmar or plantar surface faces
medially or dorsally.
Pronation: (lying on the belly = prone)
is medial rotation so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces
ventrally.