Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs found in almost every conceivable habitat on earth. This presentation briefly describes applications of cyanobacteria in pharmaceutical industry.
Marine drugs are compounds derived from marine organisms that have pharmacological applications. A wide variety of marine organisms produce novel chemical compounds due to the harsh marine environment. Significant research has uncovered antibiotics, anticancer agents, antiviral drugs, and other bioactive compounds from sponges, algae, bacteria, and other marine sources. However, developing marine drugs faces challenges including sustainable supply, identifying market needs, and addressing regulatory requirements. Further research on marine organisms continues to reveal promising new compounds for treating disease.
This document discusses how genetic disorders are detected and potential treatments using gene therapy. It explains that genetic disorders can be monogenic, caused by a single gene defect, or polygenic, caused by multiple gene defects. Detecting genetic disorders involves pedigree analysis, genetic mapping to identify markers linked to disease genes, and sequencing genes to enable accurate diagnosis. Cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are discussed as examples. Gene therapy aims to replace defective genes with healthy copies to treat genetic diseases, but vectors are needed to safely deliver genes to target cells. Ethical issues around gene therapy playing God must also be considered.
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using recombinant DNA technology. It allows genes to be transferred between unrelated organisms, such as adding a human gene to a bacterium. The document discusses the basic principles of genetic engineering, including recombinant DNA, gene cloning, gene knockout, and gene editing. It provides examples of applications in biopharmaceuticals, medicine, agriculture, and research.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop products and technologies. Pharmaceutical biotechnology applies biotechnology principles to develop drugs. The majority of current drugs are biologics such as antibodies, nucleic acids, and vaccines. Biotechnology methods are important in drug research and development, with key applications in oncology, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders. Examples of biotech drugs include insulin for diabetes, gene therapy to replace mutated genes, clotting factors for hemophilia, human serum albumin for burns treatment, and engineered enzymes for enzyme deficiencies.
Biotechnological approches in disease managementrahul manjunath
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches for plant disease management, including tissue culture, recombinant DNA technology, and transgenic approaches. Tissue culture techniques like meristem culture can produce disease-free planting materials. Recombinant DNA technology allows generation of resistant plants by expressing genes conferring resistance to bacterial, fungal or viral diseases. Transgenic approaches discussed include pathogen-derived resistance utilizing viral coat protein or movement genes, as well as expressing plant disease resistance genes, ribosome-inactivating proteins, and genes involved in systemic acquired resistance.
Antibiotic resistance, the modern war against microbesIsaac Majiok Kok
The document discusses antibiotic resistance as a modern threat against pathogenic microorganisms. It provides background on infections and the development of few new antibiotics as pathogens develop multi-drug resistance. It describes the human body and immune system, how antibiotics fight infections, and causes of antibiotic resistance like overuse. The future of medicine is outlined to include personalized medicine, gene therapy, nanotechnology, and DNA vaccines to address antibiotic resistance challenges.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l41. risk assessment in genetic engineeringRishabh Jain
This document discusses risk assessment in genetic engineering. It outlines characteristics to consider for the donor organism, host/recipient organism, gene construct, vector, and transformed organism. These include taxonomy, genetics, pathogenicity, expression of gene products, and potential health and environmental impacts. Experiments are categorized based on risk from I to III, with category I needing only notification and category III requiring review and approval. General safety considerations are outlined related to containment facilities, equipment, and disposal of materials. The document provides guidance for conducting thorough risk assessments of genetic engineering experiments.
Marine drugs are compounds derived from marine organisms that have pharmacological applications. A wide variety of marine organisms produce novel chemical compounds due to the harsh marine environment. Significant research has uncovered antibiotics, anticancer agents, antiviral drugs, and other bioactive compounds from sponges, algae, bacteria, and other marine sources. However, developing marine drugs faces challenges including sustainable supply, identifying market needs, and addressing regulatory requirements. Further research on marine organisms continues to reveal promising new compounds for treating disease.
This document discusses how genetic disorders are detected and potential treatments using gene therapy. It explains that genetic disorders can be monogenic, caused by a single gene defect, or polygenic, caused by multiple gene defects. Detecting genetic disorders involves pedigree analysis, genetic mapping to identify markers linked to disease genes, and sequencing genes to enable accurate diagnosis. Cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are discussed as examples. Gene therapy aims to replace defective genes with healthy copies to treat genetic diseases, but vectors are needed to safely deliver genes to target cells. Ethical issues around gene therapy playing God must also be considered.
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using recombinant DNA technology. It allows genes to be transferred between unrelated organisms, such as adding a human gene to a bacterium. The document discusses the basic principles of genetic engineering, including recombinant DNA, gene cloning, gene knockout, and gene editing. It provides examples of applications in biopharmaceuticals, medicine, agriculture, and research.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop products and technologies. Pharmaceutical biotechnology applies biotechnology principles to develop drugs. The majority of current drugs are biologics such as antibodies, nucleic acids, and vaccines. Biotechnology methods are important in drug research and development, with key applications in oncology, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders. Examples of biotech drugs include insulin for diabetes, gene therapy to replace mutated genes, clotting factors for hemophilia, human serum albumin for burns treatment, and engineered enzymes for enzyme deficiencies.
Biotechnological approches in disease managementrahul manjunath
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches for plant disease management, including tissue culture, recombinant DNA technology, and transgenic approaches. Tissue culture techniques like meristem culture can produce disease-free planting materials. Recombinant DNA technology allows generation of resistant plants by expressing genes conferring resistance to bacterial, fungal or viral diseases. Transgenic approaches discussed include pathogen-derived resistance utilizing viral coat protein or movement genes, as well as expressing plant disease resistance genes, ribosome-inactivating proteins, and genes involved in systemic acquired resistance.
Antibiotic resistance, the modern war against microbesIsaac Majiok Kok
The document discusses antibiotic resistance as a modern threat against pathogenic microorganisms. It provides background on infections and the development of few new antibiotics as pathogens develop multi-drug resistance. It describes the human body and immune system, how antibiotics fight infections, and causes of antibiotic resistance like overuse. The future of medicine is outlined to include personalized medicine, gene therapy, nanotechnology, and DNA vaccines to address antibiotic resistance challenges.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l41. risk assessment in genetic engineeringRishabh Jain
This document discusses risk assessment in genetic engineering. It outlines characteristics to consider for the donor organism, host/recipient organism, gene construct, vector, and transformed organism. These include taxonomy, genetics, pathogenicity, expression of gene products, and potential health and environmental impacts. Experiments are categorized based on risk from I to III, with category I needing only notification and category III requiring review and approval. General safety considerations are outlined related to containment facilities, equipment, and disposal of materials. The document provides guidance for conducting thorough risk assessments of genetic engineering experiments.
Microbial Biotechnology Scope, Technique and Examples in Therapeutics Zohaib HUSSAIN
Genetic engineering enables us to produce a large number of proteins in bacterial cell that were originally encoded by human genes. For example a landmark in this case is production of insulin in bacterial cell in 1982. It is first case of genetically engineered therapeutic protein used for clinical purposes. Insulin produced in this way is widely used in curing diabetes and is same in all forms as compared to original insulin
This power point presentation has described role of biotechnology in management of diseases. This presentation also contains different biotechnological techniques for Treating, Diagnosing, preventing and understanding the disease.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyTheabhi.in
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology, including definitions of biotechnology, the historical background of biotechnology, and its applications. It discusses how biotechnology has been used since ancient times in practices like fermentation and more recently in areas like genetic engineering and drug development. The document also reviews the growth of the biotechnology industry in India and key government initiatives to support the sector.
Radiation toxicity, plants toxicity after irradiation.Dmitri Popov
1) Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in plants under stress and involves vacuolar processing enzymes that cleave proteins leading to cell death. 2) PCD plays a role in plant development and is triggered by stresses like radiation exposure. 3) Studies show radiation can induce toxicity in plants by causing hydrogen peroxide production and PCD, and irradiated plants fed to animals have led to decreased survival rates and tumors, likely due to vitamin deficiencies caused by the irradiation.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of biotechnology from ancient times to the present. It discusses how biotechnology has evolved from traditional techniques like selective breeding and fermentation used since ancient civilizations to the modern use of recombinant DNA and genetic engineering. It outlines major milestones like the discovery of DNA's structure, development of techniques like PCR and monoclonal antibodies, and completion of the Human Genome Project. The document serves to give context around the field of biotechnology and how it has advanced over time.
This document discusses neonicotinoids, a class of neuro-active insecticides. It provides details on their development, mode of action, major compounds, uses in agriculture, and effects on pollinators. While neonicotinoids brought economic benefits, concerns emerged regarding their persistence in soils and potential role in pollinator declines. The EU has imposed restrictions on some neonicotinoids for agricultural use due to risks to pollinators.
Functional Genomics of Plant Pathogen interactions in Wheat Rust PathosystemSenthil Natesan
Cereal rust fungi are pathogens of major importance to agriculture, threatening cereal production worldwide. Targeted breeding for resistance, based on information from fungal surveys and population structure analyses of virulence, has been effective. Nevertheless, breakdown of resistance occurs frequently and continued efforts are needed to understand how these fungi overcome resistance and to determine the range of available resistance genes. The development of genomic resources for these fungi and their comparison has released a torrent of new ideas and approaches to use this information to assist pathologists and agriculture in general. The sequencing of gene transcripts and the analysis of proteins from haustoria has yielded candidate virulence factors among which could be defence-triggering avirulence genes. Genome-wide computational analyses, including genetic mapping and transcript analyses by RNA sequencing of many fungal isolates, will predict many more candidates (Bakkeren et al., 2012)
Dissecting the mechanisms of host-pathogen systems like wheat-rust, including pathogen counter-defenses will ensure a step ahead towards understanding current outcomes of interactions from a co-evolutionary point of view, and eventually move a step forward in building more durable strategies for management of diseases caused by fungi (Hadrami et al.,2012)
International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
An overview on role of signal transduction in inducing plant innate immunity which includes both systemic acquired resistance as well as induced systemic resistance.
This document discusses the topic of pathogenomics in plant pathology. It begins with an introduction to key terms and techniques used in pathogenomics such as marker genes, effectors, and high throughput gene sequencing. It then discusses the role of effectors in pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. It provides examples of pathogenomic studies on various pathogens such as Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (wheat rust) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (cassava bacterial blight). It discusses how pathogenomics can help develop diagnostic tools, provide durable resistance to plants, and uncover plant processes through analysis of pathogen genomes and effectors.
The document summarizes neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides chemically similar to nicotine. Neonicotinoids were introduced in the 1990s to replace older chemicals and are systemic, meaning they are absorbed by plants and spread throughout tissues. There are seven main types which work by blocking neuron receptors in insects. While less harmful to mammals, they are highly toxic to insects and bees. Recent research has found they may contribute to declining bee and butterfly populations through low-level contamination of pollen and nectar. If evidence grows of harm to beneficial insects, the EPA may cancel approval of some neonicotinoids.
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: Putting engineering into biology | Presented by Pranjali ...pranjali bhadane
This document provides an overview of synthetic biology. It defines synthetic biology as designing and constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems, such as genes and cells. The key principles of synthetic biology are abstraction, modularity, standardization, and design/modeling. Case studies describe engineering maize plants to produce higher levels of carotenoids to combat vitamin A deficiency and using transgenic corn to deliver carotenoids to chickens to reduce the impacts of coccidiosis. While synthetic biology has potential applications, it also carries risks such as the accidental release of harmful organisms.
Genetic modification involves identifying desirable traits in plants or animals and transferring the genes responsible for those traits into other species. The first genetically modified plant was tobacco in the 1990s. Scientists isolate the genes of interest and insert them into plant cells using Agrobacterium bacteria or biolistics. Thousands of modified plants are then screened to identify those that express the trait. If field trials are successful, the genetically modified crop can be commercially approved after assessing food and environmental safety. Genetic modification of animals uses a similar process but requires inserting genes into embryonic stem cells.
CONCEPT AND SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY BY AARIFAARIF MAQBOOL
This document provides an overview of biotechnology, including its history, concept, and scope. It notes that biotechnology has been used for thousands of years in processes like brewing beer and making cheese, but emerged as a science around 100 years ago with pioneers like Pasteur. Modern biotechnology uses techniques such as recombinant DNA, PCR, and gene cloning and has applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food production, waste treatment and more. It is a large, growing industry employing hundreds of thousands of people worldwide.
This study investigated the population structure and insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens mosquitoes from two areas in Northern Greece. Molecular diagnostic assays found that the pipiens biotype was more common than the molestus biotype in both areas. Higher frequencies of the resistant Kdr mutation were found in Evros compared to Thessaloniki. No mosquitoes had the F290V or G119S mutations that confer resistance to organophosphates and carbamates, though the G119S heterozygous genotype was more common in Thessaloniki. The results provide information that can help guide mosquito control and insecticide use strategies.
1) The document describes a study that used RNA sequencing to analyze changes in gene expression in black gram pods in response to oviposition by bruchid beetles. 2) The study found 630 differentially expressed genes in a moderately resistant cultivar and 168 in a susceptible cultivar in response to oviposition. 3) Pathway analysis revealed that the major transcriptomic changes involved induction of defense response genes, transcription factors, secondary metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, and signaling pathways like salicylic acid, which may contribute to resistance against bruchid beetles.
Sophien's lectures on Oomycetes, UEA BIO 6007B, January 2016Sophien Kamoun
This document discusses the genome of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. It finds that the P. infestans genome is large, containing many repetitive elements. It has expanded protein families related to pathogenesis, including hundreds of effector proteins similar to known avirulence genes. Comparison to the P. ramorum genome showed the two species genomes have diverged, with rapid expansion and diversification of gene families for plant infection mechanisms. This supports an evolutionary history of these oomycete pathogens adapting through genomic changes to infect different host plants.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi, parasitic worms, and viruses. It has many branches including bacteriology, mycology, immunology, virology, parasitology, and recombinant DNA technology. Microorganisms play important roles in maintaining environmental balance, forming the basis of the food chain, fixing nitrogen, performing photosynthesis, and aiding digestion. They are also used in genetic engineering, producing chemicals, recycling sewage, bioremediation, controlling pests, and producing food and medicines.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BY PHARM.ISA HASSAN ABUBAKARISAHASSANABUBAKAR68
PHARMACEUTICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY IS A BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT INVOLVES THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA FOR THE EFFECTIVE MANUFACTURE OF SOME EFFECTIVE DRUGS OR MEDICINE,EXAMPLE LIKE RECOMBINANT DNA VACCINE,RECOMBINANT DNA DRUGS,RECOMBINANT DNA ENZYMES,RECOMBINANT DNA INSULIN,RECOMBINANT DNA YEAST E.T.C. NOWADAYS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES USES THIS RECOMBINANT DNA IN THE PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF MEDICINES.
PRESENTED BY ISA HASSAN ABUBAKAR FROM NIGERIA
Plant Disease Resistant And Genetic EngineeringShweta Jhakhar
Study the adverse effects of different viruses and other fungal diseases on the plants and their growth. Discuss the methods e.g. plant disease resistant and genetic engineering to protect the plants.
Apicoplast: an excellent target for antimalarial drug developmentSuman Das
Apicoplast is an organelle which is present in the apicomplexan parasites like Plasmodium species. Nowadys different drugs are developed which target different pathways present in the apicoplast.
Marine pharmacology By Dr. Harshad MalveHarshad Malve
Marine pharmacology deals with investigating medically important compounds from marine organisms. With oceans representing the most biodiverse environment, marine organisms provide a vast untapped resource for new drugs. Compounds have been isolated from sponges, tunicates, mollusks, and other marine sources. These include the painkiller ziconotide from cone snails, and anti-cancer compounds ecteinascidin 743 from tunicates and halichondrin B from sponges. Marine pharmacology continues to provide promising candidates for treating cancer, viruses, malaria and other diseases.
Microbial Biotechnology Scope, Technique and Examples in Therapeutics Zohaib HUSSAIN
Genetic engineering enables us to produce a large number of proteins in bacterial cell that were originally encoded by human genes. For example a landmark in this case is production of insulin in bacterial cell in 1982. It is first case of genetically engineered therapeutic protein used for clinical purposes. Insulin produced in this way is widely used in curing diabetes and is same in all forms as compared to original insulin
This power point presentation has described role of biotechnology in management of diseases. This presentation also contains different biotechnological techniques for Treating, Diagnosing, preventing and understanding the disease.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyTheabhi.in
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology, including definitions of biotechnology, the historical background of biotechnology, and its applications. It discusses how biotechnology has been used since ancient times in practices like fermentation and more recently in areas like genetic engineering and drug development. The document also reviews the growth of the biotechnology industry in India and key government initiatives to support the sector.
Radiation toxicity, plants toxicity after irradiation.Dmitri Popov
1) Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in plants under stress and involves vacuolar processing enzymes that cleave proteins leading to cell death. 2) PCD plays a role in plant development and is triggered by stresses like radiation exposure. 3) Studies show radiation can induce toxicity in plants by causing hydrogen peroxide production and PCD, and irradiated plants fed to animals have led to decreased survival rates and tumors, likely due to vitamin deficiencies caused by the irradiation.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of biotechnology from ancient times to the present. It discusses how biotechnology has evolved from traditional techniques like selective breeding and fermentation used since ancient civilizations to the modern use of recombinant DNA and genetic engineering. It outlines major milestones like the discovery of DNA's structure, development of techniques like PCR and monoclonal antibodies, and completion of the Human Genome Project. The document serves to give context around the field of biotechnology and how it has advanced over time.
This document discusses neonicotinoids, a class of neuro-active insecticides. It provides details on their development, mode of action, major compounds, uses in agriculture, and effects on pollinators. While neonicotinoids brought economic benefits, concerns emerged regarding their persistence in soils and potential role in pollinator declines. The EU has imposed restrictions on some neonicotinoids for agricultural use due to risks to pollinators.
Functional Genomics of Plant Pathogen interactions in Wheat Rust PathosystemSenthil Natesan
Cereal rust fungi are pathogens of major importance to agriculture, threatening cereal production worldwide. Targeted breeding for resistance, based on information from fungal surveys and population structure analyses of virulence, has been effective. Nevertheless, breakdown of resistance occurs frequently and continued efforts are needed to understand how these fungi overcome resistance and to determine the range of available resistance genes. The development of genomic resources for these fungi and their comparison has released a torrent of new ideas and approaches to use this information to assist pathologists and agriculture in general. The sequencing of gene transcripts and the analysis of proteins from haustoria has yielded candidate virulence factors among which could be defence-triggering avirulence genes. Genome-wide computational analyses, including genetic mapping and transcript analyses by RNA sequencing of many fungal isolates, will predict many more candidates (Bakkeren et al., 2012)
Dissecting the mechanisms of host-pathogen systems like wheat-rust, including pathogen counter-defenses will ensure a step ahead towards understanding current outcomes of interactions from a co-evolutionary point of view, and eventually move a step forward in building more durable strategies for management of diseases caused by fungi (Hadrami et al.,2012)
International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
An overview on role of signal transduction in inducing plant innate immunity which includes both systemic acquired resistance as well as induced systemic resistance.
This document discusses the topic of pathogenomics in plant pathology. It begins with an introduction to key terms and techniques used in pathogenomics such as marker genes, effectors, and high throughput gene sequencing. It then discusses the role of effectors in pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. It provides examples of pathogenomic studies on various pathogens such as Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (wheat rust) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (cassava bacterial blight). It discusses how pathogenomics can help develop diagnostic tools, provide durable resistance to plants, and uncover plant processes through analysis of pathogen genomes and effectors.
The document summarizes neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides chemically similar to nicotine. Neonicotinoids were introduced in the 1990s to replace older chemicals and are systemic, meaning they are absorbed by plants and spread throughout tissues. There are seven main types which work by blocking neuron receptors in insects. While less harmful to mammals, they are highly toxic to insects and bees. Recent research has found they may contribute to declining bee and butterfly populations through low-level contamination of pollen and nectar. If evidence grows of harm to beneficial insects, the EPA may cancel approval of some neonicotinoids.
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: Putting engineering into biology | Presented by Pranjali ...pranjali bhadane
This document provides an overview of synthetic biology. It defines synthetic biology as designing and constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems, such as genes and cells. The key principles of synthetic biology are abstraction, modularity, standardization, and design/modeling. Case studies describe engineering maize plants to produce higher levels of carotenoids to combat vitamin A deficiency and using transgenic corn to deliver carotenoids to chickens to reduce the impacts of coccidiosis. While synthetic biology has potential applications, it also carries risks such as the accidental release of harmful organisms.
Genetic modification involves identifying desirable traits in plants or animals and transferring the genes responsible for those traits into other species. The first genetically modified plant was tobacco in the 1990s. Scientists isolate the genes of interest and insert them into plant cells using Agrobacterium bacteria or biolistics. Thousands of modified plants are then screened to identify those that express the trait. If field trials are successful, the genetically modified crop can be commercially approved after assessing food and environmental safety. Genetic modification of animals uses a similar process but requires inserting genes into embryonic stem cells.
CONCEPT AND SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY BY AARIFAARIF MAQBOOL
This document provides an overview of biotechnology, including its history, concept, and scope. It notes that biotechnology has been used for thousands of years in processes like brewing beer and making cheese, but emerged as a science around 100 years ago with pioneers like Pasteur. Modern biotechnology uses techniques such as recombinant DNA, PCR, and gene cloning and has applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food production, waste treatment and more. It is a large, growing industry employing hundreds of thousands of people worldwide.
This study investigated the population structure and insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens mosquitoes from two areas in Northern Greece. Molecular diagnostic assays found that the pipiens biotype was more common than the molestus biotype in both areas. Higher frequencies of the resistant Kdr mutation were found in Evros compared to Thessaloniki. No mosquitoes had the F290V or G119S mutations that confer resistance to organophosphates and carbamates, though the G119S heterozygous genotype was more common in Thessaloniki. The results provide information that can help guide mosquito control and insecticide use strategies.
1) The document describes a study that used RNA sequencing to analyze changes in gene expression in black gram pods in response to oviposition by bruchid beetles. 2) The study found 630 differentially expressed genes in a moderately resistant cultivar and 168 in a susceptible cultivar in response to oviposition. 3) Pathway analysis revealed that the major transcriptomic changes involved induction of defense response genes, transcription factors, secondary metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, and signaling pathways like salicylic acid, which may contribute to resistance against bruchid beetles.
Sophien's lectures on Oomycetes, UEA BIO 6007B, January 2016Sophien Kamoun
This document discusses the genome of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. It finds that the P. infestans genome is large, containing many repetitive elements. It has expanded protein families related to pathogenesis, including hundreds of effector proteins similar to known avirulence genes. Comparison to the P. ramorum genome showed the two species genomes have diverged, with rapid expansion and diversification of gene families for plant infection mechanisms. This supports an evolutionary history of these oomycete pathogens adapting through genomic changes to infect different host plants.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi, parasitic worms, and viruses. It has many branches including bacteriology, mycology, immunology, virology, parasitology, and recombinant DNA technology. Microorganisms play important roles in maintaining environmental balance, forming the basis of the food chain, fixing nitrogen, performing photosynthesis, and aiding digestion. They are also used in genetic engineering, producing chemicals, recycling sewage, bioremediation, controlling pests, and producing food and medicines.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BY PHARM.ISA HASSAN ABUBAKARISAHASSANABUBAKAR68
PHARMACEUTICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY IS A BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT INVOLVES THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA FOR THE EFFECTIVE MANUFACTURE OF SOME EFFECTIVE DRUGS OR MEDICINE,EXAMPLE LIKE RECOMBINANT DNA VACCINE,RECOMBINANT DNA DRUGS,RECOMBINANT DNA ENZYMES,RECOMBINANT DNA INSULIN,RECOMBINANT DNA YEAST E.T.C. NOWADAYS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES USES THIS RECOMBINANT DNA IN THE PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF MEDICINES.
PRESENTED BY ISA HASSAN ABUBAKAR FROM NIGERIA
Plant Disease Resistant And Genetic EngineeringShweta Jhakhar
Study the adverse effects of different viruses and other fungal diseases on the plants and their growth. Discuss the methods e.g. plant disease resistant and genetic engineering to protect the plants.
Apicoplast: an excellent target for antimalarial drug developmentSuman Das
Apicoplast is an organelle which is present in the apicomplexan parasites like Plasmodium species. Nowadys different drugs are developed which target different pathways present in the apicoplast.
Marine pharmacology By Dr. Harshad MalveHarshad Malve
Marine pharmacology deals with investigating medically important compounds from marine organisms. With oceans representing the most biodiverse environment, marine organisms provide a vast untapped resource for new drugs. Compounds have been isolated from sponges, tunicates, mollusks, and other marine sources. These include the painkiller ziconotide from cone snails, and anti-cancer compounds ecteinascidin 743 from tunicates and halichondrin B from sponges. Marine pharmacology continues to provide promising candidates for treating cancer, viruses, malaria and other diseases.
This document discusses marine anticancer drugs. It describes how marine organisms produce unique chemicals to withstand their harsh environments, making them a source of novel anticancer agents. Specific examples of anticancer compounds from marine bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, microalgae, macroalgae, and soft corals are provided. Some successful marine-derived drugs on the market are also summarized, such as cytarabine, vidarabine, trabectedin, and eribulin mesylate. Cembranoids like sinularin and crassin acetate from soft corals are highlighted for their anticancer properties.
1. Professor Cristofor I. Simionescu studied crown gall disease caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its associated free radical reactions in plants.
2. His research focused on the induction, evolution, chemistry and inhibition of crown gall tumors, investigating changes in plant cell chemistry during tumor formation and studying the effects of antioxidants on inhibiting tumor growth.
3. Electrospinning can be used to encapsulate polyphenol antioxidants like gallic acid in nanofibers of polymers like PLGA for controlled release applications, providing protection against oxidative stress.
Marine pharmacology is a promising field that investigates compounds from marine organisms for medical applications. Over 68% of anti-microbials and 63% of anti-cancer drugs are naturally derived. Six drugs of marine origin have been approved by the FDA to treat conditions like cancer, viral infections, and chronic pain. Many other compounds are in clinical trials. Slow-moving marine organisms produce unique chemical defenses with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-parasitic properties. India has potential to contribute but its marine pharmacology remains nascent. Sustainable supply is a challenge but can be addressed through mariculture, aquaculture, and hemi-synthesis.
This document discusses new drug discovery from marine sources. It begins by introducing how humans have long sought medicines from their environment, including currently efficacious drugs derived from natural products. It then focuses on the marine environment as a less explored but rich source of novel bioactive molecules, with over 16,000 compounds isolated from marine invertebrates so far. The document provides examples of marine natural products that have become drugs, such as Eribulin, Discodermolide, and Dolastatin-10. It concludes by stating that natural products from marine sources give hope to treat diseases like cancer, HIV, and Alzheimer's, and that the marine environment remains largely untapped with promise for novel pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.
Marine natural products are drugs obtained from marine organisms that have been studied since ancient times. The oceans cover most of the earth's surface and are home to a vast diversity of species, many of which are still unknown. Marine organisms produce unique biochemical adaptations for survival in extreme conditions that could provide benefits for pharmacology. However, issues like limited supply, taxonomic identification challenges, and screening large numbers of microbes associated with invertebrates present obstacles for drug development from marine sources. Improved genetic engineering, databases, and activity-based screening methods may help address these problems and unlock the potential of marine organisms for new pharmaceuticals.
This document discusses several herbal medicines and their potential use in cancer therapy. It describes several plants such as Catharanthus roseus, Podophyllum hexandrum, Ocimum sanctum, Allium sativum, Taxus baccata, Curcuma longa, and Zingiber officinalis. For each plant, it discusses active chemical constituents and their proposed mechanisms of anticancer action, such as inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, modulating immune responses, and inhibiting angiogenesis. The document suggests that some herbal medicines show promise as potential treatments or adjuncts to chemotherapy, though more research is still needed to fully understand their mechanisms and safety.
This document summarizes several classes of anticancer drugs, including taxanes like paclitaxel and docetaxel, and podophyllotoxins like etoposide and teniposide. It notes the limitations of paclitaxel including its poor solubility and limited supply, and how docetaxel was developed to address these issues. The document also discusses the biosynthesis of paclitaxel from precursors like baccatin III, as well as podophyllotoxin derivatives and their mechanisms of inhibiting DNA synthesis.
Pharmacogenetics and antibiotic drugs.pptxGunjitSetia1
Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine, saving countless lives by combatting bacterial infections.
However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria presents a formidable challenge to global health.
Pharmacogenetics focuses on the interplay between an individual's genetic makeup and their response to drugs.
This presentation delves into the intriguing realm of pharmacogenetics within the context of antibiotic therapy, aiming to shed light on how genetic variations can influence antibiotic effectiveness and how this knowledge can be harnessed to develop more precise, personalized treatment strategies.
Radio protectors are compounds that reduce damage to normal tissues caused by radiation. They work by scavenging free radicals produced during radiation exposure and protecting proteins, DNA and cells from damage. The only FDA-approved radio protector is amifostine, which protects salivary glands during radiation therapy, though it has side effects. More research is still needed to develop non-toxic and effective radio protectors to better protect normal tissues during cancer treatment with radiation.
Sidney Farber is considered the father of modern chemotherapy. The history of chemotherapy began with early experiments using heavy metals and immunostimulants in the 1500s-1800s. Significant developments occurred during World Wars I and II, including the discovery of nitrogen mustard's ability to suppress the bone marrow and lymph nodes. In the post-war decades of the 1950s-1970s, chemotherapy drugs were developed and tested through the National Cancer Institute and Children's Cancer Group. Recent decades saw the growth of targeted therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and other novel agents, while many challenges of chemotherapy discovered by early researchers remain relevant today.
1) The study evaluated the antioxidant effects of carotenoids from the algae Dunaliella salina in vivo using rat models.
2) Rats pretreated with 125-250 μg/kg of D. salina carotenoids before being administered carbon tetrachloride showed significant protection against oxidative stress compared to controls, as measured by restored antioxidant enzyme levels and decreased lipid peroxidation.
3) Pretreatment with D. salina carotenoids provided better protection than synthetic beta-carotene, indicating D. salina is a potential source of antioxidants for health applications.
Drug development and discovery in biologicsAshish sharma
This document provides an overview of drug development and discovery in biologics. It discusses key topics such as biologics and biosimilars, the integrated discovery and development process of antibodies, the market status and typical manufacturing process of biologics, their therapeutic roles and biological targets in therapy. Some of the challenges in biologics development include the complex manufacturing process, safety implications, immunogenicity, and limited shelf life. Regulations of biologics in India are outlined. Recent FDA-approved biologics are also mentioned. In conclusion, biologics and small molecules are seen as complementary approaches for drug development.
This document discusses how plant polyphenols may help treat Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting NF-κB induced cytokine production. It first provides background on Alzheimer's disease and chronic neuroinflammation. It then describes the role of NF-κB in inflammation and how plant polyphenols could prevent the expression of pro-inflammatory genes regulated by NF-κB. The document proposes that plant polyphenols, due to their anti-inflammatory properties, have the potential to slow Alzheimer's disease progression by inhibiting NF-κB signaling in the brain.
This document provides an introduction to heterocyclic compounds and their importance in drug discovery and development. It discusses various classes of heterocyclic compounds including azoles, and their use in biologically active molecules and pharmaceuticals. The document also reviews natural and synthetic antioxidants, their mechanisms of action, sources, and advantages/disadvantages. A literature review section focuses on the synthesis and biological activities of pyrazoline, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound.
Pharmacokinetics study influences the
Decided route of administration for a specific medication
the amount and the frequency of each dose and its dosing intervals.
Biological agents are substances derived from living organisms that are used clinically for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This document discusses several types of biological agents including monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, interferons, and protein kinase inhibitors. It provides examples of specific drugs, describes their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. While biological agents demonstrate promising results in cancer treatment, their development and production is complex and costs are currently high compared to conventional chemotherapy.
This document discusses five key developments in oncology since 2000:
1. The rise of targeted therapies that selectively inhibit molecular cancer drivers
2. Tumor stratification based on driver mutations and molecular profiles to select targeted treatments
3. Emergence of resistance to targeted therapies due to secondary mutations or activation of alternative pathways
4. Cancer genome sequencing revealing high mutation burdens and heterogeneity within tumors
5. Discovery of tumor heterogeneity with subclones evolving over time, challenging targeted treatment approaches
This document discusses marine drugs and bioactive compounds extracted from marine organisms. It describes how marine organisms produce defensive chemicals and secondary metabolites that can be developed into pharmaceutical drugs. Some key points:
- Marine organisms produce potent bioactive compounds as defenses against predators, infection, and competition in the ocean. These compounds show promise for developing anti-infectives, anti-cancer agents, and other drugs.
- Many drugs have been extracted from marine invertebrates, microbes, and algae. These include anti-cancer compounds from tunicates, anti-viral compounds from sponges, and neuroprotective compounds from algae.
- Challenges remain in accessing and culturing rare
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs
• Found in almost every conceivable habitat on earth.
• Oldest prokaryotic organism evolved over two billions years ago.
• Belongs to monophyletic group
• Responsible for accumulating atmospheric oxygen and photosynthetic
capacity of plants
Ferris et al. 1996; Ward et al. 1997; Nübel et al. 1999, 2000;
Abed and Garcia‐pichel 2001
Cyanobacteria
3. • Richard E. Moore popularized cyanobactetria derived natural products
during 1970, in collaboration with William H. Gerwick during the late
1980 . The result from their research proved that cyanobacteria are
prolific sources of bioactive and chemically diverse secondary metabolites.
• Nearly 58% of cyanobacterial metabolites have been produced by
Ocillatoriales
• 35% production is mainly from Lyngbya genus
• the marine Lyngbya lineage is the most prolific source of cyanobacterial
metabolites.
CYANOBACTERIAL
SECONDARY
METABOLITE
Non- toxic secondary
metabolite(phytohormones,
sidephore, UV-protective
compound
Toxic secondary metabolite
(Hepatoxin,
Neurotoxin,Dermatotoxin,
Cytotoxin)
APPLICATIONS
Biocides
Chelators
Biofertilizers
Biofules and
bioremediation
Pharnaceuticals
Cosmetics
4. CONCLUSION
Cyanobacteria constitute a unique group of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and
populate diverse habitats throughout the world.
Cyanobacteria are one of the richest sources of known and novel bioactive compounds
including toxins with wide pharmaceutical applications is unquestionable.
Their potential as a good source of new therapeutic lead compounds has been realized
during the past two decades, as several bioactive molecules obtained from cyanobacteria
show a broad spectrum of activities, such as antitumor, antibacterial, and antiviral
effects, and protease inhibition cyanobacterial secondary metabolites may constitute a
prolific source of new entities leading to the development of new pharmaceuticals.
Currently, several potent molecules, such as largazole, apratoxins, symplostatin and , are
identified as drug leads in various disease areas, particularly in cancer treatment.
Hence, pharmaceutical potential of cyanobacteria deserves more scientific attention and
interdisciplinary research, and cyanobacterial strains from still unexplored and extreme
habitats can serve as good.
5. Cyanobacterial metabolites shows exciting
pharmaceuticals applications
Pharmaceutical
applications of
cynobacterial
Anti-
microbial
Anti-HIV
Anti-
cancer
Anti-
viral
Anti-
fungal
Anti-
bacterial
Immuno-
suppressant
Gademann K et al. (2008) ,
Wase NV et al. (2008),
Mayer AMS et al. (2005)
6. • Main focus is given on the search of drugs for dreadful human
diseases such as cancer and AIDS.
• Bioactive molecules like curacin a, largazole and apratoxin
succeeded in reaching into phase II and phase III clinical trials.
• These metabolites interfere with specific cellular targets, such
as tubulin, actin, and histone deacetylases, making them an
attractive source of natural products for drug discovery.
7. S.No.
BIOACTIVE
COMPOUND SPECIES FUNCTION MECHANISMS OF ACTION REFERENCES
1 Dolastatin Dolabella
auricularia
Breast cancers
Binds to tubulin on the rhizoxin-binding
site and affects microtubule assembly
arresting the cell into G2/M phase.
Natsume et al.
(2003)
Kobayashi et al.
(1997)
2 Largazole Symploca sp.
Antiproliferative activity,
breast cancer and
colorectal carcinoma
Inhibits Class I histone deacetylases
(HDACs).
Luesch et al.
(2001)
3 Aurilide Dolabella
auricularia
H-460 lung tumor
Potent inhibitor of mitochondrial
prohibitin 1. The inhibition of prohibitin 1
resulted in the activation of the proteolytic
process of optic atrophy 1, which further
led to mitochondria- induced apoptosis.
Sato et al. (2011)
Pei et al. (2012)
4 Apratoxin A
Lyngbya
majuscula
Osteosarcoma, HT29 colon
adenocarcinoma, and
HeLa cervical carcinoma
Inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest and
apoptosis.
Grinberg et al .
(2002)
ANTICANCEROUS DRUGS
8. S.NO.
BIOACTIVE
COMPOUND
SPECIES FUNCTION MECHANISMS OF ACTION REFERENCE
5 Coibamide A
Leptolyngby
a sp.
Cytotoxicity
against NCI-H460
lung and mouse
neuro-2a cells
Inhibit tubule assembly and arrest
cell cycle
Medina et al.
(2008)
6 Curacin A
Lyngbya
majuscula
Breast cancer Inhibits cross-linking of tubulin.
Klasse et al. (2008)
Xiong et al. (2006)
7 Hoiamide A
L. majuscule
and
Phormidium
gracile
H-460 lung cancer
Inhibits (3H) batracho-toxin
binding to voltage- gated sodium
channels (VGSCs
Cao et al . (2015)
8 Bisebromoamide Lyngbya sp.
HeLa S3 epithelial
carcinoma
Inhibited phosphorylation
of extracellular signal-regulated
kinase and AKT (protein
kinase)
Li et al. (2011)
Teruya et al. (2009)
9. ANTI-HIV DRUGS
The following are the three classes of cyanobacterial compounds with potent in
vitro antiviral activity:
Anti-HIV
Compound
Spirulan
and
Ca-spirulan
Nostoflan
Carbohydrate-
binding proteins,
cyanovirin-N and
scytovirin,
10. 1) Spirulan and ca-spirulan
• Isolated from spirulina sp.,
• Show potent and broad-spectrum activity against HIV-1, HIV-2, H1 influenza,
• Inhibit the reverse transcriptase activity of HIV-1,
• Inhibit the fusion between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected CD4+ lymphocytes.
2) Nostoflan
• An acidic polysaccharide from nostoc flagelliforme,
• Exhibits potent virucidal activity against herpes simplex virus.
3) Cyanovirin-N and Scytovirin
• Two carbohydrate-binding proteins,
• Shows antiviral activity by interfering with multiple steps in the viral fusion process.
Sielaff H et. al(2006)
11. 3.2 Scytovirin
• It is a 95-amino-acid-long.
• 9.7 kDa polypeptide containing five intra-chain disulphide bonds.
• Binds to the envelope glycoprotein of HIV (gp120, gp160, and gp41) and inactivates the virus
3.1 Cyanovirin-N
• It is a 101-amino-acid-long.
• 11 kDa polypeptide isolated from Nostoc ellipsosporum
• It interferes with the binding of HIV gp120 proteins with CD4+ receptors and thus, inhibits
fusion of HIV virus with CD4+ cell membrane.
12. Neuropharmacological Agents: Sodium Channel Modulators
• Marine cyanobacterial also possess potent neurotoxic properties.
• Majority of these neurotoxins appear to either activate (e.g. antillatoxin) or
block (e.g. kalkitoxin and jamaicamide) mammalian voltage-gated sodium
channels (VGSCs).
• VGSCs are transmembrane ion channels found on neuron and muscle cells and
are involved in rapid electrical signalling via influx of sodium ions.
• Chemical ligands interacting with VGSCs, particularly as blockers, are potential
treatments of various neurological disorders, including cardiac arrhythmias,
epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases and neuropathic pain.
13. Marine cyanobacteria are known to be a prolific source of many cyclic
and linear depsipeptides having potent protease inhibitory properties.
Proteases are involved in many signaling pathways and they represent
potential drug targets for the treatment of various diseases, including
cardiovascular disorders, cancer and parasitic and viral infections.
Eg. Tasiamide B
statin-containing depsipeptide
inhibit the aspartic protease b-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)
cleaving enzyme type 1 (BACE1)
BACE1, also known as b-secretase, is involved in the abnormal
production of b-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease BACE1 is
therefore a potential drug target.
Protease inhibitors