This document discusses five key developments in oncology since 2000:
1. The rise of targeted therapies that selectively inhibit molecular cancer drivers
2. Tumor stratification based on driver mutations and molecular profiles to select targeted treatments
3. Emergence of resistance to targeted therapies due to secondary mutations or activation of alternative pathways
4. Cancer genome sequencing revealing high mutation burdens and heterogeneity within tumors
5. Discovery of tumor heterogeneity with subclones evolving over time, challenging targeted treatment approaches
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. There are several types of immunotherapy including cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, checkpoint inhibitors, and oncolytic viruses. Cancer vaccines educate the immune system to recognize tumor antigens while adoptive cell transfer involves extracting immune cells from patients and expanding tumor-specific T cells ex vivo for reinfusion. Checkpoint inhibitors like anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 antibodies block inhibitory pathways and unleash existing anti-tumor immune responses. Oncolytic viruses selectively infect and lyse tumor cells and stimulate antitumor immunity through antigen release.
The document summarizes recent developments in cancer immunotherapy, focusing on immune checkpoint blockade and the potential role of mesenchymal stem cells. It notes that between 2011-2016, the FDA approved several immune checkpoint inhibitors (targeting PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4) for various cancer types including melanoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. While these drugs have shown success, many patients still do not respond. The document discusses using engineered mesenchymal stem cells to deliver immunotherapeutic agents directly to tumors, with the goal of overcoming adaptive immune resistance in the tumor microenvironment and improving response rates to immunotherapy.
This document discusses the immunobiology of cancer. It begins with an outline and then covers cancer causes including genetic factors and carcinogens. It describes the innate and adaptive immune system, including mechanisms of immunosurveillance and immunoediting that allow tumors to evade detection. As an example, it examines hepatocellular carcinoma and the failure of immune responses against it. The document concludes by discussing immunotherapy approaches like passive monoclonal antibody therapy and active vaccination strategies that aim to harness the immune system against cancer.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors work by releasing brakes on the immune system called checkpoints that normally limit anti-tumor immune responses. In clinical trials, checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated the ability to induce long-lasting responses in a subset of patients with various cancers including melanoma. Combining checkpoint inhibitors with other immunotherapies, targeted therapies, or cell-based therapies may help generate anti-tumor immune responses in patients whose tumors do not respond to checkpoint inhibitors alone. Managing cancer in the era of checkpoint inhibitors will likely involve complex combinations of different treatment approaches.
This document summarizes a presentation by Dr. George Poste on the next era of immuno-oncology. It discusses cancer as a complex adaptive system and the challenges of tumor heterogeneity and resistance. It outlines passive immunotherapies like antibodies and cell therapies, as well as active immunotherapies like checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines. Combination immunotherapies aim to overcome limitations of single agents. Challenges include toxicity, biomarkers, and the complex interactions between the immune system and tumor microenvironment. Next generation immunotherapies seek better responses, durability, tolerability through new targets and combination approaches.
This document discusses the growing field of anticancer immunotherapy and summarizes key points:
1) Immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to fight cancer and represents a relatively new approach, with the number of immunotherapies in development rising from 1 in 1995 to over 170 currently.
2) Three immunotherapies have been successfully launched, including ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab, which target checkpoints like CTLA-4 and PD-1 to activate antitumor immune responses.
3) Many more immunotherapies are in clinical trials, especially those targeting PD-1 and PD-L1, and CAR T-cell therapies show promise in hematological
The document discusses tumor immunology and tumor markers. It provides information on:
1) How tumors form from normal cells through mutations, carcinogens or viruses and become antigenically different. The immune system normally recognizes and destroys these cells.
2) Mechanisms by which tumors can escape immune detection including loss of antigen presentation or production of immunosuppressive factors.
3) How the immune system acts as a surveillance system to detect and eliminate neoplastic cells through natural killer cells, cytotoxic T-cells, antibodies and complement activation.
4) Tumor markers that can be used for diagnosis and monitoring treatment including tumor antigens like alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen, and tumor
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. There are several types of immunotherapy including cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, checkpoint inhibitors, and oncolytic viruses. Cancer vaccines educate the immune system to recognize tumor antigens while adoptive cell transfer involves extracting immune cells from patients and expanding tumor-specific T cells ex vivo for reinfusion. Checkpoint inhibitors like anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 antibodies block inhibitory pathways and unleash existing anti-tumor immune responses. Oncolytic viruses selectively infect and lyse tumor cells and stimulate antitumor immunity through antigen release.
The document summarizes recent developments in cancer immunotherapy, focusing on immune checkpoint blockade and the potential role of mesenchymal stem cells. It notes that between 2011-2016, the FDA approved several immune checkpoint inhibitors (targeting PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4) for various cancer types including melanoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. While these drugs have shown success, many patients still do not respond. The document discusses using engineered mesenchymal stem cells to deliver immunotherapeutic agents directly to tumors, with the goal of overcoming adaptive immune resistance in the tumor microenvironment and improving response rates to immunotherapy.
This document discusses the immunobiology of cancer. It begins with an outline and then covers cancer causes including genetic factors and carcinogens. It describes the innate and adaptive immune system, including mechanisms of immunosurveillance and immunoediting that allow tumors to evade detection. As an example, it examines hepatocellular carcinoma and the failure of immune responses against it. The document concludes by discussing immunotherapy approaches like passive monoclonal antibody therapy and active vaccination strategies that aim to harness the immune system against cancer.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors work by releasing brakes on the immune system called checkpoints that normally limit anti-tumor immune responses. In clinical trials, checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated the ability to induce long-lasting responses in a subset of patients with various cancers including melanoma. Combining checkpoint inhibitors with other immunotherapies, targeted therapies, or cell-based therapies may help generate anti-tumor immune responses in patients whose tumors do not respond to checkpoint inhibitors alone. Managing cancer in the era of checkpoint inhibitors will likely involve complex combinations of different treatment approaches.
This document summarizes a presentation by Dr. George Poste on the next era of immuno-oncology. It discusses cancer as a complex adaptive system and the challenges of tumor heterogeneity and resistance. It outlines passive immunotherapies like antibodies and cell therapies, as well as active immunotherapies like checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines. Combination immunotherapies aim to overcome limitations of single agents. Challenges include toxicity, biomarkers, and the complex interactions between the immune system and tumor microenvironment. Next generation immunotherapies seek better responses, durability, tolerability through new targets and combination approaches.
This document discusses the growing field of anticancer immunotherapy and summarizes key points:
1) Immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to fight cancer and represents a relatively new approach, with the number of immunotherapies in development rising from 1 in 1995 to over 170 currently.
2) Three immunotherapies have been successfully launched, including ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab, which target checkpoints like CTLA-4 and PD-1 to activate antitumor immune responses.
3) Many more immunotherapies are in clinical trials, especially those targeting PD-1 and PD-L1, and CAR T-cell therapies show promise in hematological
The document discusses tumor immunology and tumor markers. It provides information on:
1) How tumors form from normal cells through mutations, carcinogens or viruses and become antigenically different. The immune system normally recognizes and destroys these cells.
2) Mechanisms by which tumors can escape immune detection including loss of antigen presentation or production of immunosuppressive factors.
3) How the immune system acts as a surveillance system to detect and eliminate neoplastic cells through natural killer cells, cytotoxic T-cells, antibodies and complement activation.
4) Tumor markers that can be used for diagnosis and monitoring treatment including tumor antigens like alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen, and tumor
The document discusses immune checkpoint blockade as a promising cancer immunotherapy approach. It explains that immune checkpoints are inhibitory pathways in the immune system that are important for self-tolerance but can also enable tumour immune resistance. Blocking these checkpoints with antibodies can unleash anti-tumour immune responses. The first such drug approved was a CTLA-4 antibody, and additional checkpoint proteins like PD-1 are also being targeted to enhance anti-tumour immunity and clinical responses. Combination therapies are seen as a promising future approach.
The document summarizes key components of the immune system and their roles in cancer. It describes lymphocytes like CD8+ T cells that attack cancer cells, as well as regulatory T cells that suppress the immune response. It also outlines antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells and macrophages that activate T cells, and natural killer cells that target abnormal cells. In addition, it discusses checkpoint inhibitors like anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs that take the brakes off T cells to boost anti-tumor immunity. The discovery of these immune checkpoints by scientists James Allison and Tasuku Honjo revolutionized cancer treatment.
This document discusses cancer immunology and the immune system's response to cancer. It covers topics like tumor antigens, cells of the immune system like T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells. It also summarizes theories of cancer immunoediting where the immune system eliminates, edits, or reaches an equilibrium with tumors. The document outlines mechanisms tumors use to escape immune destruction like expressing inhibitory molecules. It concludes by discussing immunotherapies to modulate the immune response and target cancers.
Oncology Immunotherapy - Nivolumab and other PD-1/PD-L1 Targeted Agents (061213)Will Roettger
This is a short briefing on the oncology immunotherapy PD-1/PD-L1 targeted agents currently under development. In this briefing we look at the competitive landscape, PD-1/PD-L1 product profiles, positioning, strategy, as well as a development timeline and SWOT on the BMS PD-1 blocker nivolumab. Updates to this briefing will come as newer information is discovered.
1) The document discusses cancer and the immune system, covering topics like tumor antigens, immune responses to tumors, and tumor escape mechanisms.
2) It provides an overview of tumor immunology, including how tumors evade the immune system through mechanisms like down-regulating class I MHC expression and antigen modulation.
3) The document also summarizes different immunotherapy approaches, such as treatments using cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccination strategies using isolated tumor peptides or transfected tumor cells.
Advanced tumor immunology prof dr.ihsan edan alsaimary university of basrah...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
This document discusses various topics related to tumors and cancer, including:
1. The properties of cancer cells such as being clonally derived, having altered growth patterns, tissue affinities, and chromosomal abnormalities.
2. The development of tumor antigens, including tumor specific antigens from mutations and viral proteins, as well as tumor associated antigens like oncofetal antigens.
3. The process of metastasis, where tumor cells spread via direct seeding, lymphatics, or hematogenous routes, requiring changes in adhesion molecules, proteolytic enzymes and growth factors.
4. Common tumor markers used to screen and monitor cancers, including CEA, CA-125, PSA, and AFP
Your immune system and cancer - Jonathan Cebon - BreaCan 5 August 2015BreaCan
Professor Cebon discusses the link between the immune system and cancer, immunotherapy and the current research being undertaken to develop new treatments that target cancer cells. This session was jointly hosted by BreaCan and Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre.
Immuno-Oncology: An Evolving Approach to Cancer Care
Review a downloadable slide deck by Thomas F. Gajewski, MD, PhD, covering the most clinically relevant new data reported from Immuno-Oncology: An Evolving Approach to Cancer Care.
Target Audience
This activity is designed to meet the educational needs of oncologists and other healthcare professionals involved in cancer care.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt) | File size: 26.2 MB | Date posted: 6/20/2012
Slide Deck Disclaimer
This slide deck in its original and unaltered format is for educational purposes and is current as of June 2012. All materials contained herein reflect the views of the faculty, and not those of IMER, the CE provider, or the commercial supporter. These materials may discuss therapeutic products that have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and off-label uses of approved products. Readers should not rely on this information as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The use of any information provided is solely at your own risk, and readers should verify the prescribing information and all data before treating patients or employing any therapeutic products described in this educational activity.
Usage Rights
This slide deck is provided for educational purposes and individual slides may be used for personal, non-commercial presentations only if the content and references remain unchanged. No part of this slide deck may be published in print or electronically as a promotional or certified educational activity without prior written permission from IMER. Additional terms may apply. See Terms of Service on IMERonline.com for details.
Crosstalk Between Cancer Inflammation and Immunity: Host Defense Webinar Seri...QIAGEN
This slidedeck will review the mechanisms of anticancer immune responses, which include immune checkpoints and the cross-talk between cancer cells and the cellular mediators of inflammation and immunity. The impact of gut microbiota in eliciting the immune responses against cancer and modulating the effects of drugs will also be discussed. In addition, we will discuss the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer progression and immune responses. Research tools and therapeutic strategies are also presented.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key cancer-related terms:
- Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. Benign tumors are not invasive while malignant tumors continue growing and spreading. Metastasis occurs when cancer cells spread from the original tumor to other parts of the body.
- Carcinomas arise from epithelial tissues, sarcomas from connective tissues, and leukemia from blood-forming tissues in the bone marrow. Carcinogens are agents that can cause cancer. Tumor antigens include those from mutated genes and overexpressed proteins. Immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to fight cancer using approaches like monoclonal antibody treatment, adoptive cell transfer, and cancer vaccines.
This document provides an overview of principles of cancer immunotherapy. It discusses anti-cancer immunity mechanisms like antigen presentation and T cell activation. It also examines how cancers can evade the immune system through strategies like low MHC expression and immunosuppressive factors. The document then reviews clinical applications of immunotherapy including cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer, vaccines, and checkpoint inhibitors. Combination therapies are showing promise for enhancing anti-tumor responses.
Welcome to watch Creative Biolabs’ slide about immune system and immune therapy. here we share some basic knowledge about T Cell Receptor Engineered T Cell Technology or TCR-T and its application on tumor therapy.
This document provides an overview of cancer immunology, including how tumors evade and enhance immune responses. It discusses the roles of various immune cells like NK cells, macrophages, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in targeting tumor antigens. The document also covers cancer immunotherapy approaches like manipulating co-stimulatory signals, enhancing antigen presenting cell activity, and using cytokines to augment anti-tumor immune responses.
Immunological Checkpoints and Cancer Immunotherapyimgcommcall
Immunological checkpoints and cancer immunotherapy were reviewed. Immune checkpoint inhibitors like anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies can activate the immune system against cancer by blocking inhibitory signals to T cells. Clinical trials show these drugs produce durable responses in various cancers like melanoma, lung cancer, and Merkel cell carcinoma. Combining different immunotherapies or with other treatments may help more patients by overcoming resistance. Ongoing research aims to better understand combination approaches and biomarkers of response.
The presentation outlines aspects of immunity against cancer, evasion strategies by cells, immunotherapy in cancer, cancer vaccines etc. Download and view the slideshow for better experience.
Prepared in Sept 2014
Cytokine-tumor interactions within its microenvironment play a critical role in pathogenesis and management of any neoplasm. Here, I summarize points from a 2004 Nature paper that are still pertinent today.
Slide Template: www.presentationmagazine.com
Tumor, Tumor immunology, cancer, hallmarks of cancer, carcinoma, lymphoma, metastasis, malignant, benign, angiogenesis, oncogenes and cancer induction, kuby detailed study quick revision, proto-oncogenes, tumor antigens, antibody, experiments for tumor antigens, methods for characterization of TSTA, Immunoediting, Current research n new approaches, monoclonal antibody
This document provides an overview of tumor immunology, including definitions of cancer and carcinogenesis, tumor antigens, the immune response to cancer, and mechanisms by which tumors escape the immune system. It discusses how tumors stimulate an immune response through antigens but also ways they can evade immunity, such as through low immunogenicity, antigen modulation, and immune suppression. It describes experimental evidence for tumor antigens and the immune response against tumors.
This document discusses various types of cancer immunotherapy, including dendritic cell vaccines, antibody therapy, and cytokine therapy. Dendritic cell vaccines work by activating dendritic cells with tumor antigens, which then provoke an immune response against cancer cells. Antibody therapy targets specific cancer antigens and uses mechanisms like complement-dependent cytotoxicity to kill cancer cells. Cytokines like interferons are also used to treat cancer by activating immune cells and inducing anti-tumor responses. Immunotherapy holds promise for harnessing the power of the immune system to fight cancer.
The document discusses cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. It describes how the immune system plays an important role in controlling cancer development through 3 phases - elimination, equilibrium, and escape. In the elimination phase, innate and adaptive immunity work to eliminate cancer cells. Some cancer cells may survive this phase if they acquire properties to evade the immune system, entering the equilibrium phase. Eventually, in the escape phase, cancer cells are able to avoid immune destruction through various mechanisms and form clinically detectable tumors. Immunotherapy aims to enhance the immune response against cancer cells.
This document discusses cancer immunotherapy. It begins by describing tumor antigens that can be recognized by the immune system, such as tumor-specific antigens, tumor-associated antigens, and antigens from oncogenic viruses. It then discusses how tumors evade the immune system and various approaches to immunotherapy, including active immunotherapies using vaccines made of tumor cells, purified antigens, or antigen-loaded dendritic cells. Passive immunotherapies discussed include adoptive cellular therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and immunotoxins. Clinical trials and effectiveness of different immunotherapies are also summarized.
This document summarizes the history and development of cancer vaccines from early experiments in mice to current human clinical trials. It discusses key concepts like antigen presentation and types of vaccine components. Murine studies showed synergistic effects of combining vaccines with checkpoint inhibitors. Human trials demonstrated the first FDA-approved therapeutic cancer vaccine Provenge for prostate cancer in 2010 and the oncolytic virus therapy T-VEC for melanoma in 2015. Data from the NCI Surgery Branch showed durable responses in some patients treated with personalized peptide vaccines.
The document discusses immune checkpoint blockade as a promising cancer immunotherapy approach. It explains that immune checkpoints are inhibitory pathways in the immune system that are important for self-tolerance but can also enable tumour immune resistance. Blocking these checkpoints with antibodies can unleash anti-tumour immune responses. The first such drug approved was a CTLA-4 antibody, and additional checkpoint proteins like PD-1 are also being targeted to enhance anti-tumour immunity and clinical responses. Combination therapies are seen as a promising future approach.
The document summarizes key components of the immune system and their roles in cancer. It describes lymphocytes like CD8+ T cells that attack cancer cells, as well as regulatory T cells that suppress the immune response. It also outlines antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells and macrophages that activate T cells, and natural killer cells that target abnormal cells. In addition, it discusses checkpoint inhibitors like anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs that take the brakes off T cells to boost anti-tumor immunity. The discovery of these immune checkpoints by scientists James Allison and Tasuku Honjo revolutionized cancer treatment.
This document discusses cancer immunology and the immune system's response to cancer. It covers topics like tumor antigens, cells of the immune system like T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells. It also summarizes theories of cancer immunoediting where the immune system eliminates, edits, or reaches an equilibrium with tumors. The document outlines mechanisms tumors use to escape immune destruction like expressing inhibitory molecules. It concludes by discussing immunotherapies to modulate the immune response and target cancers.
Oncology Immunotherapy - Nivolumab and other PD-1/PD-L1 Targeted Agents (061213)Will Roettger
This is a short briefing on the oncology immunotherapy PD-1/PD-L1 targeted agents currently under development. In this briefing we look at the competitive landscape, PD-1/PD-L1 product profiles, positioning, strategy, as well as a development timeline and SWOT on the BMS PD-1 blocker nivolumab. Updates to this briefing will come as newer information is discovered.
1) The document discusses cancer and the immune system, covering topics like tumor antigens, immune responses to tumors, and tumor escape mechanisms.
2) It provides an overview of tumor immunology, including how tumors evade the immune system through mechanisms like down-regulating class I MHC expression and antigen modulation.
3) The document also summarizes different immunotherapy approaches, such as treatments using cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccination strategies using isolated tumor peptides or transfected tumor cells.
Advanced tumor immunology prof dr.ihsan edan alsaimary university of basrah...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
This document discusses various topics related to tumors and cancer, including:
1. The properties of cancer cells such as being clonally derived, having altered growth patterns, tissue affinities, and chromosomal abnormalities.
2. The development of tumor antigens, including tumor specific antigens from mutations and viral proteins, as well as tumor associated antigens like oncofetal antigens.
3. The process of metastasis, where tumor cells spread via direct seeding, lymphatics, or hematogenous routes, requiring changes in adhesion molecules, proteolytic enzymes and growth factors.
4. Common tumor markers used to screen and monitor cancers, including CEA, CA-125, PSA, and AFP
Your immune system and cancer - Jonathan Cebon - BreaCan 5 August 2015BreaCan
Professor Cebon discusses the link between the immune system and cancer, immunotherapy and the current research being undertaken to develop new treatments that target cancer cells. This session was jointly hosted by BreaCan and Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre.
Immuno-Oncology: An Evolving Approach to Cancer Care
Review a downloadable slide deck by Thomas F. Gajewski, MD, PhD, covering the most clinically relevant new data reported from Immuno-Oncology: An Evolving Approach to Cancer Care.
Target Audience
This activity is designed to meet the educational needs of oncologists and other healthcare professionals involved in cancer care.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt) | File size: 26.2 MB | Date posted: 6/20/2012
Slide Deck Disclaimer
This slide deck in its original and unaltered format is for educational purposes and is current as of June 2012. All materials contained herein reflect the views of the faculty, and not those of IMER, the CE provider, or the commercial supporter. These materials may discuss therapeutic products that have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and off-label uses of approved products. Readers should not rely on this information as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The use of any information provided is solely at your own risk, and readers should verify the prescribing information and all data before treating patients or employing any therapeutic products described in this educational activity.
Usage Rights
This slide deck is provided for educational purposes and individual slides may be used for personal, non-commercial presentations only if the content and references remain unchanged. No part of this slide deck may be published in print or electronically as a promotional or certified educational activity without prior written permission from IMER. Additional terms may apply. See Terms of Service on IMERonline.com for details.
Crosstalk Between Cancer Inflammation and Immunity: Host Defense Webinar Seri...QIAGEN
This slidedeck will review the mechanisms of anticancer immune responses, which include immune checkpoints and the cross-talk between cancer cells and the cellular mediators of inflammation and immunity. The impact of gut microbiota in eliciting the immune responses against cancer and modulating the effects of drugs will also be discussed. In addition, we will discuss the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer progression and immune responses. Research tools and therapeutic strategies are also presented.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key cancer-related terms:
- Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. Benign tumors are not invasive while malignant tumors continue growing and spreading. Metastasis occurs when cancer cells spread from the original tumor to other parts of the body.
- Carcinomas arise from epithelial tissues, sarcomas from connective tissues, and leukemia from blood-forming tissues in the bone marrow. Carcinogens are agents that can cause cancer. Tumor antigens include those from mutated genes and overexpressed proteins. Immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to fight cancer using approaches like monoclonal antibody treatment, adoptive cell transfer, and cancer vaccines.
This document provides an overview of principles of cancer immunotherapy. It discusses anti-cancer immunity mechanisms like antigen presentation and T cell activation. It also examines how cancers can evade the immune system through strategies like low MHC expression and immunosuppressive factors. The document then reviews clinical applications of immunotherapy including cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer, vaccines, and checkpoint inhibitors. Combination therapies are showing promise for enhancing anti-tumor responses.
Welcome to watch Creative Biolabs’ slide about immune system and immune therapy. here we share some basic knowledge about T Cell Receptor Engineered T Cell Technology or TCR-T and its application on tumor therapy.
This document provides an overview of cancer immunology, including how tumors evade and enhance immune responses. It discusses the roles of various immune cells like NK cells, macrophages, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in targeting tumor antigens. The document also covers cancer immunotherapy approaches like manipulating co-stimulatory signals, enhancing antigen presenting cell activity, and using cytokines to augment anti-tumor immune responses.
Immunological Checkpoints and Cancer Immunotherapyimgcommcall
Immunological checkpoints and cancer immunotherapy were reviewed. Immune checkpoint inhibitors like anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies can activate the immune system against cancer by blocking inhibitory signals to T cells. Clinical trials show these drugs produce durable responses in various cancers like melanoma, lung cancer, and Merkel cell carcinoma. Combining different immunotherapies or with other treatments may help more patients by overcoming resistance. Ongoing research aims to better understand combination approaches and biomarkers of response.
The presentation outlines aspects of immunity against cancer, evasion strategies by cells, immunotherapy in cancer, cancer vaccines etc. Download and view the slideshow for better experience.
Prepared in Sept 2014
Cytokine-tumor interactions within its microenvironment play a critical role in pathogenesis and management of any neoplasm. Here, I summarize points from a 2004 Nature paper that are still pertinent today.
Slide Template: www.presentationmagazine.com
Tumor, Tumor immunology, cancer, hallmarks of cancer, carcinoma, lymphoma, metastasis, malignant, benign, angiogenesis, oncogenes and cancer induction, kuby detailed study quick revision, proto-oncogenes, tumor antigens, antibody, experiments for tumor antigens, methods for characterization of TSTA, Immunoediting, Current research n new approaches, monoclonal antibody
This document provides an overview of tumor immunology, including definitions of cancer and carcinogenesis, tumor antigens, the immune response to cancer, and mechanisms by which tumors escape the immune system. It discusses how tumors stimulate an immune response through antigens but also ways they can evade immunity, such as through low immunogenicity, antigen modulation, and immune suppression. It describes experimental evidence for tumor antigens and the immune response against tumors.
This document discusses various types of cancer immunotherapy, including dendritic cell vaccines, antibody therapy, and cytokine therapy. Dendritic cell vaccines work by activating dendritic cells with tumor antigens, which then provoke an immune response against cancer cells. Antibody therapy targets specific cancer antigens and uses mechanisms like complement-dependent cytotoxicity to kill cancer cells. Cytokines like interferons are also used to treat cancer by activating immune cells and inducing anti-tumor responses. Immunotherapy holds promise for harnessing the power of the immune system to fight cancer.
The document discusses cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. It describes how the immune system plays an important role in controlling cancer development through 3 phases - elimination, equilibrium, and escape. In the elimination phase, innate and adaptive immunity work to eliminate cancer cells. Some cancer cells may survive this phase if they acquire properties to evade the immune system, entering the equilibrium phase. Eventually, in the escape phase, cancer cells are able to avoid immune destruction through various mechanisms and form clinically detectable tumors. Immunotherapy aims to enhance the immune response against cancer cells.
This document discusses cancer immunotherapy. It begins by describing tumor antigens that can be recognized by the immune system, such as tumor-specific antigens, tumor-associated antigens, and antigens from oncogenic viruses. It then discusses how tumors evade the immune system and various approaches to immunotherapy, including active immunotherapies using vaccines made of tumor cells, purified antigens, or antigen-loaded dendritic cells. Passive immunotherapies discussed include adoptive cellular therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and immunotoxins. Clinical trials and effectiveness of different immunotherapies are also summarized.
This document summarizes the history and development of cancer vaccines from early experiments in mice to current human clinical trials. It discusses key concepts like antigen presentation and types of vaccine components. Murine studies showed synergistic effects of combining vaccines with checkpoint inhibitors. Human trials demonstrated the first FDA-approved therapeutic cancer vaccine Provenge for prostate cancer in 2010 and the oncolytic virus therapy T-VEC for melanoma in 2015. Data from the NCI Surgery Branch showed durable responses in some patients treated with personalized peptide vaccines.
Basic concept of Cancer and cancer cell.Madhur sharma
Cancer is a genetic disease caused by alterations in genes that can result from mutations during cell division, exposure to external agents, or randomly. There are four main types of cancer - carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias. Cancer is characterized by cellular changes that promote uncontrolled growth. Some key cancer genes include oncogenes that promote growth and tumor suppressor genes that normally inhibit growth. Examples are discussed like MYC, RAS, P53, and RB. New strategies to treat cancer focus on immunotherapy, inhibiting cancer-promoting proteins, and blocking angiogenesis within tumors.
A presentation descripes tumors,pathogensis,devlopment,antigenes and genes.
how host responds to them and how tumors evade immunity with latest lines of therapy and prevention.
facaulity of pharmacy.Damascus university.master of libaratory diagnossis. immunology.
Baraa ALomar and feras deban
Robert P. Edwards, MD, Chair of OB/GYN/RS, Co-Director of Women's Cancer Program at University of Pittsburgh, offers information about the current state of immunotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer patients.
The document discusses principles of cancer immunotherapy and its application to lung cancer. It covers tumor immunology, mechanisms by which tumors evade immune surveillance (such as loss of antigens or promotion of an immunosuppressive microenvironment), and immune checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors. For advanced non-small cell lung cancer lacking a driver mutation, immunotherapy either alone or in combination with chemotherapy is now standard first-line treatment depending on factors like PD-L1 expression level. Pembrolizumab or atezolizumab combined with chemotherapy are preferred options.
This document summarizes research on using protein biomarkers to monitor disease progression in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with icotinib. The researchers identified multiple immunoinflammation-related protein complexes (IIRPCs) in patient plasma samples and found patterns associated with disease status. They also identified a transferrin-related protein complex (TRPC) that was commonly expressed across patterns and remained stable during icotinib treatment, making it suitable as an internal reference. Some patients showed changes in IIRPC patterns during treatment, associated with developing resistance or disease progression, then returned to their original pattern. The biomarkers were found to be a convenient way to monitor disease and treatment response in these patients.
Advaxis is developing a personalized neoepitope immunotherapy called ADXS-NEO to target mutations specific to a patient's cancer. Recent advances in genomics, immunotherapy, and cancer biology have enabled a new understanding of cancer as unique to each patient. ADXS-NEO uses DNA sequencing to identify tumor-specific mutations, engineers these neoepitopes into a bacterial vector, and administers this to activate the patient's immune system to target and eliminate the cancer. Advaxis has several clinical programs testing this approach across multiple cancer types with the goal of empowering each patient's immune system to fight their own unique form of cancer.
This document discusses tumor-host interactions and the systemic effects of neoplasms. It covers topics such as invasion and metastasis, the molecular mechanisms of invasion through the extracellular matrix, angiogenesis in cancer, evidence of anti-tumor immunity including immune surveillance and immune escape, systemic symptoms of cancer including cachexia, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate key concepts and mechanisms.
EHL Bio is an R&D center established to find ways to overcome various diseases and aging.
We lead the development of stem cell therapies (stem cell isolation, storage, culture, etc.), which are the core of future regenerative medicine.
commercialization of therapies, and development of immune cell therapies.
EHL Bio's research centers on the treatment of diseases such as neurological diseases, osteoarthritis, circulatory diseases, metabolic diseases, autoimmune
diseases such as neurological diseases, osteoarthritis, circulatory diseases, metabolic diseases, and autoimmune diseases, as well as anti-aging and health improvement,
Alopecia cure, Esthetic care, etc.
for the purpose of regenerative medicine.
We continuously improve the expertise of our research personnel,
and innovate stem cell application technologies to contribute to the improvement of human health around the world.
to improve the health of humanity around the world.
Contact
📞+82-2-532-9855
🎀HP : http://www.ehlbio.co.kr/eng
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💛Kakao : https://pf.kakao.com/_Kxklxgb
✅Blog : https://blog.naver.com/ehlbio9883
The document discusses the hallmarks of cancer as proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg. It identifies the eight hallmarks as sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, deregulating cellular energetics, and avoiding immune destruction. It also discusses two enabling characteristics - genome instability and mutation, and tumor-promoting inflammation. Finally, it summarizes how several of these hallmarks, including sustaining proliferative signaling, activating invasion and metastasis, resisting cell death, and genome instability and mutation have been identified in breast cancer and contribute to its heterogeneity and treatment resistance.
This document discusses immunohistochemistry (IHC), which combines immunology, histology, and chemistry to identify tissue antigens using antibodies. IHC allows identification of cell types and origins. The document outlines the principles and history of IHC, the IHC process, common markers used to identify tissues like epithelial, mesenchymal and hematopoietic tissues. Examples of IHC use in identifying lung cancer subtypes, gastrointestinal cancers, breast cancer subtypes, and lymphoma subtypes are provided. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the field of immunohistochemistry.
Cancer treatment using biotechnology
what does cancer mean to you?
problem statement
biotechnological drugs for cancer treatment
1- monoclonal antibodies
2- gene therapy
CAR-T- the ultimate therapy
3- therapeutic proteins
4- nanorobots
current and future perspective
achievements
references
Robert Anders, MD, PhD, Julie R. Brahmer, MD, MSc, and Christopher D. Gocke, MD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to immunotherapy and biomarker testing for this CME/MOC/CC activity titled "Keeping Up With Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarker Testing: Implications for Pathologists at the Forefront of the Emerging Precision Immuno-Oncology Era." For the full presentation, monograph, complete CME/MOC/CC information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2L7zlSy. CME/MOC/CC credit will be available until May 2, 2020.
TEGENE ALEMU CANCER BIOLOGY SURGERY DEPARTMENTTegeneAlemu
Cancer Biology by Tegene Alemu Jimma Ethiopia
Surgery Role on Oncology
On this seminar
Hallmark of cancer
Cell cycles
Apoptosis of cell
Diagnosis
Therapy
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular disease. In India, an estimated 2.25 million people are living with cancer, with over 11 lakh new cases registered annually. Some key statistics for India include one woman dying of cervical cancer every 8 minutes and two women dying of breast cancer for every one diagnosed. Tumor markers are substances produced by cancerous tissues or the body in response to cancer that can help detect or monitor cancer. Some common tumor markers are CEA, AFP, CA125, and PSA. Tumor markers can be used for screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and monitoring treatment effectiveness and recurrence. Characteristics of ideal tumor markers include cancer specificity, high sensitivity and specificity for detection
This document summarizes tumor immunology and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. It discusses how the immune system interacts with tumors and identifies tumor antigens. It also describes tumor evasion mechanisms that allow cancers to avoid immune detection and destruction. Current immunotherapeutic strategies discussed include antibody therapy, cytokine therapy, adoptive T cell therapy, vaccination, and combination approaches. The document reviews obstacles to effective cancer immunotherapy like self-tolerance and suppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Mariano Barbacid-El cáncer como consecuencia del envejecimiento
1. MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY, CANCERMOLECULAR ONCOLOGY, CANCER
GENOMES AND PRECISION MEDICINEGENOMES AND PRECISION MEDICINE
MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY, CANCERMOLECULAR ONCOLOGY, CANCER
GENOMES AND PRECISION MEDICINEGENOMES AND PRECISION MEDICINE
MARIANOMARIANO
BARBACIDBARBACIDCENTRO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONESCENTRO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONES
2. Main developments in Oncology since the turn of the CenturyMain developments in Oncology since the turn of the Century
#1: Targeted Therapies. Almost of the new drugs approved since 1997 are
selective inhibitors of molecular targets implicated, more or less directly in
cancer development (Targeted Therapies).
In spite of these advances, many tumors still have to be treated with the
classical cytotoxic drugs (old chemotherapy regiments) due to the limited
number of selective targeted drugs.
Introduction: Key Developments in OncologyIntroduction: Key Developments in Oncology
3. Novel Drugs in Oncology: FDA ApprovalsNovel Drugs in Oncology: FDA Approvals
Year
80 85 90 95 00 05
5
4
3
1
New(nometoo’s)DrugsApprovedby
theFDAonaperyearbases
Cytotoxic agents
Biologicals
Targeted drugs
Vaccines
10
2
IF
Glev
Her
Ritux
4. Main developments in Oncology since the turn of the CenturyMain developments in Oncology since the turn of the Century
Introduction: Key Developments in OncologyIntroduction: Key Developments in Oncology
#2: Tumor Stratification. The molecular characterization of tumors is
allowing scientists to stratify many tumor types into defined subgroups based
on either their “driver mutations” or their overall mutational pattern.
This tumor stratification is allowing medical oncologists to treat patients with
more selective regiments, hence increasing the overall responses and avoiding
unnecessary exposure of the cancer patients to ineffective treatments
7. Main developments in Oncology since the turn of the CenturyMain developments in Oncology since the turn of the Century
#3: Resistance mechanisms. Targeted therapies have had a significant
beneficial effect in those cancer patients in which they have been used.
However, the effects of these therapies are often short-lived since most
patients develop resistance due to secondary mutations in the molecular
target or to the activation of alternative pathways
Introduction: Key Developments in OncologyIntroduction: Key Developments in Oncology
8. Resistance to Targeted TherapiesResistance to Targeted Therapies
Gleevec and CMLGleevec and CML
9. EGFR mutant NSCLCEGFR mutant NSCLC
Resistance to Targeted TherapiesResistance to Targeted Therapies
12. Mechanism of Drug Resistance.
B-RafB-RafV600EV600E
positive Metastatic Melanoma treated with Vemurafenibpositive Metastatic Melanoma treated with Vemurafenib
Before treatmentBefore treatment After treatmentAfter treatment
Resistant toResistant to
VemurafenibVemurafenib
Resistance to Targeted TherapiesResistance to Targeted Therapies
13. Main developments in Oncology since the turn of the CenturyMain developments in Oncology since the turn of the Century
Introduction: Key Developments in OncologyIntroduction: Key Developments in Oncology
#4: Cancer Genomes. The rapid development of ultra-sequencing techniques
has allow scientists to routinely sequence cancer genomes. Unfortunately the
outcome of these studies has revealed that most tumors contain an
unexpected high number of mutations
14. 1.0 mutations por megabase = 3.000 mutations per tumor
Cancer GenomesCancer Genomes
18. Main developments in Oncology since the turn of the CenturyMain developments in Oncology since the turn of the Century
#5: Tumor Heterogeneity. Deep sequencing of tumor biopsies has revealed
that most solid tumors are not a unique entity, but a group of tumors that
have evolved from an initial clone at different times during tumor
progression
Introduction: Key Developments in OncologyIntroduction: Key Developments in Oncology
20. 41 years
13 years
2001
1998
Targeted Therapies: The long road to drug developmentTargeted Therapies: The long road to drug development
GleevecGleevec
HerceptinaHerceptina
17 years
9 years
4 years
2011
2011
2011
Olapari
b
Olapari
b
VemurafenibVemurafenib
CrizotinibCrizotinib
21. Immunotherapy and CancerImmunotherapy and Cancer
Scientists have always wonder why our immune system is not capable of recognizeScientists have always wonder why our immune system is not capable of recognize
and reject our tumorsand reject our tumors
In fact, for many years they have tried to develop antibodies against “tumorIn fact, for many years they have tried to develop antibodies against “tumor
antigens”antigens”
Unfortunatey, tumor plasticity allows tumors to evolve tumor variants that noUnfortunatey, tumor plasticity allows tumors to evolve tumor variants that no
longer express such “tumor antigenes” since these antigen are not essential forlonger express such “tumor antigenes” since these antigen are not essential for
tumor maintenancetumor maintenance
In the 90s some scientists decide to potentiate the adaptive response byIn the 90s some scientists decide to potentiate the adaptive response by
stimulating the cytotoxic T lymphocytes using IL-2 as well as other cytokinnes.stimulating the cytotoxic T lymphocytes using IL-2 as well as other cytokinnes.
Unfortunatley, this approach, although obtained a few responses specially in youngUnfortunatley, this approach, although obtained a few responses specially in young
people, had to be abandoned due to its high toxicity since the over-activated Tpeople, had to be abandoned due to its high toxicity since the over-activated T
lymphocytes also attacked our nomral tissues.lymphocytes also attacked our nomral tissues.
22. During the last few years, scientists appear to have discover a way t manipulate ourDuring the last few years, scientists appear to have discover a way t manipulate our
immune system to fight, at least certain cancers, mainly matastatic melanoma.immune system to fight, at least certain cancers, mainly matastatic melanoma.
The key discovery has been, not to stimulate our immune systme, butThe key discovery has been, not to stimulate our immune systme, but to inhibit itsto inhibit its
desactivationdesactivation
Our organism is able to mount an immune response to defend us from infections byOur organism is able to mount an immune response to defend us from infections by
potentiating thepotentiating the innateinnate (mainly(mainly dendritic cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils,
etc.) and theand the adaptiveadaptive (B and T lymphocytes) responses. Yet, at the same time, our(B and T lymphocytes) responses. Yet, at the same time, our
organisms has developed sophysticated mechanisms to dampen this response onceorganisms has developed sophysticated mechanisms to dampen this response once
the infection has subsided.the infection has subsided.
Thus, some scientists decided to block those proteins implicated in deactivation ofThus, some scientists decided to block those proteins implicated in deactivation of
the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, mainly CTLA-4 and PD1, now part of a complexthe cytotoxic T lymphocytes, mainly CTLA-4 and PD1, now part of a complex
regulatory mechanism known as the “regulatory mechanism known as the “immune checkpointsimmune checkpoints”.”.
In other words, the “solution” has been to “inhibit the inbitors”In other words, the “solution” has been to “inhibit the inbitors”
Indeed, without these inhibitory mechanims we may end up developong auto-Indeed, without these inhibitory mechanims we may end up developong auto-
immune or immunedegenerative diseases.immune or immunedegenerative diseases.
Immunotherapy and CancerImmunotherapy and Cancer
23. Based on these studies, several pharmaceutical companies have developedBased on these studies, several pharmaceutical companies have developed
monoclonal antibodies against these immune checkpoints.monoclonal antibodies against these immune checkpoints.
The first inhibitors to be approved by the FDA are Ipilimumab (2011), a MAbThe first inhibitors to be approved by the FDA are Ipilimumab (2011), a MAb
against CTLA-4 and Pembrolizumab (2014) a MAb against PD-1against CTLA-4 and Pembrolizumab (2014) a MAb against PD-1
The T lymphocytes are
activated by the interaction
of B7 with CD28
Activated T lymphocyteActivated T lymphocyte
To deactivate, they
express a molecule,
CTLA4, that competes
with Cd28 for B7
Inactive T lymphocyteInactive T lymphocyte
If CTLA4 is blocked by a
MAb, the T cells remain
active
Active T lymphocyteActive T lymphocyte
Immunotherapy and CancerImmunotherapy and Cancer
24. Metastatic MelanomaMetastatic MelanomaMetastatic MelanomaMetastatic Melanoma
Tumorresponse(%)Tumorresponse(%)Tumorresponse(%)Tumorresponse(%)
Patients treated with Pembrolizumab (anti-PD1)Patients treated with Pembrolizumab (anti-PD1)Patients treated with Pembrolizumab (anti-PD1)Patients treated with Pembrolizumab (anti-PD1)
Immunotherapy and CancerImmunotherapy and Cancer
26. Non-Squamous NSCLC (Borghaei et al., NEJM, Sept 2015)Non-Squamous NSCLC (Borghaei et al., NEJM, Sept 2015)Non-Squamous NSCLC (Borghaei et al., NEJM, Sept 2015)Non-Squamous NSCLC (Borghaei et al., NEJM, Sept 2015)
Immunotherapy and CancerImmunotherapy and Cancer
27. Non-Squamous NSCLC (Borghaei et al., NEJM, Sept 2015)Non-Squamous NSCLC (Borghaei et al., NEJM, Sept 2015)Non-Squamous NSCLC (Borghaei et al., NEJM, Sept 2015)Non-Squamous NSCLC (Borghaei et al., NEJM, Sept 2015)
Immunotherapy and CancerImmunotherapy and Cancer
28. These results have been generated based on just two immune checkpoints thatThese results have been generated based on just two immune checkpoints that
regulate the immune response elicited by T cells, CTLA4/B7.1 and PD1/PDL1regulate the immune response elicited by T cells, CTLA4/B7.1 and PD1/PDL1
Immunotherapy and CancerImmunotherapy and Cancer
29. Since there are many other immune checkpoints it is quite possible thatSince there are many other immune checkpoints it is quite possible that
immunotherapy might expand its use to the treatment of many other types of cancerimmunotherapy might expand its use to the treatment of many other types of cancer
Immunotherapy and CancerImmunotherapy and Cancer
30.
31.
32. Introduction: Basic Concepts in OncologyIntroduction: Basic Concepts in Oncology
Cancer IS NOT a single disease.
Now that we can sequence the cancer genomes, we can say with a
significant degree of confidence that, in the same way there are no two
identical individuals, there are no two identical tumors
The term “cancer” encompasses more than 200 different diseases
depending on (i) the organ and (ii) the cell type in which it
originates, as well as on (iii) its mutational content and (iv) its
epigenetic profile
34. Tipos de cáncer: Incidencia vs. MortalidadTipos de cáncer: Incidencia vs. Mortalidad
MortalityMortality
35. All these advances in our understanding of cancer as a complex group
of diseases and in the development of better treatments have been
possible thanks ot the combined efforts of hundreds of basic and
clinical scientists as well as to Governments that unlike ours,
understand the need for continuous support of cancer research.
A COUNTRY WITHOUT RESEARCH,
IS A COUNTRY WITHOUT FUTURE!!
Editor's Notes
Figure 2. Mechanism of Drug Resistance. Panel A shows the crystallographically determined binding of erlotinib to wild-type EGFR, whereas Panel B shows how the T790M mutation leads to steric hindrance of erlotinib binding owing to the presence of the bulkier methionine side chain (orange) in the ATP-kinase–binding pocket. Panel C shows the steric hindrance in the predicted complex of gefitinib and EGFR with the T790M mutation. Panel D shows the predicted binding of CL-387,785 to EGFR with the T790M mutation (structural change introduced by the T790M mutation shown in orange).