Girija Bhavesh Bhanushali is a student pursuing her SYB Pharm degree at an unspecified college in 2022-2023. This document provides an introduction and overview of microbiology. It discusses the history of microbiology from early observers like Aristotle and Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek to modern founders like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. The document also outlines major branches of microbiology and highlights the important scope and roles of microbiology in fields like medicine, pharmaceuticals, food science, and more. It emphasizes how microbiology is crucial to health, disease treatment, vaccine development, and other areas of daily life.

1. Name:- Girija Bhavesh Bhanushali
PRNNO:- 2135011823002 Roll no:- 02
class:- S.Y.B pharm Div:- A
subject:- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
sub code:-BP303T
College year:- 2022-2023
Guided by :- Mr.Shaikh S.S ( M pharm)QA
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2. 2. History of microbiology
3. branches
4. Scope and its importants
5. Introduce to prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
1. Introduction to microbiology
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3. INTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGY
Microbiology is the specific branch of ‘biology’ that
essentially deals with the elaborated inves- tigation of
‘microscopic organisms’ termed as microbes, that are
composed of only one cell. These are typically either
unicellular or multicellular microscopic organisms that
are distributed abundantly both in the living bodies of
plants and animals and also in the air, water, soil, and
marine kingdom.
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4. Interestingly, each and every microbe essentially bear
both specific and special characteristic features that
enable it to survive adequately in a wide spectrum of
environments, such as : streams, ponds, lakes, rivers,
oceans, ice, water-borne pipes, hot-springs, gastro-
intestinal tract (GIT), roots of plants, and even in oil wells.
In general, the microorganisms are usually characterized
by very typical and extremely high degree of adaptability.
Microbes are invariably distributed over the entire
biosphere*, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and above all the
atmosphere.
One may also define microbiology as — ‘the study of
living organisms of microscopic size, that include
essentially bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and the
infectious agents at the very borderline of life which are
broadly known as viruses.
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6. HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Aristotle (384-322) described living and non-living organisms and their
differentiation.
Roger Bacon (13th Century) described that diseases are caused by
living creatures .
Thereafter in 1546, Fracastorius described that communicable diseases
were caused by living agents known as germs. In 1665, the first report on
cell structure was described by Robert hooke. Later, during mid of
1600’s, Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first person
who used a microscope of his own design to direct observations of
microbes He discovered microorganisms in 1675 and named bacteria
and protozoa as “Animalcules”. He has provided full description of
bacteria. From that time he was known as one of the founders of
microbiology.
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7. Aristotle father of
biology
Roger becon
13th century -
disease
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8. Transition Stage
In this era, Francesco Redi (1626-1697) showed that maggots would not arise
from decaying covered meat. Further John Needham (1713-1781) proposed that
tiny organisms arise spontaneously on the mutton gravy and he supported the
spontaneous generation theory. There after Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
demonstrated that air carried germs to the culture medium and also revealed that
boiled broth would not give growth of microorganisms. In Next, John Tyndall
(1820-1893) in 1877 proved the need for prolonged heating for elimination of
microbial life from infusions, which are recently termed as tyndallization in which
heat stable as well as heat sensitive bacteria both are killed In 1835, Augustino
Bassi demonstrated that a silk worm disease called muscardine was due to fungal
infection
lazzaro
spallanzani
john tyndall
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9. Modern Microbiology
The actual development of microbiology came with Louis
Pasteur, Robert Koch, Lord joseph Lister, Alexander
Flemming and Paul Ehrlich.Louis Pasteur is known as the
father of medical microbiology because he has coined the terms
microbiology, aerobic and anaerobic. In 1897, he suggested that
mild heating at C for 30 minutes was more effective than boiling
to destroy the pathogenic organisms without change of taste of
the product. This method was known as Pasteurization. Hence,
he was known as the inventor of the Pasteurization. Thereafter
he also invented fermentation process and developed effective
live attenuated vaccines against rabies and anthrax. He also
demonstrated disease of silkworm was due to protozoan
parasite.
Lousi pasteur
Lord joseph
lister
Robert koch. 9

10. BRANCHES
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11. SCOPE AND ITS IMPORTANCE
In the previous headings, various branches of microbiology were
discussed and with the view of that it is well understood that
microbiology has wide range of scope. It has impact on medicine,
agriculture, food science, ecology, genetics, biochemistry,
immunology and many other fields. Based on the specific groups
of the microorganisms, the specialists are known as bacteriologist
(Specialist in Bacteria study), virologists (specialist in virus study),
mycologist (specialist in fungi study) and so on. Hence, different
branches of microbiology has different role in the advancement
pharmaceutical sciences where microbiologists are actively
involved in research study (immunology, virology, chemotherapy,
genetics etc.), helps to perform diagnostic tests, develops
antibiotics and vaccines, protects the environment and plays an
important role in food and beverages industries.
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12. Some of the recent scopes are highlighted below:
1. Ecology and envirqonment:
Bacteria are primary decomposers as they recycle nutrients back
into the environment.Winogradsky and M. Beijerinck studied soil
microbes and their roles in the sulfur, carbon, nitrogen
biochemical cycles.
• Some bacteria are used as bio-pesticides to control Insects
pest. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis.
Microbes are also used to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes
through bioremediation.For example, Pseudomonas putida is
used to remove petroleum spill.
2. Food microbiology:
Microbes are used in various food and dairy industries to
produce various food products like cheese, pickles, sauerkraut,
green olives, yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread etc.
Pasteur (1856) described fermentation technology which helped
in production of Beer, Wine, Alcohol etc.
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13. 3. MEDICINES: CLINICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY:
• DISEASE TREATMENT: MICROBES ARE USED TO PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS
LIKE PENICILLIUM NOTATUM (PENICILLIN); DISCOVERED BY ALEXANDER
FLEMING (1928). BACTERIA ALSO SYNTHESIZE VITAMINS WHICH ARE
NEEDED FOR OUR BODY LIKE E. COLI. VITAMIN-B AND K ARE NEEDED
FOR METABOLISM AND BLOOD CLOTTING RESPECTIVELY. RECENTLY,
GENE THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF GENETIC DISEASES IS ADVANCED
SCOPE. OFMICROBIOLOGY IN MEDICAL FIELD.
4. VACCINE AND IMMUNOLOGY:
VACCINE ACTIVATES IMMUNE RESPONSE. SIR EDWARD JENNER
INOCULATED PEOPLE WITH COWPOX TO PROTECT AGAINST
SMALLPOX. THEREAFTER PASTEUR DEVELOPED THE RABIES VACCINE
(1885), VON BEHRING AND KITASATO (1890) PRODUCED TOXOID
VACCINE AGAINST DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS.
FURTHERMORE METCHNIKOFF (1884) DESCRIBED ROLE OF
PHAGOCYTIC CELL IN DEFENSE.
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14. Importance of Microbiology
Microbiology Is a part of our daily life and plays vital role to health
care system. The importance of microbiology began with the
discovery of antibiotics which prevent serious infections.
Thereafter vaccination and better sanitation practices reduced
the incidence of infectious diseases and most infectious diseases
were under control but some are reappearing because
pathogens are showing increasing resistance to antibiotics.
biosurveillance- Biosurveillance is the science of real-time
disease outbreak detection. Its principles are applied to both
natural and man-made epidemics. A tiny electronic chip has been
invented to identify broad range of toxins. It contains living nerve
cells that warn of the presence of bacterial toxins. Another fibre
optic tube that is lined with antibodies coupled to light emitting
molecules identifies specific pathogens like anthrax, botulinum
etc. Recent research invented ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes
which detect anthrax and other bioterrorism agents in the air in
advance.
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15. Pharmaceutical industry: Pharmacists are discovering various
antimicrobial drugs to prevent an escalating number of
communicable diseases by understanding the human cell
mechanism. They work with microbiologists to ensure that druq
therapies target the opportunistic microbes without harming its
human host. Another important role in pharmaceuticals is the use
of medically important studies on microbes, such as
Bacteriorhodopsin, a protein from the plasma membrane of
Halobacterium salinarum.
Medical devices: Microbiology plays a significant role in medical
devices like fluorescent fusion. It is mainly used for fast and
precise detection of pathogens in tissue samples. It is a
technology for carrying out immunofluorescence studies that may
be applied to find specific cells in complex biological.
Cosmetic microbiology: Microbial contamination in cosmetic
products is a major concern to the industry. Contamination with
microorganisms is become a major cause of both product and
economic losses.
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16. Intro prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells
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18. THANK YOU
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