AQA A2 section B

1. New and digital media

2. What is new and digital
media?
• Digital devices – computers, phones, cameras
• Citizen journalism (public using new and digital media to record and
distribute forms of journalism)
• Social networking
• Digital natives (born with tech)
• Time shift viewing – BBC iplayer – eatching on catch up
• The internet
• Web 2.0 (the new internet – enables the audience to contribute
and effect content)
• 2nd screening – to engage with a text on two platforms
simultaneously
• Apps
• Blogs

3. What contemporary media
issues can you think of that
relate to new and digital
media?

4. • The Icloud hacking – celebrities intimate pictures were
leaked online.
• - privacy issues
• - available to a mass, global audience
• - regulation (an issue because of the speed that it
moves)
• Katie Hopkins – the twitter – ranted about mental health.
‘sweaty jocks’
• ‘Protein world’
• ISIS – using youtube, set up an App, filming and editing,
video was an intertextual reference to Homeland, meme –
audience response – Japanese hostages.
• The Lee Rigby case – citizen journalism
• Eric Garner – ‘I can’t breathe’ videoed and uploaded to
youtube.
• ‘The interview’ – film – SONY HACKING lead to issues in
Korea with the representation of Kim Jong Un
• Edward Snowden- leaked information about Government
access to private information.

5. New and digital media terminology
You may find that you are familiar with many of
these already. These terms should be used
accurately if answering the new and digital
media question in the exam.

6. Software and hardware
• Hardware – the physical technology (eg a
computer)
• Software – the programmes that are installed,
downloaded or uploaded to the hardware (eg
Photoshop)

7. Media technology
• The technology and devices that we use to make or
access media texts.
What major developments in media technology are you
aware of that may have impacted on:
• The film industry
• The music industry
• The television industry
• The radio industry
• The print press
• Online/the internet

8. Film industry
• 3D cameras – enable films to be shot in 3d
(Avatar)
• Can be manipulated into 3d in post production
(quality is not as good)
• Not as popular anymore with audiences – was
a large investment for the film industry –
production and post production and
exhibition.
• HD – institutions such as the BBC have
invested in hardware (cameras) to shoot in
HD. Now broadcast a HD channel.

9. Music industry
• Streaming! V popular – spotify (can pay for an advanced
service)
• Tidal – owned by a range of famous musicians led by Jay Z,
Rhianna, Daft Punk, Nikki Minaj, Beyonce etc – giving
musicians the power, control and money for the air play of
their music
• Download illegally – financial implications on the industry.
• Soundcloud – can control and upload your own music,
share easily. Web 2.0 – can comment and follow people.
Producers can control whether audiences have access to
and can download their music – puts the power in their
hands.

10. Television industry
• Time shift viewing – eg iplayer, all4 (?) etc
• Smart TV – use your TV in the same way as a
computer
• Audiences watching more online – Netflix – this
impacts on the television licence – issue for BBC
funding. Youth audiences particularly.
• BBC3 moving online (BBC budget cuts)
• Robot cameras – impact on production roles in
the TV industry. Costs money to set up.
• 3D TV’s

11. Radio industry
• BBC funding – BBC radio
• Using apps
• Podcasts
• Using social media more to interact with the
institutions (web 2.0)
• Illegal downloading
• Chart includes legal downloads as well as
physical sales
• Leaks of singles (Get Lucky leaked?)

12. Online
• Apple watch release
• Periscope ******
• Regulation of online privacy – find out
• Police access – find out
• Internet service providers are encouraged to do
more to protect identities and reveal any terrorist
behaviour – find out
• Revenge porn – issues with how to regulate and
control – find out
• The right to be forgotten – google taken to court
– find out

13. Media platforms
• Film
• TV
• Radio
• Print
etc

14. Web 1.0 and 2.0
• Web 1.0 – the first incarnation of the internet.
Information that could be read or observed
only.
• Web 2.0 – internet facilities and websites that
enable you to affect the content that you see
by commenting, uploading content, changing
the layout and content etc
Can you think of any examples of web 1.0 and web 2.0 websites?
What are the benefits of each?

15. Marc Prensky - Digital natives and
digital immigrants
Read through Prensky’s thoughts on digital
natives and immigrants.
How could you apply this audience theory to
some of the media texts that you have explored
this year? Can you find evidence of them as a
target or secondary audience? Can you link it to
institutions and their production methods?

16. Digital immigrants issue with
digital natives?

17. • Positive and negative impact of this
proliferation of new media on digital natives?

18. Technological
Convergence
• ‘The trend for different technologies for the delivery of
content to start to resemble one another.’
• For example, television sets will increasingly resemble computers
while computers will increasingly resemble televisions; both will be
used to download moving images from the internet, and eventually
the distinction between the separate technologies are likely to be
erased.
• Such convergence has been made possible as a result of the
evolution of digital technology.
• Can you think of examples of technological convergence?

19. Technological convergence

20. Technological convergence

21. Cross Media Convergence
• ‘Hardware and software coming together
across media, and companies coming
together across similar boundaries. This
makes the distinction between different
types of media and different media
industries increasingly dubious.’
• ’Media institutions delivering their
product on more than one media channel’

22. What is the impact?
• Negative?
• Film Piracy
• Positive?
• Reach audiences quickly
Can you think of any others?

23. Some other terms…
• App
• Streaming
• Download
• Upload

24. Case study
New and digital media and
the film industry

25. I need five volunteers….
Who is the production company?
Who is the distribution company?
Who is the exhibition company?

26. Film industry life cycle
Production • Planning, producing the film, post production
Distribution • The middle men.
• Organise deals with local and national cinemas to exhibit the film.
• Organise the logistics of getting the film reels printed and distributed
to cinemas.
• Plan marketing – traditional methods – posters, trailers, interviews
and premieres
• New methods – viral marketing.
Exhibition • Different ways for audiences to view the final product

27. Case study - Film
Research:
• What is ‘Ultraviolet’?
• What new formats are their for exhibiting films?
• When did digital projectors start to be introduced into cinemas?
• What proportion of UK cinemas now have digital projectors?
• What are the advantages to cinemas and film studios of digital projection?
• What other services does digital projection allow cinemas to offer?
• What has been the problem with digital projection? Why have cinemas been slow to adopt
it?
• When did 3D make a comeback? What benefits does 3D offer audiences and institutions
(cinemas and film studios)?
• Is 3D all it is cracked up to be? Is it genuinely “revolutionary” technology or just a gimmick?
• What have developments in CGI technology enabled filmmakers to do? Is this technology
only available to big budget filmmakers? Read the article on the film Monsters saved in the
articles folder on the public drive or here:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/nov/27/mosters-gareth-edwards-avatar/print
•
• Listen to the podcast of the interview with the director of Monsters where he describes how
he used home computer technology to create special effects for his film.
• http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/audio/2010/dec/02/film-weekly-monsters-bfi
• What is the digital economy act and how has it impacted on the film industry?
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jul/17/digital-piracy-film-online-counterfeit-dvds

28. Case study - filmCase Study 1: Films of your own choice
Choose at least two contemporary films, preferably one relatively low budget “independent” film and one big
budget “blockbuster”.
1. Use the internet (www.imdb.com, www.boxofficemojo.com, www.wikipedia.org, www.the-
numbers.com/movies) to find out:
• The budget of the film.
• The studio responsible for making the film
• The worldwide box office gross for the film.
• Look at the official website for the film – what sorts of features does it offer? Which services/areas are unique
to the website and wouldn’t be possible with other methods of promotion? What is the appeal of official
websites to audiences? Print screen and annotate sample pages.
• Are iPhone/other smartphone/iPad apps available for the film? What services do they offer? If possible, use
them.
• How do the films use social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter and Myspace as methods of
promotion?
• Are websites such as Amazon and Play.com used to distribute the DVD edition of the film?
• Is the film available for download on iTunes or LoveFilm?
• Are/how are websites such as Amazon used to distribute merchandising linked to the film?
Things to explore/explain/consider: - positive and negative impact of new and digital media on the film, the film’s
audience and the film industry.
How have technological convergence and cross media convergence benefited or hindered the film in its financial
and critical success, in the audiences ability to access the film and the films distribution and marketing?
Films to consider as a starting point – ‘The Interview’ (Sony hacking scandal) ‘A field in England’ (British indie with
pioneering simultaneous distribution methods) ‘Beasts of no nation’ (trying to use new distribution methods but
this is causing issues…)

29. Case study - TV
Research:
Use the internet to see if you can find out the following information:
• When did Sky first start broadcasting?
• When did cable TV first become available in the UK?
• When did the BBC launch its website?
• How many “unique users” does the BBC website now have?
• When did “Freeview” first become available?
• When did Sky launch the “Sky+” service?
• When did YouTube launch? Useful link on youtube:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2013/apr/07/youtube-superstars-new-
generation-bloggers
• When did the BBC launch the iPlayer?
• When did Channel 4 launch 4OD and when did they strike their deal to provide
4OD programmes through YouTube?
• When did/will Project Canvas/YouView be launched?
• When did netflix launch?
• Read through the British Television broadcasting hand out. What has happened
since 2010? (consider current developments with ownership of the BBC and
potential issues with the licence fee of with BBC3)

30. Case study - TVCase Study 1: TV show of your own choice
Choose at least two contemporary TV shows, preferably from different institutions.
• The budget of the TV show.
• The institution responsible for making the TV show
• How was it distributed and exhibited?
• Look at the official website for the show– what sorts of features does it offer? Which services/areas are
unique to the website and wouldn’t be possible with other methods of promotion? What is the appeal
of official websites to audiences? Print screen and annotate sample pages.
• Are iPhone/other smartphone/iPad apps available for the show? What services do they offer? If
possible, use them.
• How do the films use social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter and Myspace as methods of
promotion?
• Who is the target audience? How do they engage with the show? (fanpages, hash tags etc)
Things to explore/explain/consider: - positive and negative impact of new and digital media on the
institution, show and audience.
How have technological convergence and cross media convergence benefited or hindered the show in its
financial and critical success, in the audiences ability to access the show and its distribution and marketing?
Shows to consider as a starting point – ‘Game of Thrones’ (issues with periscope, use of CGI, large
production costs) shows on netflix (sometimes released as a whole series as opposed to weekly episodes), a
BBC3 show (hash tags? Encouraging tweets, promoting the website and iplayer??)