This is a slideshow made essentially for undergraduate MBBS students to have a working knowledge about CT scan of brain in diagnosing common medical and surgical conditions. It includes detection of major anatomical structures in CT and prompt diagnosis of emergency conditions like head trauma and cerebrovascular accident. Last but not the least, I have also touched the areas where CT scan is not the first mode of diagnosis (like diagnosis of brain tumor and evaluation of headache).
Neuroimaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function of the nervous system.
Neuroimaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Main modalities of neuroimaging techniques are CT scan and MRI.
This is a slideshow made essentially for undergraduate MBBS students to have a working knowledge about CT scan of brain in diagnosing common medical and surgical conditions. It includes detection of major anatomical structures in CT and prompt diagnosis of emergency conditions like head trauma and cerebrovascular accident. Last but not the least, I have also touched the areas where CT scan is not the first mode of diagnosis (like diagnosis of brain tumor and evaluation of headache).
Neuroimaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function of the nervous system.
Neuroimaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Main modalities of neuroimaging techniques are CT scan and MRI.
Full story brain herniation imaging Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
Full story brain herniation imaging Dr Ahmed Esawy
include different cases for oral radiodiagnosis examination all over the world
CT /MRI Plain X ray images
I Supratentorial herniation
1-Cingulate (subfalcine/transfalcine)
2-Uncal (descending transtentorial herniation DTH)
3-Central (bilateral DTH)
4-Transcalvarial
5-Tectal (posterior)
II-Infratentorial herniation
1-Upward
(upward cerebellar or upward transtentorial)
2-Tonsillar (downward cerebellar
III-Sphenoid/alar herniation Transalar Herniation
Full story brain herniation imaging Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
Full story brain herniation imaging Dr Ahmed Esawy
include different cases for oral radiodiagnosis examination all over the world
CT /MRI Plain X ray images
I Supratentorial herniation
1-Cingulate (subfalcine/transfalcine)
2-Uncal (descending transtentorial herniation DTH)
3-Central (bilateral DTH)
4-Transcalvarial
5-Tectal (posterior)
II-Infratentorial herniation
1-Upward
(upward cerebellar or upward transtentorial)
2-Tonsillar (downward cerebellar
III-Sphenoid/alar herniation Transalar Herniation
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
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ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
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Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
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LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
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Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
COVID-19 PCR tests remain a critical component of safe and responsible travel in 2024. They ensure compliance with international travel regulations, help detect and control the spread of new variants, protect vulnerable populations, and provide peace of mind. As we continue to navigate the complexities of global travel during the pandemic, PCR testing stands as a key measure to keep everyone safe and healthy. Whether you are planning a business trip, a family vacation, or an international adventure, incorporating PCR testing into your travel plans is a prudent and necessary step. Visit us at https://www.globaltravelclinics.com/
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
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1. OU Neurology
Introduction to Head CT
Imaging
Ryan Hakimi, DO, MS
Assistant Professor
Director, Critical Care Neurology
Emmaculate Fields, APRN-CNP
Clinical Instructor
Department of Neurology
The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
3. OU Neurology
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this course, participants
will be able to:
Understand the basics of head CT imaging
Identify and describe basic cerebral
anatomy
Develop an approach to head CT
interpretation
Identify pathologic lesions found on head
CT
4. OU Neurology
CT BASICS
CT uses x-rays
Provides axial brain view
CT scan measures density of the tissue being
studied
5. OU Neurology
CT Brain axial view
CT uses x-rays to
make cross-sectional
axial images
Right is on left and left
is on the right
Patient lying on a
stretcher with feet
coming toward you
and is slid through a
large open ring (CT
machine) Lateral view of skull is shown with imaging planes indicated by
lines. The true horizontal plane is approximated by the
orbitomeatal line, while the typical CT imaging plane is angled
slightly upward anteriorly
7. OU Neurology
Hyperdense things on CT
acute blood
ocular lens
calcifications
contrast (dye)
bone
metal (bullets w/
streak artifact)
8. OU Neurology
Isodense things on CT
• Note that white matter is
less dense than gray
matter and therefore:
white matter is darker
than gray matter
Gray matter (cerebral
cortex)
Gray matter (basal
ganglia)
White matter
14. OU Neurology
A- Air-filled Structures
Normal air spaces are black both on bone and brain
window (frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid
sinuses)
Mastoids are spongy bone filled with tiny pockets of air
When these pockets are opacified you will see a (gray or
white) shade
Air-fluid levels in the setting of trauma suggest a fracture
Mastoid opacification without trauma indicates
mastoiditis
15. OU Neurology
B- Bones
Useful when trauma is suspected
Window your image for bone reading
Recognize normal suture structures
(usually visible on both sides)
If fracture suspected, inspect the opposite
side for similar finding
If not present then look for abnormalities
associated with the fracture
(air/pneumocephalus, black spots within the
hemorrhage)
16. OU Neurology
B- Blood
Location and shape of the
blood
Epidural hematoma: over brain convexity,
not crossing suture line, lens shaped
(biconvex).
Subdural hematoma: over brain convexity,
interhemispheric, along the tentorium, SDH
will cross suture lines & it’s crescent shaped.
Intraparenchymal/Intracerebral hemorrhage:
within the brain matter, sizes/shape varies
dependent on etiology can be regular or
irregular.
Interventricular hemorrhage- inside
ventricles, can be isolated and or secondary
to SAH, ICH.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage- blood within the
subarachnoid spaces (sulci, sylvian fissure,
cisterns). Usually assumes shape of the
surrounding cerebral structure
Types of Intracranial
Hemorrhage
17. OU Neurology
Epidural Hematoma
20% will have a lucid
period before clinical
worsening
Note the soft tissue
swelling adjacent to the
hematoma explaining the
mechanism of the injury
E
18. OU Neurology
Epidural Hematoma
Arterial injury
following head trauma
Lens shaped
Confined between the
sutures
Most commonly
middle meningeal
artery
20. OU Neurology
Subdural Hematoma (SDH)
Differentiate between acute, subacute,
chronic, or acute on chronic
Acute SDH
Bright white on CT
Can only be removed with a craniotomy
Doesn’t always require surgery, depends on the
patient’s neurological examination and
comorbidities
Usually related to shearing of bridging veins
between the dura and brain
22. OU Neurology
Acute and Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Patient may be
asymptomatic until
the event leading to
the acute component
Chronic component
can be drained using
a bedside burr hole
device such as the
Subdural Evacuation
Port System (SEPS)
http://www.hakeem-sy.com/main/files/subdural%20hematoma.jpg, accessed on 3/31/10
27. OU Neurology
Traumatic Intracerebral hemorrhage
Occurs at the time of
impact
Diffuse axonal injury
Inertial forces cause
deformation of the white
matter, aka shear injuries
Most commonly leads to
acute coma
CT (not very sensitive)
may reveal petechial
hemorrhages in the
central 1/3 of the brain
(subcortical white matter,
corpus collosum, basal
ganglia, brainstem,
cerebellum)
MRI to evaluate extent of
injury
Gennarelli, et al J. Trauma 1994
28. OU Neurology
Traumatic Intracerebral hemorrhage
Focal parenchymal
contusions
Coup, contra coup,
intermediate coup
CT: hemorrhagic core
surrounded by low
density edema
Variable CBF in and
around contusion
29. OU Neurology
Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Variety of etiologies
Anticoagulation
Hypertension
Aneurysm
Substance abuse
Trauma (less likely)
Often will need an
external ventricular
drain with or without
intraventricular tPA
http://www.bing.com/image, accessed 6/12/14
30. OU Neurology
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Always exclude an aneurysm
even when head trauma is
obvious
Aneurysmal SAH has a poorer
prognosis than traumatic
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Traumatic subarachnoid
hemorrhage
Serially monitor the patient
clinically
Rarely required surgical
intervention
Usually has a good
prognosis
31. OU Neurology
Practice Reading CT scans-ABBBC
Brain tissue
A. In 1st few hours to day,
CT usually normal
(though may show
blurring of gray-white
junction & sulcal
effacement as seen on
next slide)
B. By day 2, CT shows
dark area with mass
effect (compression of
surrounding
structures)
Day 3
Subacute infarction
Day 1
Acute infarction
A B
32. OU Neurology
Figure 1. A, Normal anatomy; B,
tonsillar herniation;
C, uncal and subfalcine
herniation; and
D, central herniation.
By permission of Mayo
Foundation for Medical
Education and Research. All
rights reserved. Catastrophic
Neurologic Disorders in the
Emergency Department. 2nd ed.
New York:
Oxford University Press;
2004:67–69.
Herniation Syndromes
33. OU Neurology
Practice Reading CT scans-ABBBC
Air filled structures
• A: Left parietoocipital pneumocephalus post-op
• B: Left temporal ICH
• C: Left sinus air fluid level with associated sinus fracture
A B C