Amebiasis is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It commonly involves the intestines but can spread to other organs. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe colitis or liver abscesses. Diagnosis involves identifying the trophozoites or cysts in stool or abscess samples. Treatment includes metronidazole combined with luminal amebicides like diloxanide furoate.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Wuchereria Bancrofti, the adult worm or parasites and its embryo microfilariae . The studies of microbiology. Its about Introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Wuchereria Bancrofti, the adult worm or parasites and its embryo microfilariae . The studies of microbiology. Its about Introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Diarrhea & Constipation by dr Mohammed Hussien.
Ass. Lecturer of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Kafrelsheik University
Membership at American Collage of Gastroenterology (ACG)
Membership at Egyptian association for Research and training in Hepatogastroentrology
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Introduction
Epidemiology
Life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Management
3. •Amebiasis ia an infection with the intestinal protozoan
Entamoeba histolytica.
•90% asymptomatic.
•It is the third most common cause of death from parasitic
disease.
•Asymptomatic forms are mainly caused by E.dispar.- Self
limiting (homosexual men & AIDS patients)
•Intestinal lesions mainly involve the cecum,sigmoid colon
and the rectum.
•Distant abscess occur in liver ,lung and brain.
4. Definition :
Amoebiasis is an infection caused by Entamoeba
histolytica
with or without symptoms (WHO - 1969)
Synonyms include entamoebiasis, amoebiosis,
amoebic
dysentery or bloody flux.
5. Global burden of the disease :
40-50 million cases of amoebic colitis and amoebic
liver abscess
70,000 deaths anually
10% world population
90% of those infected are asymptomatic, 1% may
develop invasive/extraintestinal amoebiasis.
6. China, Central and South America, Indian
subcontinents
In India :
Prevalence is 15% (3.6% to 47.4%)
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Chandigarh
7. Agent factors Host factors
• Virulence of organism
• Intestinal microbiota
• Sex
• Age
•Alcoholics
• Immunocompromised
(HIV)
male homosexuals
8.
9. During amoebiasis there is a significant decrease in absolute
quantification of Bacteroides, Clostridium coccoides,
Clostridium leptum, Lactobacillus and an increase in
Bifdobacterium species.
Lactobacillus species might be protective in the context of
protozoan infections (Preidis et al., 2011; Travers et al.,
2011).
Thus a decrease in protective, commensal Lactobacillus
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Intestinal specimen from a patient with acute
Colon (primarily
in the cecum),
sigmoid colon, and
rectum
2 types of ulcers :
nodular and irregular
Intervening
mucosal folds
may appear
normal
16. Submucosa : susceptible to the
lytic action of the parasite, and
produces
abundant microhemorrhages
Bowel
lumen
Amoebic ulcer with
neutrophilic infiltration
Mucosa
Submucos
a
17.
18.
19. INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS:
•Symptomatic amebic colitis develops 2-6 weeks after
ingestion of infectios cysts.
•Gradual onset of lower abdominal pain,mild
diarrhea,malaise,weight loss,back pain.
•Caecal movements may mimic acute appendicitis
•Stools will contain little fecal matter and will consist of
mainly of blood and mucus.
20. Fulminant intestinal infection
•Clinical features: Severe abdominal pain
High Fever
Profuse diarrhoea
Occurs predominantly in children
Also patients receiving glucocorticoids
Megacolon
•Patient will be having shock like features
•Severe bowel dilation with intramural air.
Syndrom of Postamebic colitis
•Persistent diarrhoea following documented cure of
amebiasis
21. AMEBIC LIVER ABSCESS:
•Febrile,Rt upper quadrent pain(dull or pleuritic) radiating to the
shoulders.
•Malaise,weight loss and hepatomegaly
•Complication
Pleuropulmonary involement (20 – 30%)
Sterile effusion
Hepatobronchial fistulae
Rupture of abscess
22. OTHER SITES
•Genitourinary Tract :
Direct extension
Genital ulcer,Profuse discharge
•Cerebral Involvement
Occurs in 0.1% patients.
Syptoms depends on size and site of lesion.
23. •Chronic granuloma arising in the large bowel.
•MC : Caecum
•Occurs in longstanding amoebic infection (with in complete treatment)
•Mistaken for carcinoma
•C/f: Pyrexia,
Mass in RIF
Blood stained mucoid diarrhoea.
27. Tissue amoebicides
Intestinal and Extra intestinal amoebicides
•Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Ornidazole,
Secnidazole, Satranidazole, Nimorazole
•Alkaloids: Emetine and Dehydroemetine
Extra intestinal amoebicides: Chloroquine
Luminal amoebicides
Amides: Diloxanide furoate, Nitazoxanide
Quinolines: Iodoquinol, Quiniodochlor
Antimicrobials: Paromomycin, Tetracyclines
To eliminate the invading trophozoites
To eradicate the intestinal cysts of Entamoeba histolytica
(source of infection)
28. Luminal amebicides
Tissue amebicides
Nitroimidazole –Metronidazole
Metronidazole 800 mg TDS x 7-10 days
(in severe cases 500 mg slow IV 6 hourly till oral therapy can be instituted)
OR
Tinidazole 2 g OD x 3 days
+
Luminal amoebicide
29. AMEBIC LIVER ABSCESS
Metronidazole 800 mg TDS x 10 days (in serious cases – IV
metronidazole x 10 days)
OR
Tinidazole 2 g oral daily x 3 - 6 days
+
Luminal amoebicide
ASPIRATION OF LIVER ABSCESS
To rule out a pyogenic abscess,mainly in multiple lesion.
No clinical response in 3 -5 days.
Threat of imminent rupture.
Left lobe abscess
30. 29yr old male came with C/o –
•Abdominal Pain
•Fever
•Vomiting
•Patient presented with dull aching pain in the right hypochondium
for 1week.
•Associated with low grade fever, with no chills or rigor
•Vomiting four episodes – mainly food particles,non bilious.
•Patient febrile not in septic shock
•Tender hepatomegaly .
TC : 16900,DC – N 86,L 10,M3,E1.
ESR : 75
LFT Normal