This slide is for the young minds who are keen to knew about the intersection.This presentation demonstrate everything about intersection .All rights are reserved by the authors,this is for only educational purposes and as per IRC guidelines.
intersection are the space in which more than 2 roads crosses.types of road intersection,grade separated and at grade separated intersection.
intersection road
intersection tv series
the intersection grand rapids events
point of intersection calculator
intersection movie
intersection 1994
intersection season 4 on netflix
intersection grand rapids
at grade intersection, channelized intersection, diamond intersection, different types of road intersection, directional intersection, grade separated intersection, otary intersection, partial coverleaf intersection, road intersection definition, road intersection diagrams, roadway intersection types, trumpet intersection, un channelized intersection
at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross.
THIS AREA IS DESIGNATED FOR THE VEHICLES TO TURN TO Different Direction.
VEHICLES MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTION WANT TO OCCUPY SAME SPACE AT SAME TIME.
intersection are the space in which more than 2 roads crosses.types of road intersection,grade separated and at grade separated intersection.
intersection road
intersection tv series
the intersection grand rapids events
point of intersection calculator
intersection movie
intersection 1994
intersection season 4 on netflix
intersection grand rapids
at grade intersection, channelized intersection, diamond intersection, different types of road intersection, directional intersection, grade separated intersection, otary intersection, partial coverleaf intersection, road intersection definition, road intersection diagrams, roadway intersection types, trumpet intersection, un channelized intersection
at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross.
THIS AREA IS DESIGNATED FOR THE VEHICLES TO TURN TO Different Direction.
VEHICLES MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTION WANT TO OCCUPY SAME SPACE AT SAME TIME.
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
The clear distance ahead of vehicle which is visible to the driver is known as sight distance
The minimum distance within which a driver can safely stop his vehicle without any collision with some vehicle, animal or any other object is known as stopping sight distance.
this slides will contains some information about 'turnouts in railways', it's component parts and its classification. if any mistakes present, please tell me i will rectify them.
This presentation discusses the points and crossings used in railways. Especially It deals with the types of turnout - Right-Hand Turnout and Left-hand Turnout. parts of turnout and also the different types of crossings based on the angle.
Accident study and analysis, objective, causes of accidents, and analysis of accident (collection of data and preparing reports and record) , types of accidents, and statistical analysis of accidents.
Road Junctions and Grade Separators for Transportation Planning - A Junction is an area, where two or more roads join or cross, whose main function is to provide for the change of route directions.
Grade separation is a method developed to avoid the disruption of traffic flow at intersections. It is adopted at junctions where two or more surface transport axes cross with each other.
Grade separation is generally achieved by means of a vertical level.
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
The clear distance ahead of vehicle which is visible to the driver is known as sight distance
The minimum distance within which a driver can safely stop his vehicle without any collision with some vehicle, animal or any other object is known as stopping sight distance.
this slides will contains some information about 'turnouts in railways', it's component parts and its classification. if any mistakes present, please tell me i will rectify them.
This presentation discusses the points and crossings used in railways. Especially It deals with the types of turnout - Right-Hand Turnout and Left-hand Turnout. parts of turnout and also the different types of crossings based on the angle.
Accident study and analysis, objective, causes of accidents, and analysis of accident (collection of data and preparing reports and record) , types of accidents, and statistical analysis of accidents.
Road Junctions and Grade Separators for Transportation Planning - A Junction is an area, where two or more roads join or cross, whose main function is to provide for the change of route directions.
Grade separation is a method developed to avoid the disruption of traffic flow at intersections. It is adopted at junctions where two or more surface transport axes cross with each other.
Grade separation is generally achieved by means of a vertical level.
defination of intersection and also different types of intersection with diagrams and also it consists of advantages and dis advantages of at grade intersection and grade separate intersection and also planning considerations and need of construction of intersection. it also consists of case study of chennai.
Friction Considerations : The friction of skid resistance between vehicle tyre and pavement surface is one of the factors determining the operating speed and the minimum distance requires for stopping of vehicles.
Unevenness : The longitudinal profile of the road pavement has to be even' in order to provide a good riding comfort to fast moving vehicles
Light Reflecting Characteristics : Night visibility depends upon the colour and light reflecting characteristics of the pavement surface. The glare caused by the reflection of head lights is considerably high on wet pavement surface than on the dry pavement.
Drainage of Surface Water
A presentation on highway geometric design which includes:
definition,
Goals,
Road Alignment,
Its cross section,
Pavement Design, &
Theory about super Elevation
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
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condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
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predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Intersection of road
Intersection is an area shared by two or more
roads.
This area is designated for the vehicles to turn
to different directions to reach their desired
destinations.
This is because vehicles moving in different
direction want to occupy same space at the
same time.
2By Er. Harpreet Singh
3. Types
There are two main types of intersection of
roads.
Grade – separated intersections or
interchanges.
At – grade intersections.
3By Er. Harpreet Singh
4. Grade separated intersection or interchanges
It is a bridge that eliminates crossing conflicts at intersections
by vertical separation of roadways in space.
Route transfer at grade separations is accommodated by
interchange facilities consisting of ramps.
The interchange configurations are designed in such a way to
accommodate economically the traffic requirements of flow,
operation on the crossing facilities, physical requirements of
the topography, adjoining land use, type of controls, right-of-
way and direction of movements.
4By Er. Harpreet Singh
5. Grade separated intersection or
interchanges
Objective:
The ultimate objective of grade separated
intersections is to eliminate all grade
crossing conflicts and to accommodate
other intersecting maneuvers by merging,
diverging and weaving at low relative seed.
5By Er. Harpreet Singh
6. Classification of Grade Separated
Intersection
One of the distinctions made in type of
interchange is between the directional and the
non directional.
Directional interchanges are those having
ramps that tend to follow the natural direction
of movement.
Non directional interchanges require a change
in the natural path of traffic flow.
6By Er. Harpreet Singh
8. Underpass
An underpass or a tunnel is an underground
passageway, completely enclosed expect
for openings for ingress and egress,
commonly at each end.
A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road
traffic, for rail traffic.
8By Er. Harpreet Singh
10. Overpass
An overpass also known as a flyover, is a
bridge, road, railway or similar structure
that crosses over another road or railway.
A pedestrian overpass allows pedestrians
safe crossing over busy without impacting
traffic.
10By Er. Harpreet Singh
12. Trumpet interchanges
Trumpet interchanges have been used where one
highway terminates at another highway.
These involve at least one loop ramp connecting
traffic either entering or leaving the terminating
expressway with the far lanes of the continuous
highway.
The principal advantages are low construction cost
and are useful for highways as well as toll roads.
12By Er. Harpreet Singh
14. Diamond interchange
A diamond interchange is a common type of road
junction, used where a freeway crosses a minor
road.
The diamond interchange uses less space than most
types of freeway interchange, and avoids the
interweaving traffic flows that occur in
interchanges such as the cloverleaf.
Diamond interchanges are most effective in areas
where traffic is light.
14By Er. Harpreet Singh
16. Cloverleaf interchange
A cloverleaf interchange is a two-level
interchange in which left turns are handled by
ramp roads.
To go left(in right-hand traffic), vehicles first
continue as one road passes over or under the
other, then exit right onto a one-way three-
fourths loop ramp (270) and merge onto the
intersecting road.
16By Er. Harpreet Singh
18. Partial cloverleaf interchange
Partial clover leaf is a modification that
combines some elements of a diamond
interchange with one or more lops of a
cloverleaf to eliminate only the more
critical turning conflicts.
It provides more acceleration and
deceleration space on the freeway.
18By Er. Harpreet Singh
20. Directional interchange
A Directional interchange provides direct for left
turns.
These interchanges contain ramps for one or more
direct or semi direct left turning movements.
Interchanges of two freeways or interchanges with
one or more very heavy turning movements usually
warrant direct ramps, which have higher speeds of
operation and higher capacities, compared to loop
ramps.
20By Er. Harpreet Singh
22. At grade intersections
At-grade intersections in which all the
exchanges between the roads take place on
the sane plane.
These are of two types
Standard at-grade intersections
Round about at-grade intersections.
22By Er. Harpreet Singh
26. Simple intersections
Simple intersections maintain the street’s
typical cross-section and number of lanes
throughout the intersection, on both the major
and minor streets.
Simple intersections are best-suited to
locations where auxiliary (turning) lanes are
not needed to achieve the desired level-of-
service.
26By Er. Harpreet Singh
28. Channelized intersections
Vehicles approaching an intersection are directed to definite
paths by islands, marking etc. and this method of control is
called channelization.
Channelized intersection provides more safety and efficiency.
It reduces the number of possible conflicts by reducing the area
of conflicts available in the carriageway.
If no channelizing is provided the driver will have less
tendency to reduce the speed while entering the intersection
from the carriageway.
28By Er. Harpreet Singh
32. Bicyclists
Cross-section- Bicyclists position themselves
for their intended destination regardless of the
presence of bike lanes or shoulders.
Operating Speed- At un signalized
intersections, an average bicycle speed of 15
miles per hour can be assumed on the major
project.
32By Er. Harpreet Singh
33. Bicyclists
Bicycle Capacity - The number of bicycles
per hour that can be accommodated by the
facility under normal conditions.
Traffic Control - Bicyclists are required by
law to obey control devices at intersections.
Therefore, traffic control devices need to
account for bicycle activity.
33By Er. Harpreet Singh
34. Motor vehicles
Design Vehicle
*The largest type of motor vehicle that is normally expected to be
accommodated through the intersection.
*At intersections, the most important attribute of design vehicles is their
turning radius, which in turn influences the pavement corner radius
and therefore the size of the intersection.
*Lane width, another feature related to the design vehicle, has some
impact on intersection design.
* The design vehicle appropriate for most types of transit service is the
“city-Bus” as defined by AASHTO.
34By Er. Harpreet Singh
36. Levels of intersection control
Passive control
> No control
> Traffic signs
> Traffic signs plus marking.
36By Er. Harpreet Singh
37. Levels of intersection control
Semi control
Channelization
Traffic rotaries
Active control
Traffic signals
Grade separated intersections
37By Er. Harpreet Singh
41. Unchannelized Intersections
Intersection area is paved and there is absolutely no
restriction to vehicles to use any part of intersection area.
Hence the un channelized (all-paved) intersections are the
lowest class of intersection, easiest in the design but most
complex in traffic operations
Resulting in maximum conflict area and more number of
accidents, unless controlled by traffic signals or police.
41By Er. Harpreet Singh
42. Types of unchannelized intersection:
Plain intersection:
No provision for additional
pavement width for turning
movements
Flared intersection:
Provision for additional
pavement width for turning
movements
42By Er. Harpreet Singh
43. Traffic island A small raised area in the middle of a road which
provides a safe place for pedestrians to stand and
marks a division between two opposing streams of
traffic.
(or)
A traffic island is a solid or painted object in a road
that channelizes traffic. It can also be a narrow strip of
island between roads that intersect at an acute angle.
If the island uses road markings only, without raised
kerbs or other physical obstructions, it is called
a painted island. Traffic islands can be used to reduce
the speed of vehicles driving through.
43By Er. Harpreet Singh
44. Types of Traffic islands Divisional Islands: Divisional islands are dividing the highway
in two one way road way so that head on collision are eliminated
and accidents are reduced.
Channelizing Islands: Channelizing islands guide the traffic
into proper channel through the intersection area.
Pedestrian loading Islands: They are provided at regular bus
stops and similar laces for the protection of passengers.
Rotary Islands: Rotary islands is the large central island of a
rotary intersection.
44By Er. Harpreet Singh
45. Rotary Islands
Rotary intersections or round
abouts are special form of at-
grade intersections laid out
for the movement of traffic in
one direction around a central
traffic island.
The vehicles entering the
rotary are gently forced to
move in a clockwise direction
in orderly fashion.
45By Er. Harpreet Singh
47. Width of the Rotary
IRC suggest that a two-lane of 7m width should be kept as 7m for
urban roads and 6.5 for rural roads.
Further for a three-lane road ofb10.5m is to be reduced to 7m and 7.5m
respectively for urban and rural roads.
The width of weaving section should be higher than the width at
entry and exit. The weaving with is given as,
Where e1 = width of carriageway at the entry
e2 = width of carriageway at the exit
W weaving= {(e1+e2)/2} +3.5 m
47By Er. Harpreet Singh
48. Capacity The capacity of rotary is determined by the capacity of each
weaving section. Transportation road research lab (TRL) proposed
the following empirical formula to find the capacity of the weaving
section.
where is the average entry and exit width, is the weaving width, is
the length of weaving, and is the proportion of weaving traffic to
the non-weaving traffic.
four types of movements at a weaving section, and are the non-
weaving traffic and are the weaving traffic.
48By Er. Harpreet Singh
49. New Concept to Design Rotary at
Road Intersections “Determine the radius of a circle in which
lengths of two chords ‘a’ and ‘b’ are known
and the chords meet at any point on the
periphery of the circle” ?..
The equation derived as solution of the
problem is given below. It is a quadratic
equation in terms of R2.
49By Er. Harpreet Singh
50. Design Consideration
i. Length of Intersecting straights with minimum site distances
recommended by I.R.C. are: 50 km/h.,
ii. Minimum Sight distance 15 m along minor roads S.K. Mahajan et
al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 96 ( 2013 ) 2791 –
2799 2795
iii. Weaving Distance = 110 m, 145 m, 180 m and 220 m for speeds
50 km/h., 65 km/h., 80 km/h, 100 km/h. respectively. Minimum
Weaving length: 30 to 50 m
iv. All traffic islands are constructed 200 mm higher than road level.
They are provided with lawn, statue or fountains, painted with
colours in contrast with the road pavement.
{1-(a/b)2} R4-{b2-5a2/4} R2 –(a2b2/2) = 0
50By Er. Harpreet Singh