This document discusses various modes of land transportation in India and globally. It describes different types of roads for urban areas like expressways, arterial roads, and local streets. It also defines basic transportation terminology like carriageways, gradients, and interchanges. The document outlines different types of road junctions including crossroads, T-junctions, and staggered junctions. It explains methods for grade separation like overpasses and underpasses. Finally, it provides details on various interchange designs used at grade-separated intersections such as diamond, trumpet, cloverleaf, rotary, and partial cloverleaf interchanges.
Thousands of years before urban planning, motor vehicles, or even the wheel, the first roads appeared on the landscape. Just as molecules coalesced into cells and cells into more complex organisms, our first roads were spontaneously formed by humans walking the same paths over and over to get water and find food. As small groups of people combined into villages, towns and cities, networks of walking paths became more formal roads. Following the introduction of the wheel about 7,000 years ago, the larger, heavier loads that could be transported showed the limitations of dirt paths that turned into muddy bogs when it rained. The earliest stone paved roads have been traced to about 4,000 B.C. in the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamia.
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
Thousands of years before urban planning, motor vehicles, or even the wheel, the first roads appeared on the landscape. Just as molecules coalesced into cells and cells into more complex organisms, our first roads were spontaneously formed by humans walking the same paths over and over to get water and find food. As small groups of people combined into villages, towns and cities, networks of walking paths became more formal roads. Following the introduction of the wheel about 7,000 years ago, the larger, heavier loads that could be transported showed the limitations of dirt paths that turned into muddy bogs when it rained. The earliest stone paved roads have been traced to about 4,000 B.C. in the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamia.
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
This slide is for the young minds who are keen to knew about the intersection.This presentation demonstrate everything about intersection .All rights are reserved by the authors,this is for only educational purposes and as per IRC guidelines.
TRAFFIC FLOW ANALYSIS & EFFICIENCY OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF A T-INTERSECTION, A...IAEME Publication
The major concern for a Highway Engineer in any road network system is an intersection.The heterogeneous traffic is more diverse in nature due to lane changing and lack of lane discipline characteristics of drivers’ in India. Our research is intended to check the efficiency and control of flow of traffic at “Tara Wala Pul (Bridge)-T intersection” , point out flaws (if any) in the geometric design and work out the possible solutions.
intersection are the space in which more than 2 roads crosses.types of road intersection,grade separated and at grade separated intersection.
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at grade intersection, channelized intersection, diamond intersection, different types of road intersection, directional intersection, grade separated intersection, otary intersection, partial coverleaf intersection, road intersection definition, road intersection diagrams, roadway intersection types, trumpet intersection, un channelized intersection
Opened in 1968 as part of the initial 37-kilometer (23 mi) NLEX segment between Quezon City and Guiguinto, Bulacan, it was one of the first projects of the Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines, now the Philippine National Construction Corporation (PNCC).
This slide is for the young minds who are keen to knew about the intersection.This presentation demonstrate everything about intersection .All rights are reserved by the authors,this is for only educational purposes and as per IRC guidelines.
TRAFFIC FLOW ANALYSIS & EFFICIENCY OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF A T-INTERSECTION, A...IAEME Publication
The major concern for a Highway Engineer in any road network system is an intersection.The heterogeneous traffic is more diverse in nature due to lane changing and lack of lane discipline characteristics of drivers’ in India. Our research is intended to check the efficiency and control of flow of traffic at “Tara Wala Pul (Bridge)-T intersection” , point out flaws (if any) in the geometric design and work out the possible solutions.
intersection are the space in which more than 2 roads crosses.types of road intersection,grade separated and at grade separated intersection.
intersection road
intersection tv series
the intersection grand rapids events
point of intersection calculator
intersection movie
intersection 1994
intersection season 4 on netflix
intersection grand rapids
at grade intersection, channelized intersection, diamond intersection, different types of road intersection, directional intersection, grade separated intersection, otary intersection, partial coverleaf intersection, road intersection definition, road intersection diagrams, roadway intersection types, trumpet intersection, un channelized intersection
Opened in 1968 as part of the initial 37-kilometer (23 mi) NLEX segment between Quezon City and Guiguinto, Bulacan, it was one of the first projects of the Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines, now the Philippine National Construction Corporation (PNCC).
Road Junctions and Grade Separators for Transportation Planning - A Junction is an area, where two or more roads join or cross, whose main function is to provide for the change of route directions.
Grade separation is a method developed to avoid the disruption of traffic flow at intersections. It is adopted at junctions where two or more surface transport axes cross with each other.
Grade separation is generally achieved by means of a vertical level.
defination of intersection and also different types of intersection with diagrams and also it consists of advantages and dis advantages of at grade intersection and grade separate intersection and also planning considerations and need of construction of intersection. it also consists of case study of chennai.
highway alignments and cross-sectional elements of a roadShyam P S
It explains about the highway alignments and cross-sectional elements of a road as per IRC. Also noted some important numerical values regarding the sectioning elements.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Need of Transportation
• Have you ever thought as to how items
in our daily life are brought from the site
of production?
• Human beings use various methods to
move goods and commodities from one
place to another.
4. Land Transport
• Urban
Expressway: Expressways are divided highways for through traffic with
full or partial control of access
• Arterial road:
They carry the largest volumes of traffic and longest trips in a city.
• Sub Arterial:
Road: This category of road follows all the functions of an Arterial Urb
an road and is characterized by mobility, and caters to through traffic
with restricted access from carriageway to the side.
• Distributor/Collector Roads:
these are connector roads, which distribute the traffic from access str
eets to arterial and sub arterial roads and contains moderate traffic.
• Local Street:
These are intended for neighbourhood (or local) use on which through traf
fic is to be discouraged.
• Access
Street: These are used for access functions to adjoining properties and are
as. A majority of trips in urban areas usually originate or terminate o
n these streets.
5. Basic Terminologies
• Auxiliary route: A highway that supplements a
major or mainline highway.
• Bus rapid transit (BRT): A bus-based public
transport system designed to improve capacity
and reliability relative to a conventional bus
system.
• Carriageway / roadway: A width of
road on which a vehicle is not
restricted by any physical barriers or
separation to move laterally. A
roadway can comprise one or more
carriageways; single carriageways may
contain both directions of traffic for
the roadway, while multiple
carriageways can separate traffic by
direction or type.
6. Basic Terminologies
• Grade, slope, incline, gradient, pitch or rise: The degree by which a
road rises or declines, affected by fills and cuts designed and built to
reduce the steepness of a road.
• Grade separation: The method of aligning a junction of two or more
road axes at different heights (grades) so that they will not disrupt the
traffic flow on other transit routes when they cross each other.
• Curb or kerb: Raised pavement situated along the edge of a roadway.
• A type of easement granted or reserved over the land
for transportation purposes, this can be for a highway,
public footpath, rail transport, canal, as well as electrical transmission
lines, oil and gas pipelines.
7. Design consideration of urban roads
S.No. Road Types
Design Speed
(kmph)
Space Standards
(m)
1 Urban Expressway 80 50-60
2 Arterial Road 50 50-80
3 Sub Arterial Road 50 30-50
4 Distributor/Collector Roads 30 12-30
5 Local Street 10-20 12-20
6 Access Street 15 6-15
Source: Urban Road, Code of Practice Part‐1, MoUD.
8. Carriageway Width for Roads
Sr.
No
Road Types Characteristics
Width of each
car/bus lane (m)
1 Urban Expressway Min. 6 lanes divided (using median) 3.0- 3.5m wide each
2 Arterial Road Min. 6 lanes divided (using a median) 3.0- 3.5m wide each
3 Sub Arterial Road Min. 4 lanes divided (using a median) 3.0- 3.5m wide each
4 Distributor/Collect
or Roads
Max. 4 lanes of 3.0m width each (excl
uding marking) or 2 lanes of 3.0 to 3.3
m width each (excluding marking) wit
h or without an intermittent median
2 lanes of 3.0 to 3.5
m width each
5 Local Street 1 to 2 lanes, (undivided);
traffic calming is required
2.75- 3.0m width
each (not for Bus)
6 Access Street 1 to 2 lanes, (undivided); of 2.75 to
3.0m width each
2.75- 3.0m width
each (not for Bus)
10. Types of junctions
• Cross Roads:
• Straight ahead or turning left:
• Straight ahead or turning left
• Courtesy at the crossroads
• T-Junction: A T-junction has three arms of which one arm is a main road whereas the other one is
usually a minor road connecting the main road.
• Y-Junction: A Y-junction has three arms of which all the three roads are of equal sizes. It is generally
seen at places of heavy traffic. It is pretty useful in the distribution of traffic.
• Acute Angle Junction: Generally Acute Angle Junctions are not preferably used. They create lot of
chaos in heavy traffic. The turning for heavy and bigger vehicles becomes a problem. This creates
chaos and traffic.
• Staggered Junction: A staggered junction is a place where several roads meet a main road at a
slight distance apart thus they do not all come together at the same point.
• Multiple Junction: When multiple roads meet at a same point, the junction is termed as “Multiple
Junction”.
11. Grade separation method
• Grade separation is a method developed to avoid the disruption of traffic
flow at intersections. Grade separation is adopted at junctions where two
or more surface transport axes cross with each other.
Types of Grade Separation
• Grade separation can be achieved by two types of intersections and they
are :
– Overpass
– Underpass
12. Overpass, Underpass and
Interchanges
• Overpass: When the vertical profile of one highway is raised with the help
of embankments and over-bridge arrangement to eliminate intersection
with another highway on ground level, then it is said to be overpass.
• Underpass: Similarly, when the vertical profile of one highway is lowered
with respect to ground level in the form of tunnel to avoid intersection
with another highway then it is said to be underpass.
• Interchanges: Grade separation eliminates intersection of traffic flow at
junctions but it is incomplete without provision for interchanges.
Interchanges facilitates the change of direction of traffic from one highway
to another highway at intersections. Interchange ramps at grade
separations can be provided in three different types and they are :
– Direct interchange
– Semi-direct interchange
– Indirect interchange
13. Types of Interchanges
• Different types of interchanges at grade
separated intersections are as follows :
– Diamond Interchange: The diamond Interchange
is the simplest form of grade separated
intersection between two roadways. The conflicts
between through and crossing traffic are
eliminated by a bridge structure. This particular
intersection has four one way ramps which are
essentially parallel to the major artery. The left
turn crossing movement conflicts are
considerably reduced by eliminating the conflict
with the traffic in opposite direction.
– Trumpet Interchange: Trumpet interchanges
have been used where one highway terminates
at another highway. These involve at least one
loop ramp connecting traffic either entering or
leaving the terminating expressway with the far
lanes of the continuous highway.
14. Types of Interchanges
– Cloverleaf Interchange: There are two
points of entry and exit on each through
roadway. The first exit is provided before the
cross road structure allows right turn
movements. The second exit, immediately
after the cross road structure, allows for left
turn movements. A weaving section is
created between the exit and entry points
near the structure.
Although cloverleaf interchanges eliminate the undesirable crossing
movements of diamond interchanges, they have the disadvantages
of greater travel distances, higher operating costs, difficult merging
sections, circuitry of travel, large areas for loops, sight distances to
exits at the other side of the bridge, confusion caused by turning
right to go left and large rights-of-way occasioned by the radius
requirements necessary for satisfactory speeds on the ramps.
15. Types of Interchanges
– Rotary Interchange: Rotary interchange is
provided at circular junctions where traffic is
permitted to flow in one direction around
Central Island and one road axis is raised
above the rotary intersection to allow grade
separation.
– Partial Cloverleaf Interchange: Partial clover
leaf or parclo is a modification that combines
some elements of a diamond interchange with
one or more loops of a cloverleaf to eliminate
only the more critical turning conflicts. This is
the most popular freeway -to- arterial
interchange.
