This document discusses Hildegard Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations in nursing. It outlines Peplau's concepts of person, environment, and health. It also describes the six nursing roles in Peplau's theory - stranger, resource, teacher, counselor, surrogate, and leader. Finally, it summarizes Peplau's four developmental stages of the nurse-client relationship: orientation, identification, working, and resolution/termination.

1. Prepared by:-
Mrs. D. Melba Sahaya Sweety
Msc Nursing
Pediatric Nursing Department
GIMSAR
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

2. INTRODUCTION
• Hildegard E. Peplau (September 1, 1909 – March
17, 1999) was an American nurse and the first
published nursing theorist since Florence
Nightingale. She created the middle-range nursing
theory of interpersonal relations, which helped to
revolutionize the scholarly work of nurses. As a
primary contributor to mental health law reform, she
led the way towards humane treatment of patients
with behavior and personality disorders.
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

3. MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
•PERSON :-
A Developing organism
that tries to reduce
anxiety caused by
needs
•ENVIRONMENT :-
Existing forces
outside the organism
and in the context of
culture
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

4. MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
HEALTH :-
A word symbol that implies
forward movement of
personality and other
onoing human processes
in the direction of
creative, constructive,
productive,personal and
community living.
• NURSING :-
A significant therapeutic
interpersonal process. It
functions cooperatively
with other human process
that make heaith possible
for individuals in
communtiesChinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

5. • Peplau describes the six nursing roles that lead into the
different phases:
• Stranger role: Peplau states that when the nurse and patient
first meet, they are strangers to one another. Therefore, the
patient should be treated with respect and courtesy, as
anybody would expect to be treated. The nurse should not
prejudge the patient or make assumptions about the patient,
but take the patient as he or she is. The nurse should treat
the patient as emotionally stable unless evidence states
otherwise.Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

6. • Resource role: The nurse provides answers to
questions primarily on health information. The
resource person is also in charge of relaying
information to the patient about the treatment plan.
Usually the questions arise from larger problems,
therefore the nurse would determine what type of
response is appropriate for constructive learning.
The nurse should provide straightforward answers
when providing information on counseling.
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

7. • Teaching role: The teaching role is a role that is a
combination of all roles. Peplau determined that
there are two categories that the teaching role
consists of: Instructional and experimental. The
instructional consists of giving a wide variety of
information that is given to the patients and
experimental is using the experience of the learner
as a starting point to later form products of learning
which the patient makes about their experiences.
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

8. • Counseling role: Peplau believes that
counselling has the biggest emphasis in
psychiatric nursing. The counselor role
helps the patient understand and remember
what is going on and what is happening to
them in current life situations. Also, to
provide guidance and encouragement to
make changes.
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

9. • Surrogate role: The patient is responsible for
putting the nurse in the surrogate role. The
nurse’s behaviors and attitudes create a feeling
tone for the patient that trigger feelings that
were generated in a previous relationship. The
nurse helps the patient recognize the
similarities and differences between the nurse
and the past relationship.Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

10. • Leadership role: Helps the patient assume
maximum responsibility for meeting
treatment goals in a mutually satisfying
way. The nurse helps the patient meet
these goals through cooperation and active
participation with the nurse.
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

11. Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

12. PEPLAU'S DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE NURSE-CLIENT
RELATIONSHIP
Orientation Phase
• The orientation phase is initiated by the nurse. This is the
phase during which the nurse and the patient become
acquainted, and set the tone for their relationship, which will
ultimately be patient centered. During this stage, it is important
that a professional relationship is established, as opposed to a
social relationship. This includes clarifying that the patient is
the center of the relationship, and that all interactions are, and
will be centered around helping the patient.
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

13. • This phase is usually progressed through during a
highly impressionable phase in the nurse-client
relationship, because the orientation phase occurs
shortly after admission to a hospital, when the client
is becoming accustomed to a new environment and
new people. The nurse begins to know the patient as
a unique individual, and the patient should sense
that the nurse is genuinely interested in them. Trust
begins to develop, and the client begins to
understand their role, the nurse's role, and the
parameters and boundaries of their relationship.Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

14. •Identification Phase
•The client begins to identify problems
to be worked on within relationship.
The goal of the nurse is to help the
patient to recognize his/her own
interdependent/participation role and
promote responsibility for self.
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

15. • Exploitation Phase / Working Phase
• During the Working Phase, the nurse and the patient
work to achieve the patient's full potential, and meet
their goals for the relationship. A sign that the transition
from the orientation phase to the working phase has been
made, is if the patient can approach the nurse as a
resource, instead of feeling a social obligation to the
nurse (Peplau, 1997). The client fully trusts the nurse,
and makes full use of the nurse's services and
professional abilities. The nurse and the patient work
towards discharge and termination goal.
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

16. • Resolution Phase/Termination Phase
• The termination phase of the nurse client
relationship occurs after the current goals for the
client have been met. The nurse and the client
summarize and end their relationship. One of the
key aspects of a nurse-client relationship, as
opposed to a social relationship, is that it is
temporary, and often of short duration (Peplau,
1997).
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

17. • In a more long term relationship, termination can
commonly occur when a patient is discharged from a
hospital setting, or a patient dies. In more short term
relationships, such as a clinic visit, an emergency room
visit, or a health bus vaccination visit, the termination
occurs when the patient leaves, and the relationship is
usually less complex. However, in most situations, the
relationship should terminate once the client has
established increased self-reliance to deal with their own
problems.
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety

18. THANK YOU
Chinna Chadayan & Melba Sahaya Sweety