This document discusses various methods of sampling in research. It begins by defining sampling as selecting a portion of the population to represent the whole and notes its importance for statistical inferences. It then covers the purposes of sampling such as being economical and improving data quality. The document outlines characteristics of a good sample such as being representative and free from bias. It also discusses principles of sampling and the sampling process. The main types of sampling techniques for quantitative and qualitative research are described in detail, including probability, non-probability, and specific techniques within each. The strengths and weaknesses of different approaches are compared. Factors to consider for determining sample size and minimizing errors are also reviewed.
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behaviour in the production and consumption of health and health care.
In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of health care systems and health- affecting behaviour such as smoking.
It is the discipline of economics applied to the health care.
This ppt covers problems on Stratified Random Sampling in this you will find Equal Number of Units from Each Stratum
Proportional Allocation
Neyman’s Allocation
Optimum Allocation
his is the first in a series of interactive webinars designed to build capacity in the basic principles of knowledge translation and implementation science.
WATCH-ON DEMAND: https://goo.gl/hnp8gi
Relationship Between Teachers Motivation and Students Academic Performanceijtsrd
This paper examined the impact of teacher motivation on academic performance of students. It proceeded by defining teacher motivation as a general term applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes and similar forces initiated for teachers, in order to induce them to act in desireable academically productive manner. On the other hands, it considered academic performance as the outcome of education; it constitute the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals. Determinants of teacher-learner interactions for better students academic performance were found to include -the status of teachers, class size, increasing workload, professional freedom, the work environment, teacher education and professional development, teachers' salaries and negotiations and consultations. Impacts of teacher motivation on the academic performance of students include among others-teacher motivation provides the de- sire in students to learn. This is because learners are encouraged to learn, to express themselves through answering questions, taking parts in both individual and group assignments; infact get involved or committed in the learning process by acquiring ideas, skills and concepts for total development. Finally, it was recommended among others that teacher should be paid salaries comparable with other professions requiring a similar level of qualifications and responsibility, making it possible for them to live with dignity on the salary from their work and not be forced to take on additional jobs Ms. J. Josely | Mrs. Vandana Devi"Relationship Between Teachers Motivation and Students Academic Performance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14422.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/14422/relationship-between-teachers-motivation-and-students-academic-performance/ms-j-josely
sampling design methods in research it discuses about what is research, types of research and types of sampling design it considering about probability and non-probability sampling
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behaviour in the production and consumption of health and health care.
In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of health care systems and health- affecting behaviour such as smoking.
It is the discipline of economics applied to the health care.
This ppt covers problems on Stratified Random Sampling in this you will find Equal Number of Units from Each Stratum
Proportional Allocation
Neyman’s Allocation
Optimum Allocation
his is the first in a series of interactive webinars designed to build capacity in the basic principles of knowledge translation and implementation science.
WATCH-ON DEMAND: https://goo.gl/hnp8gi
Relationship Between Teachers Motivation and Students Academic Performanceijtsrd
This paper examined the impact of teacher motivation on academic performance of students. It proceeded by defining teacher motivation as a general term applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes and similar forces initiated for teachers, in order to induce them to act in desireable academically productive manner. On the other hands, it considered academic performance as the outcome of education; it constitute the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals. Determinants of teacher-learner interactions for better students academic performance were found to include -the status of teachers, class size, increasing workload, professional freedom, the work environment, teacher education and professional development, teachers' salaries and negotiations and consultations. Impacts of teacher motivation on the academic performance of students include among others-teacher motivation provides the de- sire in students to learn. This is because learners are encouraged to learn, to express themselves through answering questions, taking parts in both individual and group assignments; infact get involved or committed in the learning process by acquiring ideas, skills and concepts for total development. Finally, it was recommended among others that teacher should be paid salaries comparable with other professions requiring a similar level of qualifications and responsibility, making it possible for them to live with dignity on the salary from their work and not be forced to take on additional jobs Ms. J. Josely | Mrs. Vandana Devi"Relationship Between Teachers Motivation and Students Academic Performance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14422.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/14422/relationship-between-teachers-motivation-and-students-academic-performance/ms-j-josely
sampling design methods in research it discuses about what is research, types of research and types of sampling design it considering about probability and non-probability sampling
Sampling - everything you need to know in the basics of sampling!!!!Anju George
This presentation deals with basic terminologies, characteristics, purposes, sampling process, factors influencing, non probability, probability sampling, sample size determination, For more PPTs in nursing research visit https://www.slideshare.net/AnjuJijo
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. 1. INTRODUCTION
Sampling process of selecting
portion of population to represent
entire population
Representative Unit of entire
population
Reflect study character of
population.
Significant of statistical
inferences
Ex- Study to assess the prevalence of co morbidities of Diabetic patients
4
Sampling
6. Sample
Sampling
Plan
Sample size
Selection methods
Sampling unit
Describe Accessible population
& Sampling Frame
6/11/2020 10
Define Population
(Identify & Target)
Constructing list
6.SAMPLINGPROCESS
Probability/Non Probability
Inclusion/Exclusion
Representative Unit
Chart of Plan
Calculation based on formula
Subjects
8. 7. TYPES OF SAMPLINGTECHNIQUES
6/11/2020 12
7.a
Probability /
Random
sampling
• Each sample unit
in a group has an
equal chance of
being selected.
7.b
Non-probability/
Non-Random
sampling
• Choice of
sample group
by researcher.
10. 6/11/2020
14
7. a. TYPES OF SAMPLING….. PROBABILITY…..
Probability / Random Sampling - ‘4S’C
Simple
Random
Stratified
Random
Systematic Cluster Sequential
Proportionate Disproportionate
One - Stage
Two - Stage
Multi - Stage
11. 7.a.1.Simple Random Sampling
Basic design, identify accessible
population & prepare sampling
frame.
Each member in frame equal
probability of selection.
Techniques
Lottery method,
Table of random numbers
Use of computers
Equal chance for drawing
each unit
7.a.TYPES OF SAMPLING- PROBABILITY…
12. 6/11/2020 16
7.a. TYPES OF SAMPLING….. PROBABILITY
7.a.1.Simple Random Sampling - LOTTERY METHOD
Each member attributed to
Unique number.
All Unique number placed
through
inside hat or bowl, blended
manner
chosen by the
become the
Number
researcher
subjects.
13. 6/11/2020 17
7.a.1.Simple Random Sampling - RANDOM NUMBERS
Include each sample number
/ Name list
Each sample number/name
placed in table
Number chosen - become
subjects.
Replacement/ Non
replacement method possible.
7.a.TYPES OF SAMPLING- PROBABILITY…
14. 6/11/2020 18
7.a.1.Simple Random Sampling – Use of computers
Large samples - Computer
aided random selection
Software - MINITAB and
Excel, SPSS.
Replacement
replacement
possible
/ Non
method
7.a.TYPES OF SAMPLING- PROBABILITY…
15. ⚫ Heterogenous population
more groups of
⚫ Divide two or
homogenous population
subgroups/strata based
called
on
criterion randomly selects subjects
⚫ Weightage sample/proportion
◦ Proportionate
◦ Disproportionate
7.a.2. Stratified Random Sampling
7.a.TYPES OF SAMPLING- PROBABILITY…
Ex- Assess the relationship between the Obesity and D
6/1
i1
a
/2
b
02
e
0tes in selected community 19
16. to all
size of all population.
Fraction Not equal
subgroups
Example of Proportionate & Dis Proportionate
stratified random sampling
Proportionate Dis-
Proportionate
STARTUM A B C A B C
Population
size
100 200 300 100 200 300
Sampling
fraction
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/6
Final
sample
size
50 100 150 50 50 50
7.a.2. Stratified Random Sampling…..
a. PROPORTIONATE
Subjects in proportion to size
of equal to all population.
Fraction equal to all
subgroups
b. DISPROPORTIONATE
Subjects Not proportion to
7.a.TYPES OF SAMPLING- PROBABILITY…
Ex- Assess the relationship between the Obesity and Diabetes in selected community 20
17. 6/11/2020 21
7.a.TYPES OF SAMPLING- PROBABILITY…
7.a.3. Systematic Random Sampling
Sample members selected by
random in starting point and fixed
as per Sampling interval
K= Number of subjects in target population (N)
Size of Sample (n)
Selection every kth (case) subject
from list are selected as samples .
18. 22
7.a.3. Systematic Random Sampling…..
K=N / n
Example:
N = 1200 and n = 60
Interval = 1200/60 = 20
Randomly select a number between 1 and 20
1st person selected = the 8th on the list
2nd person = 8 + 20 = the 28th
3nd person = 28 + 20 = the 48th
4th person = 48 + 20 = the 68th etc……
6/11/2020
7.a.TYPES OF SAMPLING- PROBABILITY…
19. ⚫Select subjects ,
probability technique
based on
such as
6/11/2020 23
7.a.4. Cluster / Multi stage Sampling
⚫ Large population - states, cities,
districts.
⚫Target population – divide to
subpopulations / clusters
7.a.TYPES OF SAMPLING- PROBABILITY…
Simple/ Stratified random sampling.
Ex- Assess the level of stress among school going adolescents in selected schools .
20. 7.a.TYPES OF SAMPLING- PROBABILITY…..
7.a.4. Cluster / Multi stage Sampling…..
⚫One stage - all the elements within
cluster are selected as final sample
& all individual units as subjects.
⚫Two stage - randomly select some
clusters
population,
first from the
then use simple
given
and
stratified random sampling to select
subjects as per inclusion.
⚫Multi stage - more than two levels
- Ex –Nation ,Cites & districts
Ex- Assess the level of stress among school going adolescents in selected schools, Tamilnadu
6/11/2020 24
21. 25
No.of.
Subject
s
Smoker
(A)
Non
Smoker
(B)
Having
Corona
A B
20 7 12 2 1
30 18 22 5 3
60 28 23 10 4
110 53 57 17 8
7.a.5. Sequential Sampling
Sample size not fixed
Start with small sample
and tries to get inferences
If not able to draw and add
more subjects until
7.a.TYPES OF SAMPLING- PROBABILITY…
inferences drawn
Ex- Assess the risk factor of acquiring of corona in COVID 19 clients
6/11/2020
23. 27
7.b.1. Convenience Sampling
Researcher accessible /
Proximity.
Accidental sampling- Subjects
are chosen simple way easy to
recruit.
Fast, Inexpensive & less time
consuming.
Ex - Assess the attitude of mental illness among geriatric people..
6/11/2020
24. 7.b.2.Purposive Sampling
⚫ Recruits
“purpose” in
subjects with
mind who fit
their criteria.
⚫ Selection based on
experience or knowledge of
group to be sampled…
⚫Judgmental / Authoritative
sampling”.
Ex – Assess level of depression among COVID 19 patients in chennai
25. . Depends on trait considered
basis of quota
Ex-age, gender, education, religion
and socio economic status.
equal or
representation
Identifies
proportionate
of subjects
7.b.3.Quota Sampling
Ex – Assess level of self esteem among B.Sc Nursing College students
26. 7.b.4. Consecutive Sampling
⚫Small size population
⚫All available subjects who are
meeting the preset inclusion
and exclusion criteria.
⚫ Total Enumerative sampling
Example: Assess QOL of post kidney transplant patients
27. Initial potential sample members
7.b.5.Snowball Sampling
and they are asked to refer other
members who meet the eligibility
criteria.
Study participants continues
participant referrals otherwise it
difficult to identify.
Network / Chain referral sampling
Ex – Assess the QOL among transgenders
28. 7.b.5.Snowball Sampling -Types
Linear
Subject refers only one other subject
Exponential Non-Discriminative
Subject gives multiple referrals and
each referral gives some more until
required sample size is reached.
⚫Exponential discriminative
Subject refers multiple people but only
one is chosen as sample
30. 6/11/2020 34
7. SAMPLING– QUALITATIVE METHOD
Ex – Assess lived experiences of COVID 19 patients in selected settings
31. 8.STRENGTHS & W
EAKNESSES
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Strengths
⚫ Representative samples
⚫ Estimate the level of sampling
error
⚫ Reduce selection bias
⚫ Stronger design
Weaknesses
⚫ Difficult to construct sampling
frame
⚫ Expensive
⚫ Inconvenience and complexity
⚫ Time consuming
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Strengths
⚫ Low cost
⚫ Convenient
⚫ Not time consuming
Weaknesses
⚫ Selection bias
⚫ Sample not representative
⚫ Does not allow
generalization
⚫ Subjective
⚫ Weaker design
6/11/2020 35
32. 6/11/2020 36
9.SAMPLE SIZE
9. Need sample size estimation
Mathematical estimation of the subjects /units.
Small sample - fail to detect significant inferences
Large sample - wastage resources.
Optimum size is required for
Appropriate analysis.
Accuracy
Validity of significance test
Generalization
33. 9.SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
6/11/2020 37
Formula/
Power
Analysis
Nomo
grams
(Chart)
Computer
software
Ex: Epi-info,
Raosoft
9.Quantitative studies – No Thumb Rule
SAMPLE SIZE
Ready Made
Table
35. 9.SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION …..
9. Quantitative studies – 2.Nomograms
• Nomogram – Nomograph or
alignment chart,, is a graphical
calculating
dimensional
device, a two-
diagram designed
for experimental study.
• The research should decide the
sample size based on effect
that is clinically important to
detect.
36. 9. Quantitative studies – 3.POWER ANALYSIS
⚫Determine effects of the study to
detect differences or
relationships that actually exist
in the population
⚫ Measure capacity to accept or
reject a null hypothesis
⚫ Minimum acceptable power - 80
9.SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION …..
37. 6/11/2020 41
9.SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Estimation of Sample size – 3.Power Analysis
Requirements for calculating sample size
38. ⚫n = sample size
⚫N = size of the eligible population
⚫t2 = square value of the standard
deviation score
⚫P = % population which we computing
the sample size
⚫q = 1-p (remaining % of Population)
⚫d2 = confidence interval
n = (1- n / N) X t2 ( p X q)
Descriptive study
8.SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
8. Quantitative studies – 3.POWER ANALYSIS
d2
Confidence Interval calculation
41. 6/11/2020 45
9.SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
8. Quantitative studies – Using Computer….
Automated
software program
Calculate required
sample size
42. 6/11/2020 46
Data saturation
Numbers of factors
Scope of research
9. Qualitative study
Thumb Rule
10 to less
20 to 30
25 to 50
9.SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION …..
1 to 3
based on
theme
10-50
43. 10. SAMPLINGERRORS
Sampling error
selected sample
deviation of
from true
characteristics, traits,
figures of
behaviors,
entire
qualities or
population
⚫ Non-sampling Error
Biases and mistakes in selection of
sample.
⚫ Sampling Error:
Difference
and population
between
values
sample
considered
as sampling error.,
Subset - Individual differences, random
and systematic error
44. 10. M
INIMIZEOF SAMPLINGERRORS …..
Prepare updated sampling frame
Use appropriate probability sampling
Technique.
Minimizes the stages sampling.
Appropriate sample size
Small – Increase sampling error
Large – decrease sampling error
Reduction Attrition rates
46. Sampling is the part of every day life
Adopt the requirement of
Use probability sample methods
Appropriate sample size
Saves budget & time Saves
budget & time.
Reduce sampling errors & enhance
quality of research
10. CONCLUSION
47. REFERENCES
Creswell, J., W. (2012) Educational research:
Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative
and Qualitative Research, 4th ed.
Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and
Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Suresh K sharma (2016) .Nursing research and
staistics, 2nd edition, Elseivers Publications
Parahoo K (2006) 2nd ed. Nursing Research:
Principles, Process and Issues Basingstock ,
Palgrave Macmillan
Polit D, Hungler B (1991 ) 4th ed. Nursing
Research London Lippincott
6/11/2020 51