This is lecture of Advanced GIS (ITM 524), MSc in Information Technology for Natural Resources Management, Bogor Agricultural University. This topics covered: Internet & World Wide Web, Web Mapping, Internet GIS, Web Mapping Services Model, Spatial Data Infrastructure.

1. Internet GIS
Advanced GIS (ITM 524)
Iwan Setiawan
iwan@agrisoft.co.id
@MySetiawan

2. Agenda:
• Internet & World Wide Web
• Web Mapping
• Internet GIS
• Web Mapping Services Model
• Spatial Data Infrastructure

3. Internet
• A global computer network providing
a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of
interconnected networks using
standardized communication
protocols
• Designed for US Military (http://
dir.yahoo.com/
Computers_and_internet/Internet/
History/)

4. History of Internet
• ARPANET (Advanced Research
Project Agency Network): 60’s
• UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, Stanford,
Univ. of Utah.
• Internetworking

5. Internet-based Services
• E-Mail
• Chat (IRC)
• File Transfer (FTP)
• Remote Access (telnet)
• World Wide Web (Web)
• VoIP

6. Computer Network
Links
Node-A Node-B
Network
Node-C

7. Computer Network
• Stand-alone computer: A PC by itself
without connecting to other
computers
• Network: Two or more computers and
other devices connected together are
called a network.
• Networking: Concept of connected
computers sharing resources

8. Internet

9. World Wide Web
• A system of Internet servers that support
specially formatted documents. The
documents are formatted in a markup
language called HTML (HyperText
Markup Language) that supports links to
other documents, as well as graphics,
audio, and video files.

10. World Wide Web
• Invented by Tim Berners Lee (1990)
• Maintained by W3C
• Document Format : HTML
• Protocol : HTTP

11. World Wide Web
• Personal/corporate
• e-Commerce, e-Government, e-
Learning, etc
• News/information/community/
corporate portal

12. Web Environment
• Web Server
• Web Browser
• HTTP
• URL

13. HTTP
• HTTP = Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of
the languages spoken over the Internet, to
transmit data.
• Web services, which use HTTP to allow
applications to communicate in order to
exchange business logic, use the the Web to
share

14. HTTP Request
HTTP HTTP
Web Web Server and
Browser File System

15. Web Server &
Web Browser
2. Server fetches
Client machine Server machine
document from
local file
Browser Web server
OS
3. Response
1. Get document request

16. Uniform Resource
Locator (URL)
• Uniform (or universal) resource locator, the
address of a World Wide Web page.
• A URL is one type of Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI); the generic term for all
types of names and addresses that refer to
objects on the World Wide Web.
• Example:
• file://ftp.serverku.co.id/umum/files/webprog.doc
• news://news.serverku.co.id/soc.culture.indonesia

17. Uniform Resource
Locator (URL)
• Every URL consists of some of the
following:
• the scheme name (commonly called protocol),
followed by a colon, two slashes, then, depending on
scheme, a server name (exp. ftp., www., smtp., etc)
followed by a dot (.) then a domain name
(alternatively, IP address), a port number, the path of
the resource to be fetched or the program to be run,
then, for programs such as Common Gateway
Interface (CGI) scripts, a query string, and an optional
fragment identifier.

18. URL Structure
Protocol Domain Port Resource
Scheme Name Number Location
http ://www.domainname.com :80 /path/subdir/files.html

19. Domain Name System

20. Web Programming Env.
• Script (Language): HTML, JavaScript,XML, PHP, ASP, etc
• Interface Design: CSS
• Editor: Kedit,vi,notepad, Dreamweaver, Editplus, etc
• Operating System: Windows, Linux, Mac OS
• Web Server: Apache, IIS, PWS
• Web Browser: Navigator, IE, Mozilla, Opera, Chrome, Safari

21. GIS Concept
vector raster attribute data
Data recording + +
. .
tables . polygons
Data Geo- lines
organization database
..
. points
Data analysis
tables maps
Data output +

22. GIS Visualization
Basis Data
Spasial

23. GIS Visualization
www
Visualization
Process
http Internet SIG /
Web Mapping
Basis Data
Spasial

24. GIS Visualization
www
Visualization
Process
http Internet SIG /
Web Mapping
Cetak
Basis Data
Spasial

25. GIS Visualization
www
Visualization
Process
http Internet SIG /
Web Mapping
Cetak
Basis Data
Spasial
Multi-Media

26. Why Publish on Web?
Advantages
– True cross-paltform ability
– Widely available
– Very cheap medium
Disadvantages
– Difficult to charge for use
– Limited audience
– Audio, animation and true interactively not directly
supported
– Limited graphical quality (72 dpi resolution)
– Limited formats (15” screens)
– Limited colour quality (RGB, 256 colours)
• Design should be specially made for WWW

27. What do I say to whom
and is it effective?

28. What do I say to whom
and is it effective?

29. Evolution of
Distributed GIS
High
Distributed
GIServices
Interact Web  Java Beans / Applets
Mapping  Corba / Java
Functionality
Static Web  ActiveX Controls
 Dynamic HTML  Application Server
Mapping  Scripts  DCOM
 Plug-in  Componen – based
Static Map  HTML Forms  ActiveX Controls  XML
Publishing  Tables  Servlets  .Net
 CGI
 HTML  ISAPI
 Static Map  NSAPI
Image
Low
Low Interactivity High

30. Factors involved in web
map design:
• Analysis of geospatial data and definition of
map content
• Analysis of required perception levels
• Application of the graphic variables:
• colour, size, orientation, form, value and texture
• derived variables: transparency, shadow, shading
• Application of multi-media elements:
• Animation, sound and video
• Production constraints:
• Technology, manpower, costs

31. Static Map Publishing
• An electronic copy of a paper map
• Embedding maps as graphic images like GIF,
JPEG, and Portable Network Graphic (PNG)
inside an HTML page.
• A static map publishing does not support
feature data at the client side and does not
have map-rendering tools.
• Acrobat’s PDF file is another popular method
to publish map on the web.

32. Embedding Map Images
in HTML Documents
• Make a map as one of the many graphic image formats,
such as GIF, JPEG, and PNG or PDF. Then embed these
map image files inside the HTML documents using <IMG>
tag or element in the HTML
<IMG SRC=“/maps/kotabogor.gif” ALIGN=“center” ALT=“A
Kota Bogor Maps”>
• The map could also be linked with another map images or
HTML pages
<A HREF=“about_ktbgr.htm”> <IMG SRC=“/maps/
kotabogor.gif”>

33. Static Map Publishing
• Clickable Maps
refers to a map that links to separate
information about different parts of the map
image
• Architecture of Static Web Publishing
• The Client: Web Browser
• The Glue: HTTP
• The Server: HTTP Server

34. Web publishing set-up

35. Architecture of static
map publishing
Tier1 Tier2 Tier3
Map
HTML Servers
Web Document
Browsers HTTP
HTTP DBMS
(HTML &
Forms)
CGI
Application
Servers
Web Internet Web Server
Client TCT/IP Server Applications

36. Architecture of CGI-
based Internet GIS
User Send
Request Variables
WWW Invoke
WWW CGI GIS
Server
Browser SCRIPT Server
Deliver (http) Translate Return
Results Results Result

37. Interactive Web Mapping
• More interactions between user and
the client interface and more client-
side processing and functionalities
than static web mapping applications

38. Work process of
GIS plug-ins
Request GIS
WWW Data Object WWW
Browser Server
Send GIS
Browser does not Data
understand data
type
Search for Plug-ins
or helper programs No GIS Plug-in to
on the local system Support Data
Yes Load GIS
Plug-in
GIS Data
Displayed

39. Plug-in setup
(Adobe Acrobat)

40. Plug-in setup (Java)

41. Work process of
Java applets
Request GIS
Data Object
WWW WWW Server
Browser (Java Applet)
Send Java Applet
and GIS Data
Java Applet and
GIS Data Display

42. Work Procces of
ActiveX controls
Request GIS
Data Object
WWW WWW
Browser Server
Send ActiveX Control
and Data Object
GIS Control and
GIS Data
Display

43. Server-side CGI set-up

44. Dynamic architecture
for Web map services
Scenario A (Thin Client) Scenario B (Medium Client)
Client Client
GIS Display GIS Display
Component Component
Container Container
Render
Download
Server Server
Display Display
GIS GIS
Component DEG Component DEG
Container Container
Filter Filter

45. Internet GIS
• What is Internet GIS:
• Internet GIS is a research and application that
utilizes the Internet to facilitate the access,
processing and dissemination of geographic
information and spatial analysis knowledge.
• Network based GIS that utilizes the Internet to
access remote geographic information and geo-
processing tools.
• Part of Distributed GIS

46. The impact of Internet
on GIS
• GIS data access
• Provide easy access to acquire GIS data
from different data providers.
• Spatial information dissemination
• General public can directly access and
explore spatial information from their
web browser.
• GIS processing
• Conduct GIS processing and analysis (in
the future..).

47. Geographic Information
Services Architecture
• Traditional System
• Closed, centralized system (interface program
and data), platform dependent and application
dependent.
• Client/Server System
• Allowed distributed clients to access a server
remotely by using distributed computing
technique such as ODBC (Open database
connectivity).
• Distributed Services
• Can connect and interact with multiple and
heterogeneous systems and platforms at the
same time (online processes of information).

48. Distributed GIS
• Network based GIS that utilizes the
Internet access and other networking
communication systems to perform
data presentation, data exchange data
analysis and data dissemination.

49. Distributed GIS
• Integrated Client/Server System
• Thin client: little logic processing at the client server.
• Thick client: most logic processing is performed at the
client side.
• Web Base Interactive System

50. Distributed GIS
• Cross Platform and Interoperable
• Can be accessible across platform
regardless of what operating system
the user is running.
• Interoperable; the ability to access
many form of GIS data and
functions in the heterogeneous
environment.

51. Basic Components of
Internet GIS
• The client
• Is a place for users to interact with geographic
information and function in Internet GIS.
• Web Server and Application Server
• Web Server: respond to request from web
browsers via HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol).
• Application Server: acts as connector/
translator between the web server and map
server.

52. Basic Components of
Internet GIS
• Map Server/Spatial Server
• A component that provides GIS function
such as spatial queries, conducts spatial
analysis and generates maps based on the
user’s request. I.e: ArcIMS, Map Server,
MapXtreme
• Data Server
• Holds and serves data, spatial and non-
spatial.

53. Basic Components of
Mobile GIS
• Mobile Device Clients
• Wireless Communication Networks
• Gateway Services
• Translating the user request to HTTP
request for the web server and send the
output into different format to fits the
user’s mobile devices.
• Internet GIS Server
• Data Server

55. How Does it Work?
Interfaces based on the
OpenGIS Specification

56. Open Geospastial
Consortium (OGC)

57. Standard
• WMS (Web Map Service)
• WFS (Web Feature Service)
• WCS (Web Coverage Service)
• G3 (Geoparser, Gazetteer, Geocoder)
• GML (Geographic Markup Language)
• ...

58. Spatial Data
Infrastructure
Regional
National
National
(FGDC)
Global
(GSDI) Regional

59. Core component of the SDI
Partnerships

60. Core component of the SDI
GEOdata
Partnerships

61. Core component of the SDI
Framework GEOdata
Partnerships

62. Core component of the SDI
Metadata
Framework GEOdata
Partnerships

63. Core component of the SDI
Clearinghouse & Web Mapping
Metadata
Framework GEOdata
Partnerships

64. Core component of the SDI
Clearinghouse & Web Mapping
Metadata
Framework GEOdata
Standards
Partnerships

65. Tomorrow: A Global Infrastructure Enabled
Through Partnerships, Standards, Technology
Users s
Businesses
s
Citizens
s
Government
Internet
Service Web-Enabled
Clearinghouse Map Catalog
Services
Services Services Registry
Internet
Registered
Data
Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata
Servers
Imagery Elevation Hydrography Demographics Health Geodetic Transportation
Control
Environment Economic Crime

66. Tomorrow: A Global Infrastructure Enabled
Through Partnerships, Standards, Technology
Users s
Businesses
s
Citizens
s
Government
Internet
Service •E-Commerce Web-Enabled
Clearinghouse Map Catalog •Authentication Services
•Other
Services Services Registry
Internet
Registered
Data
Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata
Servers
Imagery Elevation Hydrography Demographics Health Geodetic Transportation
Control
Environment Economic Crime

67. Clearing house &
Metadata
• Search and Discovery via Clearinghouse
• Clearinghouse Registration

68. What is Clearing house?
• Distributed service to locate geospatial
data based on their characteristics
expressed in metadata
• Clearinghouse allows one to pose a
query of all or a portion of the
community in a single session
• Like a spatial AltaVista

69. Discovery in Clearinghouse
Service Clearinghouse
Registry Nodes
Web Web
Client Server
User Gateway(s)
HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol

70. Discovery in Clearinghouse
Service Clearinghouse
Registry Nodes
Web Web
Client Server
User Gateway(s)
HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol

71. Discovery in Clearinghouse
Service Clearinghouse
Registry Nodes
Web Web
Client Server
User Gateway(s)
HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol

72. Discovery in Clearinghouse
Service Clearinghouse
Registry Nodes
Web Web
Client Server
User Gateway(s)
HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol

73. Discovery in Clearinghouse
Service Clearinghouse
Registry Nodes
Web Web
Client Server
User Gateway(s)
HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol

74. Discovery in Clearinghouse
Service Clearinghouse
Registry Nodes
Web Web
Client Server
User Gateway(s)
HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol

75. Before OGC Interfaces
Vendor A Vendor B
(Coastlines) (Inland Water)
Vendor C Vendor D
(Coarse elevation (Fine elevation)
with ocean)

76. Interoperable Web Mapping

77. Interoperable Web Mapping
Web Mapping Client

78. Interoperable Web Mapping
Land
Water
Web Mapping Client
Boundaries

79. Interoperable Web Mapping
GetM
Source A ap
Land
Water
Web Mapping Client
Boundaries

80. Interoperable Web Mapping
GetM
Source A ap
Land
G etMap
Source B
Water
Web Mapping Client
Boundaries

81. Interoperable Web Mapping
GetM
Source A ap
Land
G etMap
Source B
Water ap
G etM
Source C
Web Mapping Client
Boundaries

82. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

83. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

84. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

85. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

86. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

87. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

88. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

89. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

90. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

91. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

92. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

93. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

94. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

95. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

96. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

97. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

98. Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers
Map
Server
internet
Map
Server
Map
Server

99. With OGC Interfaces
Minutes, Vendor
instead neutral
of days
Up to Format
date neutral
data
Get exactly what you want, not an entire continent

100. Questions?