All the International efforts in resource management and conservation were discussed. Role of community participation in conservation of nature is discussed.
National efforts in resource management and conservationTRIDIP BORUAH
The document summarizes India's national efforts in resource management and conservation. It outlines various environment protection acts and laws enacted since the 1980s related to general environmental protection, forests and wildlife, water, and air. These include the Environment Protection Act of 1986, Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act of 1974, and Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act of 1981. Recent government initiatives to promote conservation include the Odd-Even traffic rule, Swachh Bharat mission, and Clean Ganga project. Future prospects involve reducing, reusing and recycling resources to prevent their depletion. In conclusion, the document calls for an independent environmental regulatory body and stronger penalties.
Concept of Participatory Resource Appraisal, Role of community in resource appraisal is also discussed. Impact of Participatory Resource Appraisal is also mentioned
Concept of Resource accounting, aim, origin and methods of resource accounting, advantages and disadvantages of resource accounting. Conclussion and future prospects
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans – Overview in the context o...FAO
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) are required by the Convention on Biological Diversity to ensure conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of components of biodiversity, and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources at all levels and sectors of countries. NBSAPs allow countries to plan actions to address threats to their biodiversity by incorporating biodiversity goals into all relevant sector plans and activities. Effective NBSAPs take the form of broader planning processes rather than fixed documents, and integrate biodiversity considerations across sectors through "mainstreaming." Past NBSAPs often focused on agriculture as a threat but few recognized ecosystem services from agroecosystems; new guidance emphasizes more holistic approaches.
The document discusses pollen viability, storage, and germination. It defines viability as the ability of an organism to survive harsh conditions. Pollen viability depends on the plant's taxonomy and environment. Methods for short-term pollen storage include controlling temperature and humidity. Long-term storage uses cryopreservation techniques like freezing pollen. Factors like desiccation and biochemical changes cause pollen to lose viability over time. The document also describes classifying pollen based on longevity and methods for estimating viability, including tetrazolium and fluorescence tests.
NBPGR-National Bureau of plant genetic Resources. nishakataria10
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) was established in 1976 in India in response to the effects of the Green Revolution on agrobiodiversity. It plays a pivotal role in improving crops and facilitating crop diversification through germplasm collection and conservation. NBPGR has its headquarters in New Delhi and 10 regional stations located across India's phyto-geographical zones to support its work in exploration, evaluation, and maintenance of plant genetic resources. It draws guidelines from various committees and works to effectively manage plant genetic resources in harmony with international agreements.
National efforts in resource management and conservationTRIDIP BORUAH
The document summarizes India's national efforts in resource management and conservation. It outlines various environment protection acts and laws enacted since the 1980s related to general environmental protection, forests and wildlife, water, and air. These include the Environment Protection Act of 1986, Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act of 1974, and Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act of 1981. Recent government initiatives to promote conservation include the Odd-Even traffic rule, Swachh Bharat mission, and Clean Ganga project. Future prospects involve reducing, reusing and recycling resources to prevent their depletion. In conclusion, the document calls for an independent environmental regulatory body and stronger penalties.
Concept of Participatory Resource Appraisal, Role of community in resource appraisal is also discussed. Impact of Participatory Resource Appraisal is also mentioned
Concept of Resource accounting, aim, origin and methods of resource accounting, advantages and disadvantages of resource accounting. Conclussion and future prospects
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans – Overview in the context o...FAO
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) are required by the Convention on Biological Diversity to ensure conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of components of biodiversity, and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources at all levels and sectors of countries. NBSAPs allow countries to plan actions to address threats to their biodiversity by incorporating biodiversity goals into all relevant sector plans and activities. Effective NBSAPs take the form of broader planning processes rather than fixed documents, and integrate biodiversity considerations across sectors through "mainstreaming." Past NBSAPs often focused on agriculture as a threat but few recognized ecosystem services from agroecosystems; new guidance emphasizes more holistic approaches.
The document discusses pollen viability, storage, and germination. It defines viability as the ability of an organism to survive harsh conditions. Pollen viability depends on the plant's taxonomy and environment. Methods for short-term pollen storage include controlling temperature and humidity. Long-term storage uses cryopreservation techniques like freezing pollen. Factors like desiccation and biochemical changes cause pollen to lose viability over time. The document also describes classifying pollen based on longevity and methods for estimating viability, including tetrazolium and fluorescence tests.
NBPGR-National Bureau of plant genetic Resources. nishakataria10
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) was established in 1976 in India in response to the effects of the Green Revolution on agrobiodiversity. It plays a pivotal role in improving crops and facilitating crop diversification through germplasm collection and conservation. NBPGR has its headquarters in New Delhi and 10 regional stations located across India's phyto-geographical zones to support its work in exploration, evaluation, and maintenance of plant genetic resources. It draws guidelines from various committees and works to effectively manage plant genetic resources in harmony with international agreements.
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
This document discusses ecological succession, which is the process of change in species composition of a community over time. It defines primary and secondary succession, and describes different types of succession including autogenic, allogenic, autotrophic, heterotrophic, progressive, and retrogressive succession. It also discusses Clements' model of succession involving nudation, invasion, ecesis, aggregation, competition, reaction, and stabilization. Finally, it outlines three major theories of climax communities - monoclimax, polyclimax, and climax pattern theory - and three models of succession - facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition.
Ecades and ecotype - Ecades•introduction •Definition•Explanation•types of ecades , Ecotype, • introduction, •Definition ,•Ecotype VS. species ,•How did ecotype appear ,•From ecotype to species, •Example
This document discusses biosphere reserves, which are designated by UNESCO to balance environmental conservation and human development. Biosphere reserves have three zones - a fully protected core area, a buffer zone where limited activities are allowed, and an outer transition zone where sustainable economic activities take place. The document outlines the criteria for designation, functions, and structure of biosphere reserves. It also discusses India's participation in UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme through its establishment of 11 biosphere reserves within the country.
The C3 cycle, also known as the Calvin cycle, occurs in the dark phase of photosynthesis and involves fixing carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It consists of three main stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. During fixation, the enzyme rubisco incorporates CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate, producing two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. These are then reduced using ATP and NADPH in the reduction stage. Finally, the cycle is regenerated as the original ribulose bisphosphate is reformed, allowing it to fix another CO2. The C3 cycle is essential for carbon assimilation in photosynthesis and the primary producer of organic compounds and food energy in plants. It occurs in all photosynthetic organisms
Senescence refers to the deterioration of plants with age and the final stages of life. There are several types of senescence like top, deciduous, overall, and progressive senescence. Retarding senescence can delay degradation and increase plant life and yields. Several factors can retard senescence including plant hormones like cytokinins and auxins, nutrients like calcium and nitrogen, temperature, and light exposure. Experiments show that auto-regulated production of cytokinin, ascorbic acid, polyamines, and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis can effectively retard leaf senescence in plants. Subtoxic levels of photosynthesis inhibitors like bromacil and atrazine also retard senescence in ma
Dna content,c value paradox, euchromatin heterochromatin, banding patternArchanaSoni3
DNA content refers to the amount of DNA in an organism's haploid chromosomes. It varies greatly between organisms, with eukaryotes generally having more DNA than prokaryotes. The amount of DNA does not always correlate with an organism's complexity, known as the C-value paradox. This is because eukaryotic DNA contains large amounts of non-coding repetitive sequences. Chromatin exists in two forms - euchromatin, which is less condensed and permits gene expression, and heterochromatin, which is highly condensed and usually silences genes. Heterochromatin forms in specific regions like centromeres and telomeres and is important for chromosome function and stability.
Self-incompatibility prevents self-pollination and affects breeding approaches. It can be overcome through various methods like bud pollination, mixed pollination, deferred pollination, test tube pollination, stub pollination, and intra-ovarian or in vitro pollination. Self-incompatibility provides advantages like preventing self-pollination and aiding hybrid seed production, while disadvantages include difficulty producing inbred lines and environmental sensitivity. It can be utilized in crop improvement through hybrid production and combining desirable genes from different sources.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Nucleosome model of chromosome is proposed by ROGER KORNBERG (son of Arthur
Kornberg) in 1974.
It was confirmed and crystalised by P. Oudet et al., (1975).
Nucleosome is the lowest level of Chromosome organization in eukaryotic cells.
Nucleosome model is a scientific model which explains the organization of DNA and
associated proteins in the chromosomes.
Nucleosome model also explains the exact mechanism of the folding of DNA in
thenucleus.
It is the most accepted model of chromatin organization.
There are several methods to overcome plant incompatibility, including mixed pollination, bud pollination, stub pollination, and intra-ovarian pollination. Mixed pollination involves pollinating the stigma with a mixture of live incompatible and killed compatible pollen. Bud pollination works in some plants where pollination at an early bud stage can overcome incompatibility. Stub pollination removes part of the style to allow the pollen tube to reach the ovary in plants where incompatibility is restricted to the stigma. Intra-ovarian pollination introduces pollen directly into the ovary to fertilize it.
The document discusses the formation and types of embryo sacs in flowering plants. It begins by defining the embryo sac as the female gametophyte found within the ovule. It then describes the two main stages of embryo sac formation: megaspore formation through meiosis, and megagametogenesis where the haploid megaspore develops into the embryo sac through mitosis. There are three main classifications of embryo sacs based on the number of megaspores involved: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic. The most common type is the monosporic Polygonum embryo sac, which has 8 nuclei organized into specific cell types.
This ppt is a part of the online lecture for the undergraduate botany students of Government First Grade College Yelahanka , Bangalore by Dr P B Mallikharjuna
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a cold treatment given to hydrated seeds or growing plants. Cold exposure cuts short the vegetative period, resulting in early flowering. Two main theories explain vernalization's mechanism: the phasic development theory proposes cold exposure accelerates plant development phases, while hormonal theories suggest cold induces a floral hormone called vernalin. Epigenetic changes in gene expression from cold exposure may also play a role, stably altering flowering gene expression even after the cold is removed. Vernalization has practical applications in agriculture by promoting early flowering, increasing disease resistance, and aiding crop improvement.
1) Germplasm conservation involves preserving genetic material, such as seeds, cells, tissues, and body parts, through in-situ and ex-situ methods to maintain biodiversity and provide resources for breeding programs.
2) Cryopreservation at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen is an important ex-situ technique that can preserve germplasm long-term without subculturing. It involves preculturing plant materials, treating with cryoprotectants, and either slow-freezing or vitrification prior to storage in liquid nitrogen.
3) A case study demonstrates the successful cryopreservation of mint shoot tips using encapsulation-dehydration and PVS2-vitrification, with
The document summarizes microsporogenesis, the development of the male gametophyte, and pollen morphology. It describes the structure of the anther and the development of microspores through meiosis within the microsporangia. The tapetum layer provides nutrients and enzymes that help separate microspores into pollen grains. Pollen grains contain a vegetative cell that divides to form two sperm cells or a generative cell that divides into two sperm, comprising the male germ unit that travels within the pollen tube. Pollen grains have an outer sculpted exine layer and inner intine layer. Their size, symmetry, and exine ornamentation vary between species.
This document discusses various petroplants, which are plant species that produce latex containing hydrocarbons. It describes several species of plants from families like Euphorbiaceae and Asclepiadaceae that can be used as sources of petrocrops. Specifically, it outlines Euphorbia and Calotropis species, as well as Jatropha Curcas, that have been studied for their hydrocarbon content. The document also discusses algae like Botryococcus braunii as a source of hydrocarbons. It notes the economic and social advantages of developing these petroplants as alternatives to petroleum, as well as the process required for their implementation and cultivation.
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
International conventions for the protection of environmentMariam Rafiq Malik
The document summarizes several key international conventions and agreements related to environmental protection, including the Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol, Rio Conference, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It also discusses Pakistan's participation in these conventions, noting times they were ratified or accepted. The overall purpose is to protect the ozone layer and address climate change through coordinated global cooperation.
The document summarizes several key environment-related conventions: the Aarhus Convention establishes public access to environmental information; the Basel Convention regulates transboundary movements of hazardous waste; the Bern Convention protects wildlife and habitats in Europe; the Convention on Biological Diversity conserves biodiversity at ecosystem, species and genetic levels; and the Espoo, CLRTAP, Bonn, Minamata, and Vienna conventions address issues like transboundary environmental impacts, air pollution, migratory species conservation, mercury regulation, and ozone layer protection, respectively.
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
This document discusses ecological succession, which is the process of change in species composition of a community over time. It defines primary and secondary succession, and describes different types of succession including autogenic, allogenic, autotrophic, heterotrophic, progressive, and retrogressive succession. It also discusses Clements' model of succession involving nudation, invasion, ecesis, aggregation, competition, reaction, and stabilization. Finally, it outlines three major theories of climax communities - monoclimax, polyclimax, and climax pattern theory - and three models of succession - facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition.
Ecades and ecotype - Ecades•introduction •Definition•Explanation•types of ecades , Ecotype, • introduction, •Definition ,•Ecotype VS. species ,•How did ecotype appear ,•From ecotype to species, •Example
This document discusses biosphere reserves, which are designated by UNESCO to balance environmental conservation and human development. Biosphere reserves have three zones - a fully protected core area, a buffer zone where limited activities are allowed, and an outer transition zone where sustainable economic activities take place. The document outlines the criteria for designation, functions, and structure of biosphere reserves. It also discusses India's participation in UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme through its establishment of 11 biosphere reserves within the country.
The C3 cycle, also known as the Calvin cycle, occurs in the dark phase of photosynthesis and involves fixing carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It consists of three main stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. During fixation, the enzyme rubisco incorporates CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate, producing two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. These are then reduced using ATP and NADPH in the reduction stage. Finally, the cycle is regenerated as the original ribulose bisphosphate is reformed, allowing it to fix another CO2. The C3 cycle is essential for carbon assimilation in photosynthesis and the primary producer of organic compounds and food energy in plants. It occurs in all photosynthetic organisms
Senescence refers to the deterioration of plants with age and the final stages of life. There are several types of senescence like top, deciduous, overall, and progressive senescence. Retarding senescence can delay degradation and increase plant life and yields. Several factors can retard senescence including plant hormones like cytokinins and auxins, nutrients like calcium and nitrogen, temperature, and light exposure. Experiments show that auto-regulated production of cytokinin, ascorbic acid, polyamines, and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis can effectively retard leaf senescence in plants. Subtoxic levels of photosynthesis inhibitors like bromacil and atrazine also retard senescence in ma
Dna content,c value paradox, euchromatin heterochromatin, banding patternArchanaSoni3
DNA content refers to the amount of DNA in an organism's haploid chromosomes. It varies greatly between organisms, with eukaryotes generally having more DNA than prokaryotes. The amount of DNA does not always correlate with an organism's complexity, known as the C-value paradox. This is because eukaryotic DNA contains large amounts of non-coding repetitive sequences. Chromatin exists in two forms - euchromatin, which is less condensed and permits gene expression, and heterochromatin, which is highly condensed and usually silences genes. Heterochromatin forms in specific regions like centromeres and telomeres and is important for chromosome function and stability.
Self-incompatibility prevents self-pollination and affects breeding approaches. It can be overcome through various methods like bud pollination, mixed pollination, deferred pollination, test tube pollination, stub pollination, and intra-ovarian or in vitro pollination. Self-incompatibility provides advantages like preventing self-pollination and aiding hybrid seed production, while disadvantages include difficulty producing inbred lines and environmental sensitivity. It can be utilized in crop improvement through hybrid production and combining desirable genes from different sources.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Nucleosome model of chromosome is proposed by ROGER KORNBERG (son of Arthur
Kornberg) in 1974.
It was confirmed and crystalised by P. Oudet et al., (1975).
Nucleosome is the lowest level of Chromosome organization in eukaryotic cells.
Nucleosome model is a scientific model which explains the organization of DNA and
associated proteins in the chromosomes.
Nucleosome model also explains the exact mechanism of the folding of DNA in
thenucleus.
It is the most accepted model of chromatin organization.
There are several methods to overcome plant incompatibility, including mixed pollination, bud pollination, stub pollination, and intra-ovarian pollination. Mixed pollination involves pollinating the stigma with a mixture of live incompatible and killed compatible pollen. Bud pollination works in some plants where pollination at an early bud stage can overcome incompatibility. Stub pollination removes part of the style to allow the pollen tube to reach the ovary in plants where incompatibility is restricted to the stigma. Intra-ovarian pollination introduces pollen directly into the ovary to fertilize it.
The document discusses the formation and types of embryo sacs in flowering plants. It begins by defining the embryo sac as the female gametophyte found within the ovule. It then describes the two main stages of embryo sac formation: megaspore formation through meiosis, and megagametogenesis where the haploid megaspore develops into the embryo sac through mitosis. There are three main classifications of embryo sacs based on the number of megaspores involved: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic. The most common type is the monosporic Polygonum embryo sac, which has 8 nuclei organized into specific cell types.
This ppt is a part of the online lecture for the undergraduate botany students of Government First Grade College Yelahanka , Bangalore by Dr P B Mallikharjuna
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a cold treatment given to hydrated seeds or growing plants. Cold exposure cuts short the vegetative period, resulting in early flowering. Two main theories explain vernalization's mechanism: the phasic development theory proposes cold exposure accelerates plant development phases, while hormonal theories suggest cold induces a floral hormone called vernalin. Epigenetic changes in gene expression from cold exposure may also play a role, stably altering flowering gene expression even after the cold is removed. Vernalization has practical applications in agriculture by promoting early flowering, increasing disease resistance, and aiding crop improvement.
1) Germplasm conservation involves preserving genetic material, such as seeds, cells, tissues, and body parts, through in-situ and ex-situ methods to maintain biodiversity and provide resources for breeding programs.
2) Cryopreservation at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen is an important ex-situ technique that can preserve germplasm long-term without subculturing. It involves preculturing plant materials, treating with cryoprotectants, and either slow-freezing or vitrification prior to storage in liquid nitrogen.
3) A case study demonstrates the successful cryopreservation of mint shoot tips using encapsulation-dehydration and PVS2-vitrification, with
The document summarizes microsporogenesis, the development of the male gametophyte, and pollen morphology. It describes the structure of the anther and the development of microspores through meiosis within the microsporangia. The tapetum layer provides nutrients and enzymes that help separate microspores into pollen grains. Pollen grains contain a vegetative cell that divides to form two sperm cells or a generative cell that divides into two sperm, comprising the male germ unit that travels within the pollen tube. Pollen grains have an outer sculpted exine layer and inner intine layer. Their size, symmetry, and exine ornamentation vary between species.
This document discusses various petroplants, which are plant species that produce latex containing hydrocarbons. It describes several species of plants from families like Euphorbiaceae and Asclepiadaceae that can be used as sources of petrocrops. Specifically, it outlines Euphorbia and Calotropis species, as well as Jatropha Curcas, that have been studied for their hydrocarbon content. The document also discusses algae like Botryococcus braunii as a source of hydrocarbons. It notes the economic and social advantages of developing these petroplants as alternatives to petroleum, as well as the process required for their implementation and cultivation.
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
International conventions for the protection of environmentMariam Rafiq Malik
The document summarizes several key international conventions and agreements related to environmental protection, including the Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol, Rio Conference, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It also discusses Pakistan's participation in these conventions, noting times they were ratified or accepted. The overall purpose is to protect the ozone layer and address climate change through coordinated global cooperation.
The document summarizes several key environment-related conventions: the Aarhus Convention establishes public access to environmental information; the Basel Convention regulates transboundary movements of hazardous waste; the Bern Convention protects wildlife and habitats in Europe; the Convention on Biological Diversity conserves biodiversity at ecosystem, species and genetic levels; and the Espoo, CLRTAP, Bonn, Minamata, and Vienna conventions address issues like transboundary environmental impacts, air pollution, migratory species conservation, mercury regulation, and ozone layer protection, respectively.
Cpgp day01-session 2 - global action for mitigation of environment damageszubeditufail
The document provides a historical timeline of global action taken to address environmental damages and sustainability from 1900 to 2100. It summarizes key events and documents that increased awareness of environmental issues and led to strategic approaches to build healthy societies and economies while protecting the environment, including the London Smog, Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, the UN Conference on the Human Environment in 1972 that established the UN Environment Programme, and the Rio Summit in 1992 that resulted in agreements like Agenda 21.
This document discusses environmental laws, treaties, and policies. It provides an overview of what environmental laws regulate and their general functions. It also defines environmental treaties and policies. Finally, it presents a timeline of major environmental treaties from 1962 to 1997, including conventions to prevent oil pollution at sea, protect wetlands, regulate ship pollution, protect endangered species, combat air pollution and ozone depletion, manage hazardous waste, protect biodiversity, address climate change, industrial accidents, desertification, and set targets for reducing greenhouse gases.
The document lists several important international environmental agreements and conventions:
- The Ramsar Convention (1971) protects wetlands. The Stockholm Convention (2001) aims to eliminate persistent organic pollutants. CITES (1973) regulates trade in endangered species. The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) conserves biodiversity. The Bonn Convention (1979) conserves migratory species. The Vienna Convention (1985) and Montreal Protocol (1987) protect the ozone layer.
The document discusses several global environmental conventions aimed at protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. It describes conventions related to wetlands (Ramsar, 1971), the environment (Stockholm, 1972), wildlife trade (CITES, 1973), ozone depletion (Vienna, 1985), hazardous waste (Basel, 1989), biodiversity (1992), climate change (UNFCCC, 1992), and persistent organic pollutants (Stockholm, 2001). The conventions establish frameworks for international cooperation, legally binding agreements, and protocols to address pressing environmental issues.
The document summarizes information about global warming, its causes, effects, and international efforts to address it through conferences like COP21 in Paris. The Kyoto Protocol aims to reduce greenhouse gases by setting emissions targets for developed countries. COP21 seeks a binding global agreement to avoid climate catastrophes by limiting temperature rise through greenhouse gas reductions. Greenpeace, with millions of supporters worldwide and offices in Amsterdam, advocates for environmental issues like limiting deforestation and nuclear power.
The document summarizes several climate change conferences that have taken place over the past few decades. It discusses the Montreal Conference in 1987 which led to the Montreal Protocol to phase out ozone-depleting substances. It also discusses the 1992 Rio Earth Summit which resulted in agreements like Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration. Finally, it covers the 1997 Kyoto Protocol that aimed to cut greenhouse gas emissions but had limited success due to lack of participation from the US and other countries.
Global environmental problems have surfaced in recent years in the midst of a general upgrading of economic standards in advanced countries. This has been paralleled by rapid growth of poverty, population, and urbanization in less developed countries, and resulted in broadening mutually dependent international relationships. International efforts concerning environmental conservation relate to global warming, protection of the ozone layer, acid deposition, forests, wildlife, marine environment, desertification, and pollution problems in developing countries.
The document discusses international environmental law and summarizes some of the most important international treaties related to environmental protection. It begins by outlining the international environmental movement and key declarations like the UN Conference on the Human Environment and the Rio Declaration. It then summarizes international treaties concerning resource conservation, environmental degradation, and pollution and waste management. The treaties cover issues like marine protection, ozone depletion, climate change, transboundary pollution, and pollution of oceans.
Background of Environmental Laws: International ContextPreeti Sikder
This document provides a history of the development of environmental laws from the 19th century to present day. It discusses key events and agreements including the Stockholm Declaration (1972), Rio Earth Summit (1992), Kyoto Protocol (1997), Millennium Development Goals (2000), Rio+20 Conference (2012), Paris Climate Agreement (2015), and COP24 in Poland (2018). It highlights influential people like Severn Cullis-Suzuki and Greta Thunberg and their calls to action. International agreements like the UNFCCC, CBD, and UNCCD are also examined, in addition to how they are applied in Bangladesh through ratification of treaties.
A Beginners Calisthenics Exercise You Can Do AnyplaceTurban trainer
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The document summarizes the Stockholm Declaration of 1972, which was the first major UN conference focused on environmental issues. Some key points:
- Sweden proposed the conference in 1967 to discuss growing environmental problems amid the Cold War.
- The Declaration established 26 principles for international cooperation on the environment, including that all people have a fundamental right to a healthy environment.
- It launched a new era of global environmental cooperation and treaty-making, and helped establish the UN Environment Programme.
- Over 100 countries and many NGOs participated, agreeing on principles around sustainable development, conservation, and preventing transboundary pollution.
This document provides information about environmental issues and systems at various spatial and temporal scales. It discusses local issues like waste disposal and endangered species as well as global issues like climate change, ocean acidification, and ozone layer depletion. The document focuses on explaining ozone layer depletion, including what causes it, its impacts, and international efforts to address it like the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol. The Montreal Protocol has been successful in phasing out ozone-depleting substances and is expected to help avoid millions of cases of skin cancer and other health issues.
Global meets and conferences on EnvironmentT. Tamilselvan
The document summarizes several major global conferences and agreements related to the environment, including:
- The UNCCUR in 1949 which focused on international cooperation around natural resource management.
- The Ramsar Convention of 1971 which aims to conserve and sustainably use wetlands through local and national action. It has over 2,000 designated wetland sites.
- The World Heritage Convention of 1972 which identifies and helps protect important cultural and natural sites around the world.
- The Washington Convention (CITES) of 1973 which regulates international trade in endangered species and has protected over 35,000 plant and animal species.
- The Montreal Protocol of 1987 which is aimed at protecting the ozone layer and has been
[Challenge:Future] HELL ON EARTH (inspiring change)Challenge:Future
The document discusses climate change and global warming. It notes that the average surface temperature has increased 0.8°C in the last 100 years, with two-thirds of the increase in the last three decades. Models project further temperature increases of 1.5-6.1°C by 2100 depending on emissions levels. Impacts will include sea level rise, changing precipitation patterns, more extreme weather, and species extinctions. Responses proposed include mitigating emissions, adapting to impacts, and geoengineering methods like carbon removal. The main international agreement is the Kyoto Protocol.
The document provides an overview of key concepts and the historical development of international environmental law. It discusses:
1) Definitions of "environment" from various sources that broadly refer to natural and human-made surroundings that influence life.
2) Factors that gave rise to environmental law including transboundary pollution problems requiring state cooperation and balancing environmental protection with economic development.
3) Four periods of the historical development of international environmental law from early bilateral treaties to the 1972 Stockholm Conference and establishment of principles of international environmental cooperation and state responsibility.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is the leading global environmental authority within the UN system. It sets the global environmental agenda and promotes sustainable development. UNEP is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya and works to provide nations and people with leadership and partnerships to improve environmental quality of life for current and future generations. It coordinates UN environmental activities, assists developing countries with sustainable policies, and oversees secretariats for important multilateral agreements related to issues like climate change, biodiversity, and hazardous chemicals.
Similar to International efforts in resource management and conservation (20)
SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION IN GLYCOLYSISTRIDIP BORUAH
This document discusses substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis. Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP molecules per glucose through substrate level phosphorylation at two steps. In step 7, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate with the generation of ATP. In step 10, phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate with another ATP generated. These substrate level phosphorylation steps contribute significantly to ATP production in glycolysis, especially under anaerobic conditions.
Overview of anaerobic respiration and factors affecting respiration & chemios...TRIDIP BORUAH
The document discusses anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen using inorganic molecules like nitrates as electron acceptors, yielding less ATP than aerobic respiration. It also covers factors like temperature, oxygen levels, and chemicals that affect the rate of respiration. Finally, it explains chemiosmotic theory proposed by Peter Mitchell which describes how electron transport and ATP synthesis are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Regulation of glycolysis and Cyanide resistance respirationTRIDIP BORUAH
The document summarizes the regulation of glycolysis and cyanide resistant respiration. There are three major control points in glycolysis - hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. Cyanide resistant respiration occurs in some plant mitochondria and allows respiration to continue in the presence of cyanide through the use of an alternative oxidase enzyme. This pathway produces heat, aids in fruit ripening, and helps with osmoregulation.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway and its applicationTRIDIP BORUAH
The document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway, including:
1) It is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate.
2) It has two phases - an oxidative phase that generates NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that synthesizes 5-carbon sugars.
3) It plays essential roles in providing NADPH for biosynthetic processes, generating ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis, and maintaining redox balance. Overall, it is a critical metabolic pathway that contributes to various cellular functions.
AMPHIBOLIC ROLE OF KREBS CYCLE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANAPLEROTIC REACTIONSTRIDIP BORUAH
The document discusses the amphibolic role of the Krebs cycle, specifically its anaplerotic reactions. The Krebs cycle contains both catabolic and anabolic reactions. It is amphibolic in nature. Anaplerosis refers to enzymatic reactions that replenish intermediates of the Krebs cycle from the cytosol, such as the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase which replenishes oxaloacetate. The Krebs cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide and water while generating reduced coenzymes that are reoxidized to produce ATP. It also provides precursors for biosynthetic pathways through anabolic reactions.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex and its significanceTRIDIP BORUAH
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA. PDH is an assembly of three individual enzymes - pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) - that work together to decarboxylate and oxidize pyruvate, transfer the acetyl group to CoA, and reoxidize dihydrolipoamide. PDH plays an important role in linking glycolysis to the citric acid cycle by converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in cells containing mitochondria.
Oxidative phosphorylation and energy calculation of aerobic respirationTRIDIP BORUAH
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is the final step of aerobic respiration. It uses the energy from electron transport to power the formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate. There are four enzyme complexes involved: Complex I transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone while pumping protons; Complex II transfers electrons from FADH2 to ubiquinone without pumping protons. Complex III pumps protons while passing electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c. Complex IV passes electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen to produce water, pumping protons in the process. Through oxidative phosphorylation, the full oxidation of one glucose molecule can yield 33 ATP molecules.
Photorespiration& functioning of Rubisco enzymeTRIDIP BORUAH
This document summarizes the process of photorespiration in plants. It begins by stating that photorespiration is a metabolic pathway where plants release carbon dioxide, consume oxygen, and do not produce biochemical energy. It then describes how photorespiration is catalyzed by the RUBISCO enzyme and involves three organelles: the chloroplast, peroxisome, and mitochondria. The key stages of the process are outlined, including how RUBISCO can fix oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, leading to the production and movement of intermediates between the organelles before ultimately being converted back to carbon dioxide and consuming energy. The document notes that photorespiration is a wasteful process for plants as it decreases photos
Recent advances in respiration in Arabidopsis thalianaTRIDIP BORUAH
This document discusses recent advances in respiration research in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. It describes how A. thaliana is used as a model organism due to its small genome, rapid lifecycle, self-pollination, and experimental accessibility. The document outlines the key processes in respiration, including glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. It summarizes recent research findings on how specific glycolytic enzymes impact processes like stomatal movement, flowering, and stress responses. The conclusion states that while no major breakthroughs have occurred, research focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms and regulation of plant respiration and its role in growth, development, and environmental responses.
A brief description of inorganic waste management, types of inorganic waste generated and its management strategies, future prospects with recommendations
A brief introduction to Environment Impact Assessment (EIA), how EIA works, process involved with EIA and the recent controversies related to EIA (2020) draft
The document defines GIS as a computer system that stores, manipulates, and displays geographically referenced information. It discusses the history and components of GIS, including three types of GIS systems. The document also defines GPS as a system to show exact location on Earth anytime. It discusses the history, components, and how GPS works using satellites and devices. Finally, the document outlines applications and advantages of both GIS and GPS, as well as potential disadvantages and future expansion.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. It is significant as it maintains oxygen levels in the atmosphere, provides both direct and indirect food sources for humans and animals, and has created fossil fuel reserves like coal and oil. The key reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant leaves where chlorophyll and other pigments absorb sunlight and convert it into chemical energy that is used to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
The document discusses inferior ovaries in plants. It defines an inferior ovary as one where the internal wall of the thalamus is fused with the wall of the ovary, so only the style and stigma are visible from above. Flowers with this structure are called epigynous. Examples given are apple, sunflower, cucumber and guava. There are two theories for the development of inferior ovaries - the appendicular theory which proposes the ovary develops from the receptacle appendages, and the receptacular theory or axial theory which proposes the ovary develops from the receptacle itself.
This document discusses alternative pathways in metabolism, including anaerobic respiration and the glyoxylate cycle. Anaerobic respiration uses inorganic molecules like nitrate, sulfate or sulfur as the final electron acceptor and is less efficient than aerobic respiration but critical for global biogeochemical cycles. The glyoxylate cycle and Entner-Doudoroff pathway are also mentioned as alternative pathways in metabolism.
DNA is constantly exposed to damage from external and internal sources. DNA damage occurs when there are changes to the structure of DNA that can disrupt its proper functioning. Cells have developed multiple pathways to repair DNA damage and prevent mutations, including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair. These repair pathways help maintain the integrity of the genome and prevent diseases caused by mutations.
This document discusses nitrogen metabolism in living organisms. It notes that nitrogen is an important component of amino acids, proteins, enzymes, vitamins, and hormones. While nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78% of the atmosphere, most organisms cannot use it directly. The nitrogen cycle converts atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms through processes like nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation involves reducing nitrogen gas into compounds like ammonia, which is an anaerobic process requiring reducing conditions. There are two types of nitrogen fixation - abiological fixation such as the industrial Haber process, and biological fixation where nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonia using the nitrogenase enzyme.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
3. ❖In our surroundings,so many species are there which
require a need to protect them as well as to conserve
the environment.
4. Treaties and Conventions for the
improvement and protection of the
environment~~~
•Vienna Convention for the Protection
of the ozone Layer 1985.
•Berne Convention on the
Conservation of European Wildlife
and natural habitats, 1982.
5. ❖Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora, 1975(CITES).
❖Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air pollution,1983
(CLRTAP).
❖Convention on the Conservation of Migratory species of Wild
Animals, 1983 (CMS).
6. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFORTS~~
➢ In mid 1960s some scientists were sounding warning about the possibility of climate
change due to increase CO2 levels in the atmosphere resulting from burning of fossil
fuels.
➢ In the United State of America, this climate of thought and innovative legislators
produced a law that represented a landmark in environmental management not only
in U. S but also worldwide- the National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA) 1969.
➢ NEPA- agency planning and decision making and integrated interdisciplinaryuse of
the natural and social service and the environmental design art.
7. ➢In the decade of 1970s many government introduced environmental
legislation, established agencies with environmental responsibilities.
➢By 1980, the handling and disposal of hazardous waste was recognized as a
national and global issue. Through the 1970s and 1980s, the growth of
chemical manufacturing in developing countries exceeded that of the developed
World.
➢In 1970s and 1980s air pollution, burning of fossil fuels, SO2 and CO2
growth an emissions was major field of concern.
➢In 1980 the World conservation strategy, published by the World
Conservation Union(IUCN), the UNEP and the World Wide Fund for
nature(WWF).
8. FUTURE PROSPECTS
v At this point the Kyoto protocol had been ratified
by 151 states and the European community. To enter
in to force, it needed 55% of the states whose
aggregate CO2 emissions for 1990 amount to 55% of
total emissions. Since emissions from Russia and the
United States are such large proportion of the total, in
practice this needed at least one of them to ratified,
which Russia did in 2004.The Protocol then entered in
force in 2005,without USA, the protocol’s
effectiveness will be that much less, though it's
approach remains controversial.
9. CONCLUSION~
Environmental degradation which is
getting worse day-by-day due to the
ignorance of the people towards the
environment. Many government
organisations, NGOs etc. have taken
initiative to protect the environment
but it can only be protected when the
people with the understanding and
enthusiasm protect and conserve the
environment.