Petroplants
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This document discusses various petroplants, which are plant species that produce latex containing hydrocarbons. It describes several species of plants from families like Euphorbiaceae and Asclepiadaceae that can be used as sources of petrocrops. Specifically, it outlines Euphorbia and Calotropis species, as well as Jatropha Curcas, that have been studied for their hydrocarbon content. The document also discusses algae like Botryococcus braunii as a source of hydrocarbons. It notes the economic and social advantages of developing these petroplants as alternatives to petroleum, as well as the process required for their implementation and cultivation.
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Petroplants
- 1. PETROPLANTS University Seminar by, Urmila N Pai S8 BTE SCET
- 2. Contents • Introduction •Different types of Petroplants. • Economic and social Advantages. •Conclusion •References
- 3. Introduction • Hydrocarbons are products of various plant species belonging to different families that convert substantial amount of photosynthetic products into latex.
- 4. • Latex producing plants are the families like Euphorbiaceae,Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Sapotaceae, Urticaceae and Convolvulaceae.
- 5. • The latex of such plants contain liquid hydrocarbons of high molecular weight. • This hydrocarbon can be converted to high grade transportation fuels. • These hydrocarbon producing plants are called petroplants and their crop is called petrocrop.
- 8. • hydrocarbon yielding plants included : i. Euphorbia lathyris Linn. ii. Euphorbia tirucalli. Linn. iii. Euphorbia caducifolia Haines. iv. Euphorbia nerifolia Linn. v. Pedilanthus tithymalides Linn. vi. Pedilanthus tithymalides Linn. vii. Calotropis procera viii. Calotropis gigantea
- 9. • High molecular weight hydrocarbon yielding plants • Parthenium argentatum Linn • Non edible for yielding plants • Jatropha curcas • Simmondsia chinenesis • Short rotation energy plants • Tecomella undulata • Prosopis juliflora • Pithocellobium dulce • Azadirachta indica
- 10. Euphorbia • This is resembled to cacti but they differ in the milky latex production. • In italy this is set to produce gasoline intially. • Euphorbia lathrys is an annual herb and E.tirucalli is a perennial. • Chemical analysis is done. • In organic solvents revealed that the heptan extract and either soluble fraction constituted about 8% terperoid extract. • This produces about 40 tonnes of drymatter/ha/yr.
- 12. Calotropis • Asclepidacea family • Occur in hot regions of India on waste dry places, riverbeds roadsides and forest clearings. • It produces a latex which causes irritation to the skin. • Latex contain high amount of hydrocarbons. • The ratio of C,H,O in the hexane extract are 78.03%,11.22%,10.71% respectively. • The ratio of the C and H is similar to crude oil, fuel cell and gasoline.
- 14. • The hydrocarbon yield and energy value of calotropis are comparable to euphorbia. The research is done on central arid zone research institute, Jodhpur. • Milkweed • underexploited crop up to now • It is a perennial plant belonging to Order Gentianales, Family Asclepiadaceae.
- 15. Algal hydrocarbons • Dead algal scum of Botryococcus braunii, a unicellular algae of chlorococcales of green algae ,contains 70% of hydrocarbons. • Due to the metabolic activity hydrocarbons are synthesized during growth phase of the algae. • Algal hydrocarbons resemble the crude oil. So it can be used as direct production of hydrocarbons. • Botryococcus braunii in brackish as well as fresh water. • In addition chlorella pyrenoidosa,a fresh water algae is known to be converted to hydrocarbons as golden liquid.
- 16. • Hydrogenation is done in a steel reactor at high temperature(>400c) and pressure (12000 p.s.i) in presence of catalyst(cobalt molybdenate). • The algae is suspended in mineral oil in the reactor. It is carried out for an hour. • The 50% of algal biomass is converted to oil with little amount of by-product(ammonium carbonate). • Oil is a clear golden colored liquid which is seperated from the reactor and blended with light gas oil in refineries and processed for the use.
- 17. Jatropha Curcas • It is native to North America, Africa as well as Central America and in particular, a town called Tempate in northern Costa Rica. • This special agro-fuel crop has many beneficial uses in addition to the oil producing seeds from which biodiesel is made, including medicinal and cosmetic applications for the seedcake, glycerin and latex.
- 22. • Jatropha thrives with heavy rainfall but is also extremely drought tolerant and can still produce in the worst of soil conditions. • It is most productive in areas with average annual temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius but it can also grow at higher altitudes and even tolerate a slight frost.
- 23. Social and economic advantages • Growers can sustain their own clean-fuel needs. • Growers will have long-term sustainable income in emerging clean-fuel markets. • Many oleaginous crops like Jatropha offer multiple profit centers through various by-products with commercial, industrial and cosmetic applications. • The planting of agro-fuel crops that perform well in marginal soils allows for the use of unproductive land at little or no cost to the grower / green investor.
- 24. • The use of clean-fuels in transportation results in fewer pollutants - particulate matter, sulfates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and other breathable toxins. • The robust, drought resistant demeanor of plants like Jatropha curcas allows for tremendous cost savings via the lack of any need for fertilizers, pesticides or irrigation. • Most oleaginous plant species involve relatively low-input systems, including the planting, maintenance, harvesting and clean-
- 25. Disadvantages • Variation in quality of biodiesel • Not suitable for use in low temperatures • Food shortage • Increased use of fertilizers • Clogging in engine • Regional suitability • Water shortage • Slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions
- 26. Clean-fuel Crop Implementation • 1. Land preparation 2. Material for planting and growing media 3. Nursery 4. Intercropping 5. Crop cultivation 6. Equipment: tractor, power tiller, digger, tumblers, extractors, etc. 7. Labor: crop planting, crop maintenance, harvesting, processing 8. Propagation 9. Harvesting technologies and practices 10. System management 11. Processing & logistics infrastructures
- 27. Conclusion • There is an increase in dependence on petroleum products and it impose economically and socially burdens on the development in future. So this is time for the development of substitute supplies of hydrocarbons. • Efforts also may be required to increase the biocrude potential of these species of plants through genetic manipulation.Therefore approach must be adopted to alleviate the scarcity of petroleum products as well as to create healthy environment.
- 28. References • Evaluation of fuel properties for microalgae Spirulina platensis bio-diesel and its blends with Egyptian petro-diesel,Soha S.M. Mostafa aNour Sh. El-Gendy . • Cosmetic potentials of physic nut (Jatropha curcas Linn.) seed oil:A review,Warra, A. A. • Hydrocarbon source plant-New source of energy for future,Dipul Kalita.(RRL,CSIR).
Editor's Notes
- Nrbi natonal reasearch botanical institute Indian institute of petroluem intiated a project for identifing and screeninc the ptoplans
- Green and leaves of the perennials were cut Plants were weigh ed ifor the freash weight and dried and weighed again, Minimisation of latex the reflux with the acetone to remove the coloring na dpolyphenols . These extracts were combined and distilled to yield acetone extractives. The residual plant material was dried and subsequently extracted with hot benzene.
- Sowing was done on three different dates Explant sources: experiments were carried out using as explants sources plantlets having approx. 20 cm in height, obtained by germinating common milkweed seeds in laboratory conditions, in a 2:1 mixture of compost and peat; - Explant types: 1 cm nodal stem segments with axillary buds; - Surface sterilization : 20 minutes soaked in 10% w/v commercial bleach (Domestos), followed by 3 rinses (5 minutes each) in sterile distilled water; the external sterilization, inoculations and the subsequent transfers were carried out under aseptic conditions, in a laminar flow cabinet; - Morphogenetic culture establishment: the surface sterilized explants were placed on the surface of the culture media variants (Table 3), distributed in 5 cm ø Petri plates (containing 5 ml of sterile autoclaved culture medium solidified with 8 g/l agar) and the incubation was performed in the growth chamber, at 25± 2 °C, under a 16/8 h photoperiod, with a light intensity of 3000 lux. The periodical transfers on fresh culture media were performed at 3 week intervals. - Culture media: full-strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) basal medium (MS), with the addition of 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar and with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) - Table 3; plant growth regulator supplements were added prior to the media autoclaving, which was carried out for 20 min at 121° C and the pH was adjusted to 5.8 – 6, prior to autoclaving. Table 3. Variants of PGRs in culture medium for obtaining morphogenetic cultures from Asclepi
- Lipid extraction is a critical step in the development of biofuels from microalgae. Here a new procedure was proposed to extract hydrocarbons from dried and water-suspended samples of the microalga Botryococcus braunii by using switchable-polarity solvents (SPS) based on 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) and an alcohol. The high affinity of the non-ionic form of DBU/alcohol SPS towards non-polar compounds was exploited to extract hydrocarbons from algae, while the ionic character of the DBU-alkyl carbonate form, obtained by the addition of CO(2), was used to recover hydrocarbons from the SPS. DBU/octanol and DBU/ethanol SPS were tested for the extraction efficiency of lipids from freeze-dried B. braunii samples and compared with n-hexane and chloroform/methanol. The DBU/octanol system was further evaluated for the extraction of hydrocarbons directly from algal culture samples. DBU/octanol exhibited the highest yields of extracted hydrocarbons from both freeze-dried and liquid algal samples (16% and 8.2% respectively against 7.8% and 5.6% with n-hexane). Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. % OF HYDROCNS VARY IT HAS LIPID ,CARBHDRTAS,BUT IT IS A GREAT SOURCE OF HYDROCARBON.
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- At dedicates to the study and application of planting, cultivating, pruning and cutting practices that have been shown to yield the highest seed quantities and seed-oil contents using only select varieties of oleaginous plant species and specialized intercropping techniques.