Interfacing microprocessor to keyboard and alphanumeric display
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Keyboard Interfacing, Matrix keyboard, Bouncing & deBouncing, Key debounce using software, Simple keyboard interface, Matrix keyboard interface, Interfacing of 7-segment display, Interfacing of multiple 7-segment display.
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EDLC-EMBEDDED PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Embedded Product Development Life Cycle (Let us call it as EDLC, though it is not a standard and universal term) is an 'Analysis -Design -Implementation' based standard problem solving approach for Embedded Product Development. In any product development application, the first and foremost step is to figure out what product needs to be developed (analysis), next you need to figure out a good approach for building it (design) and last but not least you need to develop it (implementation).
Design challenges in embedded systems
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
8051 interfacing
This consists of Interfacing of 8051 with ADC, DAC, LED, Seven segment Dispaly, Stepper motor, Temperature Sensor etc
INTERRUPT ROUTINES IN RTOS EN VIRONMENT HANDELING OF INTERRUPT SOURCE CALLS
There are three ways for an RTOS to handle interrupts:
1. The interrupt source directly calls the ISR.
2. The RTOS first handles the interrupt, then calls the corresponding ISR.
3. The RTOS first handles the interrupt, then initiates a fast-level ISR (FLISR) followed by a slow-level ISR (SLISR) or interrupt service thread (IST), with the FLISR aiming to reduce interrupt latency.
Embedded system design challenges
The document discusses several challenges in embedded systems design. It notes that current scientific foundations separate hardware and software design paradigms in ways that make integrating computation and physical constraints difficult. Engineering practices also separate critical and best-effort design methods. The document argues that a successful approach to embedded systems design needs a mathematical basis that integrates abstract-machine and transfer-function models, allows combining critical and best-effort engineering, and encompasses heterogeneous components through constructs like compositionality and non-interference rules.
System On Chip
This document discusses system on chip (SoC) design. It defines an SoC as an integrated circuit that incorporates all components of an electronic system, including processors, memory and peripheral interfaces. The document outlines the evolution of SoC technology, challenges in designing complex SoCs, and strategies for conquering complexity through IP reuse and partitioning designs into hardware and software. It provides examples of SoC applications and architectures and describes the traditional waterfall design flow for ASICs versus the newer IP-based design methodology.
Memory interfacing
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
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Recommended
EDLC-EMBEDDED PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Embedded Product Development Life Cycle (Let us call it as EDLC, though it is not a standard and universal term) is an 'Analysis -Design -Implementation' based standard problem solving approach for Embedded Product Development. In any product development application, the first and foremost step is to figure out what product needs to be developed (analysis), next you need to figure out a good approach for building it (design) and last but not least you need to develop it (implementation).
Design challenges in embedded systems
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
8051 interfacing
This consists of Interfacing of 8051 with ADC, DAC, LED, Seven segment Dispaly, Stepper motor, Temperature Sensor etc
INTERRUPT ROUTINES IN RTOS EN VIRONMENT HANDELING OF INTERRUPT SOURCE CALLS
There are three ways for an RTOS to handle interrupts:
1. The interrupt source directly calls the ISR.
2. The RTOS first handles the interrupt, then calls the corresponding ISR.
3. The RTOS first handles the interrupt, then initiates a fast-level ISR (FLISR) followed by a slow-level ISR (SLISR) or interrupt service thread (IST), with the FLISR aiming to reduce interrupt latency.
Embedded system design challenges
The document discusses several challenges in embedded systems design. It notes that current scientific foundations separate hardware and software design paradigms in ways that make integrating computation and physical constraints difficult. Engineering practices also separate critical and best-effort design methods. The document argues that a successful approach to embedded systems design needs a mathematical basis that integrates abstract-machine and transfer-function models, allows combining critical and best-effort engineering, and encompasses heterogeneous components through constructs like compositionality and non-interference rules.
System On Chip
This document discusses system on chip (SoC) design. It defines an SoC as an integrated circuit that incorporates all components of an electronic system, including processors, memory and peripheral interfaces. The document outlines the evolution of SoC technology, challenges in designing complex SoCs, and strategies for conquering complexity through IP reuse and partitioning designs into hardware and software. It provides examples of SoC applications and architectures and describes the traditional waterfall design flow for ASICs versus the newer IP-based design methodology.
Memory interfacing
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
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This document contains lecture notes on general purpose input/output (GPIO) for AVR microcontrollers. It discusses GPIO pins on the ATmega32 microcontroller, how to configure pins as inputs or outputs, and interfacing examples with LEDs and buttons. It provides code examples for blinking an LED, reading a button press, and two programming projects - a password system using buttons and LEDs, and a two-player game to increment port values and identify the first to reach 255. The document is intended to teach basic GPIO concepts and their application in microcontroller programming.
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Analog to digital conversion
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Fpga architectures and applications
FPGAs can be programmed after manufacturing to implement custom logic functions. They contain programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to create custom circuits. FPGAs provide flexibility compared to ASICs but have higher per-unit costs. The FPGA architecture consists of configurable logic blocks, programmable interconnects, and I/O blocks. Configurable logic blocks contain LUTs that implement logic functions. Programmable interconnects connect the logic blocks, and I/O blocks interface with external components. FPGAs are commonly used for prototyping, emulation, parallel computing, and other applications that require customizable hardware.
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- The embedded system design process including determining requirements, designing architecture, selecting hardware and software, and testing.
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Password based circuit breaker using dc motor
This power point presentation describes a password based circuit breaker that uses a microcontroller, LCD display, keypad, DC motor, and motor driver IC. The circuit breaker will automatically open when a fault is detected in the line. If no fault is present, the user must first enter the correct password before the circuit breaker will open. The circuit uses the microcontroller to read inputs from the keypad and control the LCD and motor driver IC to operate the DC motor that opens and closes the circuit breaker. The password protected system provides an important safety and security feature to prevent unauthorized access to electrical systems.
Implementation of vision based intelligent home security system using ARM7
This document describes the implementation of a vision-based intelligent home security system using an ARM7 processor. The system uses a motion detection algorithm with an IR sensor to detect human movement. When movement is detected, an image is captured with a camera. If an unauthorized person is identified, an SMS is sent to registered phone numbers and an email is sent with the captured photo. The system can also automatically control loads like lights and fans based on the number of people detected in a home. The system aims to provide low-cost home security and prevent power wastage.
Fingerprint base security system
This document describes a fingerprint-based security system project. The system uses a fingerprint sensor and microcontroller to scan fingerprints and compare them to registered fingerprints to grant access. It has two modes - master mode to add and delete users, and user mode to authenticate employees. If the scanned fingerprint matches a registered print, the microcontroller sends the user ID to the computer and activates devices like unlocking a door. The system aims to provide secure access control for organizations using biometric fingerprint identification.
F04502031039
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Smart digital and analogue ambience control and
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Arduino PAPER ABOUT INTRODUCTION
This document provides an overview of the Arduino microcontroller board. It begins with an abstract discussing the advantages of Arduino boards over other controller boards. It then introduces Arduino, describing it as an open-source physical computing platform using a simple I/O board and development environment. The remainder of the document details the hardware components of the Arduino board, the Arduino programming software, and concepts for programming Arduino including variables, data types, and control structures.
ANTI THEFT PPT
This document describes an anti-theft system for bikes and cars. The system uses a microcontroller, GSM module, sensors, and other components to detect unauthorized access and notify owners. It summarizes the components, working, and advantages of the system. The system prevents theft by requiring a password to start the ignition, tracking motion with IR sensors, and alerting owners via text message if the wrong password is entered multiple times. It provides security at a low cost and allows owners to control the system remotely.
Touchscreenbasedhomeautomationsystem dca
This document describes a touch screen based home automation system that allows users to remotely control household appliances using a microcontroller. The system uses a regulated power supply, touch screen sensor, microcontroller, RF transmitter and receiver, opto-isolator, TRIAC, and other basic electronic components. The aim is to design and construct a home automation system that can remotely switch appliances on and off. The system has applications in controlling appliances within 100-150 meters and offers simple installation while using wireless technology. However, it is limited to loads up to 200W.
A Simple and Reliable Touch Sensitive Security System
This document describes the design and implementation of a simple touch-sensitive security system. The system uses a NE555 timer circuit as a trigger unit to activate an alarm unit when the touch plate is touched. The alarm unit uses an astable multivibrator circuit with two transistors to blink LEDs and sound a buzzer in an alternating pattern. The system was tested and found to reliably detect unauthorized touches and sound the alarm as intended. The goal was to develop an affordable, reliable security system, which was achieved with this simple circuitry using readily available components.
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-7-2389-2397
This document describes the design and implementation of a voice activated, programmable, multipurpose robot. The robot uses a microcontroller and various integrated circuits to enable voice control and wireless control via dual-tone multi-frequency signaling. The document provides details on the circuit design and components, software design in C and Assembly languages, and concludes the robot demonstrates satisfactory performance for applications such as guiding visitors or patients.
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-7-2389-2397
This document describes the design and implementation of a voice activated, programmable, multipurpose robot. The robot uses a microcontroller and various integrated circuits to enable voice control and wireless control via dual-tone multi-frequency signaling. The document provides details on the circuit design and components, software design in C and Assembly languages, and concludes the robot demonstrates satisfactory performance for applications such as guiding visitors or patients.
Virtual Keypad using IR Technology
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a virtual keyboard using IR technology as an alternative to physical keyboards. It describes how 10 IR sensors and an 89C51 microcontroller are used to create a virtual QWERTY keyboard layout. When the user places their finger near a sensor, the corresponding key is detected and displayed on an LCD screen. This provides a compact, portable keyboard option for small devices without requiring much space. The virtual keyboard is designed to overcome issues with small physical keyboards being difficult to use and see.
Network security
The document discusses various topics related to network security including viruses, worms, standard system attacks, protection methods, encryption algorithms, firewalls, proxy servers, wireless security, and conclusions. It provides details on types of viruses and worms, common system attacks like exploiting vulnerabilities, spoofing, and stealing passwords. It also explains methods to secure networks like physical protection, access control, passwords, access rights, auditing, and different encryption techniques including AES, DES, and public key cryptography. Firewalls and proxy servers are discussed as network protection mechanisms and wireless security standards like WEP and WPA are covered.
Project report on dtmf based door opening system
The document describes a cell phone security system that allows a user to unlock a door using their cell phone. It works by using DTMF (dual tone multi-frequency) signaling, where each button on the phone's keypad generates a unique tone. When the user calls their home security system and enters a valid password using their phone's keypad, the system verifies the password using the DTMF tones and automatically unlocks the door. The project aims to automate the manual process of unlocking a door with a physical key by allowing it to be unlocked remotely using a cell phone. It provides convenience by allowing entry without needing to get out of a car to unlock the door.
Smart door project report shivnaresh likhar
This document is a major project report submitted by two students, Mahesh Patil and Shivnaresh Likhar, towards fulfilling the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report describes the development of a "Smart Door" system using embedded systems and microcontrollers. It includes recommendations from professors, a certificate of completion, acknowledgements, an abstract, and table of contents outlining the various chapters which will describe the literature review, analysis, design, implementation, testing and conclusion of the smart door system.
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
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4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
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3-6 June 2024, Niš, SerbiaEmbedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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Interfacing microprocessor to keyboard and alphanumeric display
- 1. Presented by:- Gurkirat Singh
- 2. In most keyboards, the key switches are connecting in a matrix of rows and columns. We will use simple mechanical switches for our examples, but the principle is same for other type of switches. Getting meaningful data from a keyboard, it requires the following three major tasks: •Detect a key press. •Debounce the key press. •Encode the key press Presented By:-Gurkirat Singh (Electrical Engineering)
- 3. Presented By:-Gurkirat Singh (Electrical Engineering)
- 4. Bouncing is the tendency of any two metal contacts in an electronic device to generate multiple signals as the contacts close or open; Debouncing is any kind of hardware device or software that ensures that only a single signal will be acted upon for a single opening or closing of a contact.
- 5. In the software technique, when a key press is found, the microprocessor waits for atleast 10ms before it accepts the key as an input.
- 6. Presented By:-Gurkirat Singh (Electrical Engineering)
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