One can introduce the concept of “attension” as to any unit enumerated above, e.g. as to a notion.
It means both all individuals of the extension as existing and their wholeness as existing, too
Thus, “attension” is relative to “intension” and “extension”, on the one hand, and to the Platonic “idea” and “eidos”, on the other hand
Furthermore, “attension” can be defined as the application of the “philosophical attention” to any explicit or implicit (e.g. contextual) intension
Attension complements intension to the pair of both biggest and least element of the mathematical structure of lattice extended from the intention of consciousness to the idea therefore giving both logical and ontological structure of the notion or whatever else unit
That structure orders the extension in question in a potential taxonomy (i.e. classification of genera and species), the biggest element of which, i.e. the idea of the thing defined by the extension or even that thing itself or by itself, is generated just by the philosophical attention as the corresponding attension
On the contrary, if the notion or unit is supplied as usual by any logical or ontological structure, thus its attension is implicitly certain, too
https://youtu.be/4V18eP4u8Rw
These slides are the relationship between language, culture and thought as Ronald Wardhaugh has discussed in "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". The examples have been provided from the Pakistani context and culture.
Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances (Yule, 1996, p. 9). It means “pointing via” language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexical.
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Fell free to use this PPt.
Co-evolving Code and Design with Intensional ViewsESUG
Co-evolving Code and Design with Intensional Views. A Case Study. Kim Mens (UCL) Andy Kellens (VUB) Frédéric Pluquet & Roel Wuyts (ULB). ESUG 2005, Bruessels
These slides are the relationship between language, culture and thought as Ronald Wardhaugh has discussed in "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". The examples have been provided from the Pakistani context and culture.
Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances (Yule, 1996, p. 9). It means “pointing via” language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexical.
----------------------------------------------------------
Fell free to use this PPt.
Co-evolving Code and Design with Intensional ViewsESUG
Co-evolving Code and Design with Intensional Views. A Case Study. Kim Mens (UCL) Andy Kellens (VUB) Frédéric Pluquet & Roel Wuyts (ULB). ESUG 2005, Bruessels
In this presentation, we will understand the concept of industrial psychology to contribute to the productivity, while also talking about roots and reason of certain behavior and behavioral patterns.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
The principle of constructive mathematizability of any theory: A sketch of fo...Vasil Penchev
A principle, according to which any scientific theory can be mathematized, is investigated. That theory is presupposed to be a consistent text, which can be exhaustedly represented by a certain mathematical structure constructively. In thus used, the term “theory” includes all hypotheses as yet unconfirmed as already rejected. The investigation of the sketch of a possible proof of the principle demonstrates that it should be accepted rather a metamathematical axiom about the relation of mathematics and reality.
Its investigation needs philosophical means. Husserl’s phenomenology is what is used, and then the conception of “bracketing reality” is modelled to generalize Peano arithmetic in its relation to set theory in the foundation of mathematics. The obtained model is equivalent to the generalization of Peano arithmetic by means of replacing the axiom of induction with that of transfinite induction.
Accepting or rejecting the principle, two kinds of mathematics appear differing from each other by its relation to reality. Accepting the principle, mathematics has to include reality within itself in a kind of Pythagoreanism. These two kinds are called in paper correspondingly Hilbert mathematics and Gödel mathematics. The sketch of the proof of the principle demonstrates that the generalization of Peano arithmetic as above can be interpreted as a model of Hilbert mathematics into Gödel mathematics therefore showing that the former is not less consistent than the latter, and the principle is an independent axiom.
An information interpretation of Hilbert mathematics is involved. It is a kind of ontology of information. Thus the problem which of the two mathematics is more relevant to our being (rather than reality for reality is external only to Gödel mathematics) is discussed. An information interpretation of the Schrödinger equation is involved to illustrate the above problem.
.There are different paths to reality, they are determined by the knower, being instrumental methodological study object, epistemological axis, among others. Reality presents several faces, what is observable and what is perceived sensory empirical data obtained correspond to the visible, the main thing is to discover the hidden side, which is behind the perceptible or data. Epistemology is the whole process of obtaining scientific knowledge, ranging from the pre knowledge to get to know the hidden side, one thing is what is seen and what is not, and one that is not seen, is really it is.
THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING: Esotericism amalgamated to Celestial and Quantum Me...William John Meegan
The spiritual sages of antiquity have already archived in the texts of the sacred scriptures of the world THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING by esoterically amalgamating Celestial and Quantum Mechanic to Esotericism: i.e. The Esoteric Science. The argument that only mathematics can be use to transmit complex conceptual data modules across the epochs of time and space is debunked by the extraordinary complexities that are enshrouded in THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING as envisaged by the ancient esoterists. Mathematics is too limited a branch of science to convey to the human psyche the complexities of the world around it; thus, physics is wrong in believing that THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING can be brought down to a single algebraic equation unless of course physics can convey through it algebraic equation that everything, bar nothing, defines and explains the singularity. Just as modern physics breaks down Einstein equation E=MC², which is a symbolic and alphanumeric algebraic equation denoting that ’Energy equal matter times the square of the speed of light” so too does the sacred scriptures cram pack every indigenous letter of the texts symbolically and alphanumerically for the sole purpose of transmitting to the soul (the lone individual) THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING. In other words the soul: i.e. the MONAD self-defines itself. The singularity can only be defined by everything, for that is its inherent nature. In every sense physicists are unknowingly trying to define God, which cannot be iconically classified by a single algebraic equation; rather, the singularity can only be defined and understood through the mythoi of incalculable esoteric examples for to limit the Theory of Everything to a one or an assortment of examples is to limit conceptually its overall theme.
From the outset of this paper, let me declare that I will be introducing empirical evidence of abstract spiritual laws that literally defy the so-called laws of materialistic physics and it is through these abstract laws that I will prove THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING. It should effectively bring down the house of cards that physics has built for itself under the rubric of Celestial and Quantum Mechanics: i.e. The Theory of the Big and Small. This paper is all about the Theory of the Big and Small; however, this thesis is about the spiritual and the transcendent.
THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING is the main focus of this paper; however, the reader has to be somewhat educated into the sophisticated mathematical and grammatical sciences: i.e. Seven Liberal Arts: Arithmetic, Music/Harmony, Geometry, Astronomy/Astrology, Grammar, Rhetoric and Logic/Dialectics: the Esoteric Science (mystically hidden) symbolically integrated as one unified system of thought into the textual materials of the Judeao Christian Scriptures in order for the reader to have a sense of my theses on this subject matter. I have no intentions of proselytizing anyone into believing in the existence of God and the transcendent; though
Scientism, or the unity of scientific method. The positivist
methodology does not see any difference between the
natural and the social sciences. The adoption however, of
the unity of the scientific method is accepted in tandem
with the notion of the predominant role of the natural
sciences, in which the social sciences see their model.
The outcome is what we call scientism, that is the view
that only the natural sciences can produce the semantic
interpretation of knowledge.
The contemporary philosophy of science (epistemology) featuring K.Popper, T.Kuhn, I.Lakatos, P.Feyerabend, Hanson among others, has exercised a decisive critique to the dominant views of the positivist and neo-positivist model of knowledge and has in fact undermined its credibility.
The contemporary philosophy of science & the problem of the scientific consciousness.
...The understanding of scientific knowledge requires reflective thinking. The reflective thinking could restore the communication between subject and object, between social sciences and natural sciences. Only then, communication between facts and values can achieved. In other words, communication between reason and myth, science and art, knowledge and wisdom, empirical research and the existential question for the meaning of life.
...the problem of scientific consciousness (liability) requires the transformation of the structures of the same knowledge. The sovereignty of uncontrolled scientism-positivism leads to brutalization and the reaction to it, leads to metaphysical obscurantism and madness. The researcher should be aware of the complex and reciprocal relationships between the scientific, technical, social and political worlds...
The generalization of the Periodic table. The "Periodic table" of "dark matter"Vasil Penchev
The thesis is: the “periodic table” of “dark matter” is equivalent to the standard periodic table of the visible matter being entangled. Thus, it is to consist of all possible entangled states of the atoms of chemical elements as quantum systems. In other words, an atom of any chemical element and as a quantum system, i.e. as a wave function, should be represented as a non-orthogonal in general (i.e. entangled) subspace of the separable complex Hilbert space relevant to the system to which the atom at issue is related as a true part of it. The paper follows previous publications of mine stating that “dark matter” and “dark energy” are projections of arbitrarily entangled states on the cognitive “screen” of Einstein’s “Mach’s principle” in general relativity postulating that gravitational field can be generated only by mass or energy.
Modal History versus Counterfactual History: History as IntentionVasil Penchev
The distinction of whether real or counterfactual history makes sense only post factum. However, modal history is to be defined only as ones’ intention and thus, ex-ante. Modal history is probable history, and its probability is subjective. One needs phenomenological “epoché” in relation to its reality (respectively, counterfactuality). Thus, modal history describes historical “phenomena” in Husserl’s sense and would need a specific application of phenomenological reduction, which can be called historical reduction. Modal history doubles history just as the recorded history of historiography does it. That doubling is a necessary condition of historical objectivity including one’s subjectivity: whether actors’, ex-anteor historians’ post factum. The objectivity doubled by ones’ subjectivity constitute “hermeneutical circle”.
Both classical and quantum information [autosaved]Vasil Penchev
Information can be considered a the most fundamental, philosophical, physical and mathematical concept originating from the totality by means of physical and mathematical transcendentalism (the counterpart of philosophical transcendentalism). Classical and quantum information. particularly by their units, bit and qubit, correspond and unify the finite and infinite:
As classical information is relevant to finite series and sets, as quantum information, to infinite ones. The separable complex Hilbert space of quantum mechanics can be represented equivalently as “qubit space”) as quantum information and doubled dually or “complimentary” by Hilbert arithmetic (classical information).
A CLASS OF EXEMPLES DEMONSTRATING THAT “푃푃≠푁푁푁 ” IN THE “P VS NP” PROBLEMVasil Penchev
The CMI Millennium “P vs NP Problem” can be resolved e.g. if one shows at least one counterexample to the “P=NP” conjecture. A certain class of problems being such counterexamples will be formulated. This implies the rejection of the hypothesis “P=NP” for any conditions satisfying the formulation of the problem. Thus, the solution “P≠NP” of the problem in general is proved. The class of counterexamples can be interpreted as any quantum superposition of any finite set of quantum states. The Kochen-Specker theorem is involved. Any fundamentally random choice among a finite set of alternatives belong to “NP’ but not to “P”. The conjecture that the set complement of “P” to “NP” can be described by that kind of choice exhaustively is formulated.
FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM PROVED BY INDUCTION (accompanied by a philosophical com...Vasil Penchev
A proof of Fermat’s last theorem is demonstrated. It is very brief, simple, elementary, and absolutely arithmetical. The necessary premises for the proof are only: the three definitive properties of the relation of equality (identity, symmetry, and transitivity), modus tollens, axiom of induction, the proof of Fermat’s last theorem in the case of n=3 as well as the premises necessary for the formulation of the theorem itself. It involves a modification of Fermat’s approach of infinite descent. The infinite descent is linked to induction starting from n=3 by modus tollens. An inductive series of modus tollens is constructed. The proof of the series by induction is equivalent to Fermat’s last theorem. As far as Fermat had been proved the theorem for n=4, one can suggest that the proof for n≥4 was accessible to him.
An idea for an elementary arithmetical proof of Fermat’s last theorem (FLT) by induction is suggested. It would be accessible to Fermat unlike Wiles’s proof (1995), and would justify Fermat’s claim (1637) for its proof. The inspiration for a simple proof would contradict to Descartes’s dualism for appealing to merge “mind” and “body”, “words” and “things”, “terms” and “propositions”, all orders of logic. A counterfactual course of history of mathematics and philosophy may be admitted. The bifurcation happened in Descartes and Fermat’s age. FLT is exceptionally difficult to be proved in our real branch rather than in the counterfactual one.
The space-time interpretation of Poincare’s conjecture proved by G. Perelman Vasil Penchev
Background and prehistory:
The French mathematician Henri Poincaré offered a statement known as “Poincaré’s conjecture” without a proof. It states that any 4-dimensional ball is equivalent to 3-dimensional Euclidean space topologically: a continuous mapping exists so that it maps the former ball into the latter space one-to-one.
At first glance, it seems to be too paradoxical for the following mismatches: the former is 4-dimensional and as if “closed” unlike the latter, 3-dimensional and as if “open” according to common sense. So, any mapping seemed to be necessarily discrete to be able to overcome those mismatches, and being discrete impies for the conjecture to be false.
Anyway, nobody managed neither to prove nor to reject rigorously the conjecture about one century. It was included even in the Millennium Prize Problems by the Clay Mathematics Institute.
It was proved by Grigory Perelman in 2003 using the concept of information.
Physical interpretation in terms of special relativity:
One may notice that the 4-ball is almost equivalent topologically to the “imaginary domain” of Minkowski space in the following sense of “almost”: that “half” of Minkowski space is equivalent topologically to the unfolding of a 4-ball. Then, the conjecture means the topological equivalence of the physical 3-space and its model in special relativity. In turn, that topological equivalence means their equivalence as to causality physically. So, Perelman has proved the adequacy of Minkowski space as a model of the physical 3-dimensional space rigorously. Of course, all experiments confirm the same empirically, but not mathematically as he did.
An idea of another proof of the conjecture based on that physical interpretation:
Topologically seen, the problem turns out to be reformulated so: one needs a proof of the topological equivalence of a 4-ball and its unfolding by 3-balls (what the “half” of Minkowski space is, topologically).
If one adds a complementary, second unfolding to link both ends of the first unfolding, the problem would be resolved: 4-ball would be equivalent to two 3-spaces topologically. Two 3-spaces are equivalent to a single one as follows: one divides a 3-space into two parts by a certain plane (that plane does not belong to any of them). Any part is equivalent topologically to a 3-space for any open neighborhood is transformed into an open one by the mapping of each part (excluding the boundary of the plane) into the complete 3-space.
That idea is linked to the original proof of Perelman by the concept of information. It means that any bit of information interpreted physically conserves causality. In other words, the choice of any of both states of a bit (e.g. designated as “0” and “1” recorded in a cell) does not violate causality (the cell, either “0” or “1”, or both “0” and “1” are equivalent to each other topologically and to a 3-space).
FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ACTION TO THE CONSERVATION OF QUANTUM INFORMATION...Vasil Penchev
In fact, the first law of conservation (that of mass) was found in chemistry and generalized to the conservation of energy in physics by means of Einstein’s famous “E=mc2”. Energy conservation is implied by the principle of least action from a variational viewpoint as in Emmy Noether’s theorems (1918): any chemical change in a conservative (i.e. “closed”) system can be accomplished only in the way conserving its total energy. Bohr’s innovation to found Mendeleev’s periodic table by quantum mechanics implies a certain generalization referring to
the quantum leaps as if accomplished in all possible trajectories (according to Feynman’s interpretation) and therefore generalizing the principle of least action and needing a certain generalization of energy conservation as to any quantum change.The transition from the first to the second theorem of Emmy Noether represents well the necessary generalization: its chemical meaning is the ge eralization of any chemical reaction to be accomplished as if any possible course of time rather than in the standard evenly running time (and equivalent to energy conservation according to the first theorem). The problem: If any quantum change is accomplished in al possible “variations (i.e. “violations) of energy conservation” (by different probabilities),
what (if any) is conserved? An answer: quantum information is what is conserved. Indeed, it can be particularly defined as the counterpart (e.g. in the sense of Emmy Noether’s theorems) to the physical quantity of action (e.g. as energy is the counterpart of time in them). It is valid in any course of time rather than in the evenly running one. That generalization implies a generalization of the periodic table including any continuous and smooth transformation between two chemical elements.
From the principle of least action to the conservation of quantum information...Vasil Penchev
In fact, the first law of conservation (that of mass) was found in chemistry and generalized to the conservation of energy in physics by means of Einstein’s famous “E=mc2”. Energy conservation is implied by the principle of least action from a variational viewpoint as in Emmy Noether’s theorems (1918):any chemical change in a conservative (i.e. “closed”) system can be accomplished only in the way conserving its total energy. Bohr’s innovation to found Mendeleev’s periodic table by quantum mechanics implies a certain generalization referring to the quantum leaps as if accomplished in all possible trajectories (e.g. according to Feynman’s viewpoint) and therefore generalizing the principle of least action and needing a certain generalization of energy conservation as to any quantum change.
The transition from the first to the second theorem of Emmy Noether represents well the necessary generalization: its chemical meaning is the generalization of any chemical reaction to be accomplished as if any possible course of time rather than in the standard evenly running time (and equivalent to energy conservation according to the first theorem).
The problem: If any quantum change is accomplished in all possible “variations (i.e. “violations) of energy conservation” (by different probabilities), what (if any) is conserved?
An answer: quantum information is what is conserved. Indeed it can be particularly defined as the counterpart (e.g. in the sense of Emmy Noether’s theorems) to the physical quantity of action (e.g. as energy is the counterpart of time in them). It is valid in any course of time rather than in the evenly running one. (An illustration: if observers in arbitrarily accelerated reference frames exchange light signals about the course of a single chemical reaction observed by all of them, the universal viewpoint shareаble by all is that of quantum information).
That generalization implies a generalization of the periodic table including any continuous and smooth transformation between two chemical elements necessary conserving quantum information rather than energy: thus it can be called “alchemical periodic table”.
Why anything rather than nothing? The answer of quantum mechnaicsVasil Penchev
Many researchers determine the question “Why anything
rather than nothing?” to be the most ancient and fundamental philosophical problem. It is closely related to the idea of Creation shared by religion, science, and philosophy, for example in the shape of the “Big Bang”, the doctrine of first cause or causa sui, the Creation in six days in the Bible, etc. Thus, the solution of quantum mechanics, being scientific in essence, can also be interpreted philosophically, and even religiously. This paper will only discuss the philosophical interpretation. The essence of the answer of quantum mechanics is: 1.) Creation is necessary in a rigorously mathematical sense. Thus, it does not need any hoice, free will, subject, God, etc. to appear. The world exists by virtue of mathematical necessity, e.g. as any mathematical truth such as 2+2=4; and 2.) Being is less than nothing rather than ore than nothing. Thus creation is not an increase of nothing, but the decrease of nothing: it is a deficiency in relation to nothing. Time and its “arrow” form the road from that diminishment or incompleteness to nothing.
The Square of Opposition & The Concept of Infinity: The shared information s...Vasil Penchev
The power of the square of opposition has been proved during millennia, It supplies logic by the ontological language of infinity for describing anything...
6th WORLD CONGRESS ON THE SQUARE OF OPPOSITION
http://www.square-of-opposition.org/square2018.html
Mamardashvili, an Observer of the Totality. About “Symbol and Consciousness”,...Vasil Penchev
The paper discusses a few tensions “crucifying” the works and even personality of the great Georgian philosopher Merab Mamardashvili: East and West; human being and thought, symbol and consciousness, infinity and finiteness, similarity and differences. The observer can be involved as the correlative counterpart of the totality: An observer opposed to the totality externalizes an internal part outside. Thus the phenomena of an observer and the totality turn out to converge to each other or to be one and the same. In other words, the phenomenon of an observer includes the singularity of the solipsistic Self, which (or “who”) is the same as that of the totality. Furthermore, observation can be thought as that primary and initial action underlain by the phenomenon of an observer. That action of observation consists in the externalization of the solipsistic Self outside as some external reality. It is both a zero action and the singularity of the phenomenon of action. The main conclusions are: Mamardashvili’s philosophy can be thought both as the suffering effort to be a human being again and again as well as the philosophical reflection on the genesis of thought from itself by the same effort. Thus it can be recognized as a powerful tension between signs anа symbol, between conscious structures and consciousness, between the syncretism of the East and the discursiveness of the West crucifying spiritually Georgia
Completeness: From henkin's Proposition to Quantum ComputerVasil Penchev
The paper addresses Leon Henkin's proposition as a "lighthouse",
which can elucidate a vast territory of knowledge uniformly: logic, set theory,
information theory, and quantum mechanics: Two strategies to infinity are
equally relevant for it is as universal and thus complete as open and thus incomplete.
Henkin's, Godel's, Robert Jeroslow's, and Hartley Rogers'
proposition are reformulated so that both completeness and incompleteness to
be unified and thus reduced as a joint property of infinity and of all infinite sets.
However, only Henkin's proposition equivalent to an internal position to
infinity is consistent . This can be retraced back to set theory and its axioms,
where tha t of choice is a key. Quantum mechanics is forced to introduce infinity implicitly by Hilbert space, on which is founded its formalism. One can
demonstrate that some essential properties of quantum information,
entanglement, and quantum computer originate directly from infinity once it is
involved in quantum mechanics. Thus, these phenomena can be elucidated as
both complete and incomplete, after which choice is the border between them.
A special kind of invariance to the axiom of choice shared by quantum
mechanics is discussed to be involved that border between the completeness
and incompleteness of infinity in a consistent way. The so-called paradox of
Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen is interpreted entirely in
the same terms only of set theory. Quantum computer can demonstrate
especially clearly the privilege of the internal position, or "observer'' , or "user" to infinity implied by Henkin's proposition as the only consist ent ones as to infinity. An essential area of contemporary knowledge may be synthesized from a single viewpoint.
Why anything rather than nothing? The answer of quantum mechanicsVasil Penchev
The state of “nothing” is not stable
❖ The physical nothing is not a general vacuum
The being is less than nothing
❖ The creation is taking away from the nothing
Time is the destruction of symmetry
❖ The creation need not any (external) cause
The state of nothing passes spontaneously (by itself) into the state of being
❖ This represents the “creation”
The transition of nothing into being is mathematically necessary
❖ The choice (which can be interpreted philosophically as “free will”) appears necessary in mathematical reasons
❖ The choice generates asymmetry, which is the beginning of time and thus, of the physical word
❖ Information is the quantity of choices and linked to time intimately
The outlined approach allows a common philosophical viewpoint to the physical world, language and some mathematical structures therefore calling for the universe to be understood as a joint physical, linguistic and mathematical universum, in which physical motion and metaphor are one and the same rather than only similar in a sense.
Hilbert Space and pseudo-Riemannian Space: The Common Base of Quantum Informa...Vasil Penchev
Hilbert space underlying quantum mechanics and pseudo-Riemannian space underlying general relativity share a common base of quantum information. Hilbert space can be interpreted as the free variable of quantum information, and any point in it, being equivalent to a wave function (and thus, to a state of a quantum system), as a value of that variable of quantum information. In turn, pseudo-Riemannian space can be interpreted as the interaction of two or more quantities of quantum information and thus, as two or more entangled quantum systems. Consequently, one can distinguish local physical interactions describable by a single Hilbert space (or by any factorizable tensor product of such ones) and non-local physical interactions describable only by means by that Hilbert space, which cannot be factorized as any tensor product of the Hilbert spaces, by means of which one can describe the interacting quantum subsystems separately. Any interaction, which can be exhaustedly described in a single Hilbert space, such as the weak, strong, and electromagnetic one, is local in terms of quantum information. Any interaction, which cannot be described thus, is nonlocal in terms of quantum information. Any interaction, which is exhaustedly describable by pseudo-Riemannian space, such as gravity, is nonlocal in this sense. Consequently all known physical interaction can be described by a single geometrical base interpreting it in terms of quantum information.
Analogia entis as analogy universalized and formalized rigorously and mathema...Vasil Penchev
THE SECOND WORLD CONGRESS ON ANALOGY, POZNAŃ, MAY 24-26, 2017
(The Venue: Sala Lubrańskiego (Lubrański’s Hall at the Collegium Minus), Adam Mickiewicz University, Address: ul. Wieniawskiego 1) The presentation: 24 May, 15:30
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
2. Vasil Penchev
• Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: Institute for the Study of
Societies and Knowledge (Institute for Philosophical
Research)
• vasildinev@gmail.com
209 Bryant Hall at the University of Mississippi in Oxford, MS,
USA
11:00-11:50; 19 March 2016
The 2016 Meeting of the Mississippi Philosophical Association
4. Philosophical phenomenology
• Philosophical phenomenology starting from Brentano and
Husserl introduced (or restored from scholastic philosophy)
the conception about the intentionality of consciousness
• Especially Husserl being a mathematician in education and
early carrier linked that fundamental and definitive property
of consciousness to the essence of mathematical cognition
by means of the concept of “epoché”:
• Consciousness addresses always something beyond itself to
be able to constitute itself as what addresses
5. Mathematical cognition
• Indeed, mathematical cognition remains open the problem
whether the described and investigated objects exist or not
• In other words, mathematical cognition is invariant to and
thus independent of the existence (“reality”) or non-
existence of its objects
• It needs only to address them consistently
• “Consistently” as it is used here means only a one-to-one
mapping between the set of addressees and the set of
addressers
• However, the addressers are often a finite number for
infinitely many addressees at least in mathematics
6. Attention and intention
• Thus attention turns out to be dual to the phenomenological
“intention” in a sense:
• It postulates its objects as real independently of whether
they exist or not
• So, the attention and intention constitutes a dual pair in
dependence whether the objects at issue are declared as
real or not (here “not” does not mean for them to be
declared as unreal or nonexisting, but that they might be real
or unreal)
• Then one can speak of “attention” as the reverse operation
to “epoché”
7. Reality
• The latter takes or removes reality, and the former gives or
adds reality
• Thus attention being inherently linked to the problem of
reality turns out to be a fundamental philosophical concept
rather than only a psychological one
• For example, if the operation of that philosophical
“attention” is applied to any intention, one would obtain the
corresponding “idea” or “eidos” (i.e. appearance as a whole)
in a Platonic sense, i.e. as “reell”
8. Intention and intension
• Furthermore, “intention” has another counterpart, “intension” in
logic, mathematics, epistemology, and cognitive science
• Intension is what is able to constitutes unambiguously a separated
unit such as a notion, set, image, or any unit of cognition by a finite
definition, i.e. by a finite set of bound variables interpretable as the
logical constant of that unit
• An extension as the collection of objects, each of which satisfies the
definition at issue, corresponds to any intension possibly as an
empty one if the definition is contradictory
• The collection may include as existing as nonexisting individuals
10. “Attension”
• One can introduce the concept of “attension” as to any unit
enumerated above, e.g. as to a notion.
• It means both all individuals of the extension as existing and their
wholeness as existing, too
• Thus, “attension” is relative to “intension” and “extension”, on the
one hand, and to the Platonic “idea” and “eidos”, on the other hand
• Furthermore, “attension” can be defined as the application of the
“philosophical attention” to any explicit or implicit (e.g. contextual)
intension
11. • Attension complements intension to the pair of both biggest and least
element of the mathematical structure of lattice extended from the
intention of consciousness to the idea therefore giving both logical
and ontological structure of the notion or whatever else unit
• That structure orders the extension in question in a potential
taxonomy (i.e. classification of genera and species), the biggest
element of which, i.e. the idea of the thing defined by the extension
or even that thing itself or by itself, is generated just by the
philosophical attention as the corresponding attension
• On the contrary, if the notion or unit is supplied as usual by any
logical or ontological structure, thus its attension is implicitly certain,
too
“Attension”
13. • Philosophical phenomenology establishes an inherent link
between:
(a) logic and mathematics
(b) philosophy
(c) psychology:
• The link relates the three by means a kind of transcendental
idealism in the German philosophical tradition, which Husserl
called “solipsistic” in some his works
• Thus a bridge for transfer and reinterpretation between notions
of psychology, logic and mathematics is created under the
necessary condition for those concepts to be considered as
philosophical as referred to that kind of transcendental subject
Argument 1
14. • The initial research of Husserl about The psychological
Foundation of Arithmetic (1890) leaded him to opposite
conclusion in the later Logical Investigations (1900-1901), namely
that psychology (and further philosophy) should be underlain
rather by logic and mathematics
• In fact, the initial base of that synthesis can be found even in
Ancient Greece in Pythagoreanism, in the origin itself of
philosophy, and a little later, in Plato’s doctrine and Euclid’s
geometry
• The German idealism including the subject and mind as a
fundamental philosophical category had been what allowed of
Husserl to add psychology in that huge synthesis
Argument 2
15. • The link in question is grounded in the way of cognition in
logic and mathematics, philosophy, and the seen in thus
psychology rather than in any reference to reality, to
experienced or experimental data for the reality itself should
be inferred in particular by the new approach of
phenomenology
• This suggests for reality not to be presupposed, but to be
“bracketed” initially
• The contents of consciousness is only doubled in the manner
of mathematics as a one-to-one mapping of that contents
into … itself in the final analysis
Argument 3
16. • Indeed, logic and mathematics do not connect the concept of
truth, in their framework, to any confirmation by external reality
• Therefore, they do not presuppose any reality, and their
cognition is independent of reality as a hypothesis or premise
• As to philosophy, it ought not to presuppose reality for the
reality itself is its main problem (Heidegger underlay the
problem of being as a deeper one)
• At last, psychology should not be referred to reality as far as its
object of research is just that being which seems to be opposed
to and thus separated from reality, namely mind and psychics
(Heidegger refuted this, the latter, and Husserl blamed him for
“naturalization”)
Argument 4
17. • Thus logic & mathematics, philosophy, and psychology need
and would share a relevant method of research, which
should be independent of the hypothesis (or axiom) of
reality
• In particular, that method cannot be experimental or ground
on any experience in reality
• Indeed, any experimental method admits and even suggests
some mismatch of reality and consciousness unlike the
enumerated sciences
• Whether reality coincides with consciousness or not should
be a fundamental axiom, which generates two main
pathways of cognition: either “phenomenological” or
“naturalistic” (in Husserl)
Argument 5
18. • Logic and mathematics as the most advanced ones in that kind of
cognition can suggest the extended model and interpretation where
“intension” would correspond to “intention”, and “extension” to
some area of reality relevant to that intension at issue
• Both concepts of intension and extension just as well as that of
intentionality do not presuppose “reality”, but they are consistent to
it. Thus, the “property of reality” is able to be added or not
axiomatically to some entities postulated to possesses it
• Furthermore, the pair of intention and attention implies
a counterpart of “intension”, which is naturally to be called by t
he neologism “attension” as the missing member of both pair
“intention – attention” and pair “intension - ???”
Argument 6
19. • Then “attension” is the “extension” with reality added
secondarily as far as reality cannot be presupposed in
phenomenological research
• “Reality” can be interpreted as an additional bit of
information
• “Attension” is further definable by means of “extension”, to
which is added a bit more with values either “real” or
“unreal”
• “Attension” properly is the case where that additional bit is
obtained the value of “real”
Argument 7
21. Husserl’s approach to transcendentalism
• Husserl, both mathematician and philosopher, was who offered a new
reading of transcendentalism, mathematical in essence
• The transcendental might be understood as the collection of all
possibilities therefore interpreting the “condition of possibility” in thus
• Mathematics accepts consistency seen as the possibility of existence as
mathematical existence as well.
• The collection of all possibilities might be defined as a certain invariant
shared by all possibilities at issue, obtainable by “eidetic reduction”,
which is phenomenological in the sense of Husserl’s psychology, or
transcendental in his philosophy
22. The reductions
• One might say that eidetic, phenomenological and
transcendental reduction are only different senses (or
contexts) of one and the same meaning mapping all
possibilities of a kind into their shared invariant
• Then Husserl’s opposition of the phenomenological
(transcendental) to the naturalistic might be further thought
as the opposition of the set of all possibilities, defined by
their invariant, to an arbitrary and therefore random
element of the same set
23. Mind-brain
• However, the system of mind-brain unifies somehow both aspects
allowing to be described as both mind (i.e. phenomenologically and
transcendentally) and brain (i.e. naturalistically)
• One might even postulate that kind of duality as the essential feature
of that system, necessary for its relevant definition
• If that is the case, and Husserl’s approach to the transcendental and
naturalistic is used, one would need a certain equation of the
transcendental and the naturalistic to define relevantly the system of
mind-brain
24. Mind-brain as a quantum system
• The interpretation of the mind-brain system as a quantum
system satisfies the condition for an element of a set to be
equated to the set, and therefore that of the reduction
whether eidetic or phenomenological, or transcendental in
Husserl’s sense
• Then a given mind state is associable only with the change of
the probability distribution of the brain as a whole
• In other words, any mind state corresponds to a certain state
of the brain as a whole, but not any true part of it
25. What is “quantum system”?
• Quantum mechanics being only an exemplification and
interpretation of a much more general set including it shares the
same property, namely, the equivalence of a set to its element
• Then, the term “quantum system” means it in the sense of both
quantum mechanics and generalization definable by that
equivalence of ‘set’ and ‘element’
• Furthermore, any element of the set is specified by the probability
distribution of all elements of the set
• Particularly, if all probabilities are always concentrated in an
element, one can obtain the classical sense of ‘set’ shared by finite
and infinite sets
26. Involving infinity
• No finite and constructive element can satisfy that kind of equivalence
• Even more, that equivalence is interpretable as a version of Dedekind’s
definition of infinity
• However if the axiom of choice is attached, a finite, though unknown in
principle, set equivalent one-to-one to each one infinite set should
exist “purely” and mathematically, i.e. only possibly, but not ever
actually
• That paradoxical corollary is implied by Skolem’s consideration of the
“relativeness of ‘set’” (1922)
• Thus infinity is decomposable to finiteness and randomness if
randomness be equated to “pure” (never actual) possibility
27. Bohr’s complementarity
• Then by interpreting in terms of mind-brain, a random element of
the one half of that duality would correspond to each one element
of the other
• This is equivalent to the suggested by Niels Bohr conception about
mind-brain complementarity as a generalization of complementarity
in quantum mechanics
• For example, given an element either of the brain or of the mind. All
other half of duality corresponds to it, but specified by a profile
(distribution) of probability for all elements of that half
28. Interpretation
• There is a gap (discrete jump) between ‘mind’ and ‘brain’ in mind-
brain, which involves complementarity, duality and holism
• The brain as a material macroscopic system can be seen as an
“apparatus” registering the state of mind as a probability distribution
• The mind in turn can be thought as a microscopic “quantum” system,
the state of which is what is registered by the brain
• The mind-brain relation is probabilistic “purely” due to the gap
between them without any hidden variables to determine the
probability distribution as a statistics in those variables
• Both mind and brain as well as both together can be interpreted as
the “substance of the gap and probability distribution” as the gap is
always and only a relation between them
29. Thank you for your kind
attention!
I am expecting for your questions
or comments