Reference and Denotation
Connotation
Sense Relations
Lexical and Grammatical Meanings
Reference
Reference is the relation between a language expression such as this door, both doors, the dog, another dog and whatever the expression pertains to in a particular situation of language use, including what a speaker many imagine.
Reference is the way speakers and hearers use an expression successfully.
Example :
My son is in the beech tree.
Referent:person Referent:things
Note :
Referent of a part of language : things or people exist in the world even something or someone that not exist but we believe they are available.
Kind of Reference
The English Expression (Part of Language)
Thing/Person (Part of world)
Triangle of meaning by Ogden and Richards
Denotation
Denotation is the straight forward or common – sense meaning of a sign. Literally what is actually shown in an image .
Example :
A red rose is a flower – that is its straight forward meaning or denotation.
An apple is a fruit we eat.
Connotation
Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word.
Kinds of connotation :
Flavor or positive connotation : words that make people feel good.
Unfavorable or negative connotation : words that provoke a negative emotional response.
Neutral connotation : not good or bad ; indifferent ; used when the author doesn’t want to show strong emotions either way.
Sense Relations
Sense Relation is a paradigmatic relation between words or predicates
Kinds of Sense Relations
SYNONYM
Synonym is a word that means exactly the same as or very nearly the same as, another world in the same language
ANTONYM
Antonym is a word which has opposite meaning.
POLYSEMY
Polysemi is a word that has many meaning, but it includes a central groove
HYPONYM
Hyponym is a word whose meaning is summarized in a broader sense
LEXICAL & GRAMMATICAL MEANING
Lexical (derivational morphology) studies word formation which produces new words. It changes part of speech and meaning.
Grammatical (inflection morphology) studies word formation related to grammar. It does not change part of speech and meaning, but give signal grammatical information
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Semantics relationships
1. semantics relationshipssemantics relationships
Universidad La Gran ColombiaUniversidad La Gran Colombia
By:By:
Cuesta Camacho Cristian CamiloCuesta Camacho Cristian Camilo
SemanticsSemantics
Group: 48Group: 48
Teacher : Elizabeth RojasTeacher : Elizabeth Rojas
2. What is ????What is ????
Is a relation between the meaning of words, sentenceIs a relation between the meaning of words, sentence
and phrases depending of formation of words existentsand phrases depending of formation of words existents
into of the linguisticsinto of the linguistics
The following semantics relationshis are:The following semantics relationshis are:
SynomnymySynomnymy
AntonymyAntonymy
HonomnymyHonomnymy
HyponymyHyponymy
PolysemyPolysemy
MetonymyMetonymy
3. synonymysynonymy
Is a relation that exist between two words ,Is a relation that exist between two words ,
explain the word origin searching other wordsexplain the word origin searching other words
that have the same meaning called toothat have the same meaning called too
synomnymssynomnyms
For example:For example:
Auto – carAuto – car
Exit – leaveExit – leave
Funny – sillyFunny – silly
Listen -hearListen -hear
4. ANTONYMYANTONYMY
Explain the sense opposite of the word, but is called too antonymsExplain the sense opposite of the word, but is called too antonyms
For example:For example:
Beautiful – uglyBeautiful – ugly
Full – emptyFull – empty
Fat – thinFat – thin
Black - whiteBlack - white
Boy- manBoy- man
A. Complementary antonyms: Is the complement of the words that don’tA. Complementary antonyms: Is the complement of the words that don’t
have another wordhave another word
Example:Example:
Limited – unlimitedLimited – unlimited
Happy- unhappyHappy- unhappy
Correct- incorrectCorrect- incorrect
comfortable-uncomfortablecomfortable-uncomfortable
B. Relational antonyms: Existents of one terms implicate in presence of theB. Relational antonyms: Existents of one terms implicate in presence of the
other property semantic property in the other menberother property semantic property in the other menber
Example: up/down , yes/no , empty/fullExample: up/down , yes/no , empty/full
5. HOMONYMYHOMONYMY
Is the relation between two words whatIs the relation between two words what
explain belong of the ssame meaningexplain belong of the ssame meaning
grammatical category having differentgrammatical category having different
meaning and originsmeaning and origins
Examples:Examples:
Polo (geography)- polo (electric patron)Polo (geography)- polo (electric patron)
Lima (city)- lima (fruit)Lima (city)- lima (fruit)
6. HYpONYMYHYpONYMY
Or INCLUSION, is the relation betweenOr INCLUSION, is the relation between
two words , explain the meaning of thetwo words , explain the meaning of the
word that incude or complement theword that incude or complement the
meaning the another word too calledmeaning the another word too called
hyponymy or superordinatehyponymy or superordinate
For example:For example:
The body= legs,arms,elbows,foot,shoulderThe body= legs,arms,elbows,foot,shoulder
Sports=cyclism,soccer,tennis,basketballSports=cyclism,soccer,tennis,basketball
Clothes=t-shirts, pants, sweeterClothes=t-shirts, pants, sweeter
7. PolysemyPolysemy
The polysemy is the explication of the meaningThe polysemy is the explication of the meaning
of the one word, similarly that have between 3 orof the one word, similarly that have between 3 or
4 words for explain various meanings:4 words for explain various meanings:
For example:For example:
Cat (animal,hydraulic cat for raise heavy cars)Cat (animal,hydraulic cat for raise heavy cars)
Cebra (animal, people cross in the street)Cebra (animal, people cross in the street)
nice = 1. pleasant; 2. kind; 3. friendly; etc.nice = 1. pleasant; 2. kind; 3. friendly; etc.
8. Word formationWord formation
The word formetion is the transformation of the olderThe word formetion is the transformation of the older
words that we knowned traditionally , but is depending ofwords that we knowned traditionally , but is depending of
semantics change that the meaning of the word will besemantics change that the meaning of the word will be
derivated with idiomatic expressions , incorpored withderivated with idiomatic expressions , incorpored with
very wordsvery words
Examples: employee – employeerExamples: employee – employeer
Play- playerPlay- player
Buy-buyBuy-buy
9. And another hand one of types of wordAnd another hand one of types of word
formation:formation:
A. DERIVATION: is the formation of theA. DERIVATION: is the formation of the
new words appling AFFIXES for that anew words appling AFFIXES for that a
word be compementedword be compemented
For example: happy – happinessFor example: happy – happiness
Dark-darknessDark-darkness
Hope - hoplessHope - hopless
10. CompetenCe and performanCeCompetenCe and performanCe
Into linguistics, try the explain the following competences:Into linguistics, try the explain the following competences:
A. language vs language use:A. language vs language use:
Into the grammar that we used normally sometimes isn’t the adecuated in aInto the grammar that we used normally sometimes isn’t the adecuated in a
workplace, because there are some words or expressions that wouldn’t canworkplace, because there are some words or expressions that wouldn’t can
usedused
For example:For example: "Would you open the door.""Would you open the door."
"Open your books to page 4," "Open your books to page 4,"
B. Competence versus Performance.B. Competence versus Performance.
The rules of grammar are representations of knowledge, or COMPETENCE,The rules of grammar are representations of knowledge, or COMPETENCE,
while the rules for the social and psychological use of language arewhile the rules for the social and psychological use of language are
PERFORMANCE representations. Ferdinand de Saussure distinguishedPERFORMANCE representations. Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished
between la langue "language" and le parole "speech". Performance rulesbetween la langue "language" and le parole "speech". Performance rules
are extragrammatical. They are general cognitive processes which operateare extragrammatical. They are general cognitive processes which operate
on grammatical objects but are not grammatical themselves; they areon grammatical objects but are not grammatical themselves; they are
Conscious, logicalConscious, logical
Irregular, grammatically unpredictableIrregular, grammatically unpredictable
Additions to the lexical stock, rather than extensions of lexical itemsAdditions to the lexical stock, rather than extensions of lexical items
(That is, grammatical rules merely create a functional structure for the(That is, grammatical rules merely create a functional structure for the
lexicon of the language; performance rules provide a pragmatic (orlexicon of the language; performance rules provide a pragmatic (or
communicative) structure. Took of the web page:communicative) structure. Took of the web page:
((http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/05lect10.hthttp://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/05lect10.ht
11. etimologyetimology
Is a branch of the linguistics thatIs a branch of the linguistics that
study of origin of the words , too studystudy of origin of the words , too study
the form and the change meaning inthe form and the change meaning in
the words, derivations ,the words, derivations ,
compounding , onomatopoeia, andcompounding , onomatopoeia, and
semantics change and the soundsemantics change and the sound
change of the wordschange of the words