The document summarizes the structure and function of the skin in humans. It describes the three main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat - and explains their roles in protection, strength and support, cushioning, and thermoregulation. It also outlines several specialized cell types found in the skin, including melanocytes, langerhans cells, and merkel cells, and explains their functions in UV protection, immune surveillance, and sensory input.
Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible. Reversible injury is caused by decreased ATP and acidosis within cells. Irreversible injury occurs when mitochondrial and cell membrane dysfunction cannot be reversed, leading to calcium influx, membrane damage, and cell death. Free radicals generated during ischemia-reperfusion can also cause irreversible injury through lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA oxidation, and cytoskeletal damage. Stress proteins help cells cope with injury by moving molecules within the cell.
The document summarizes the structure and layers of skin. It describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. It provides details on the 5 layers of the epidermis including the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. It also discusses structures like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails.
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the various glands in skin - sweat glands, sebaceous glands and apocrine glands. It describes the two main types of sweat glands - eccrine and apocrine, as well as apoeccrine glands. Details are provided on the structure, development, distribution and functions of each gland type. The hormonal control of sebaceous gland activity is also summarized, noting the effects of androgens, estrogens and other hormones.
Pathology is the study of disease and the associated changes that occur at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels. This leads to signs and symptoms in patients. Pathology examines the causes, structural changes, and symptoms of diseases. Techniques used in pathology include microscopic examination of tissues and organs, histochemistry using special stains, immunohistochemistry to visualize proteins, electron microscopy to study subcellular structures, and biochemical and molecular analysis. The overall aim is to diagnose diseases, determine treatment and prognosis, and contribute to medical research.
Free radicals are highly unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that can damage cells. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are important free radicals generated through normal cellular processes and environmental exposures that can initiate chain reactions. Free radicals attack and degrade membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids. This can lead to lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage implicated in various diseases. Cells employ antioxidant defenses and enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase to limit free radical damage.
Cellular swelling or cloudy swelling is a reversible degeneration where cells swell due to metabolic disturbances. Mild irritants like bacteria or temperature changes can cause swelling. Swollen cells appear cloudy under microscopy. Hydropic degeneration involves cellular swelling with fluid accumulation that can cause blistering. Mucinous degeneration is the excessive mucin production in epithelial cells due to irritants. Mucoid degeneration involves the appearance of mucin-like glycoprotein in connective tissue. Hyaline change results in a glassy, translucent appearance as cells or tissues lose structure and fuse. It can involve keratin, cells, or connective tissues.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, weighing approximately 4 kg for an adult and covering an area of about 2 square meters. It has several important functions, including providing protection, regulating temperature, and serving as a sensory organ.
The skin is composed of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with the basal, prickle, and granular cell layers. Below this is the dermis containing collagen, elastic fibers, and appendages. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, which stores fat.
The skin contains several cell types including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerh
The document summarizes the structure and function of the skin in humans. It describes the three main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat - and explains their roles in protection, strength and support, cushioning, and thermoregulation. It also outlines several specialized cell types found in the skin, including melanocytes, langerhans cells, and merkel cells, and explains their functions in UV protection, immune surveillance, and sensory input.
Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible. Reversible injury is caused by decreased ATP and acidosis within cells. Irreversible injury occurs when mitochondrial and cell membrane dysfunction cannot be reversed, leading to calcium influx, membrane damage, and cell death. Free radicals generated during ischemia-reperfusion can also cause irreversible injury through lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA oxidation, and cytoskeletal damage. Stress proteins help cells cope with injury by moving molecules within the cell.
The document summarizes the structure and layers of skin. It describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. It provides details on the 5 layers of the epidermis including the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. It also discusses structures like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails.
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the various glands in skin - sweat glands, sebaceous glands and apocrine glands. It describes the two main types of sweat glands - eccrine and apocrine, as well as apoeccrine glands. Details are provided on the structure, development, distribution and functions of each gland type. The hormonal control of sebaceous gland activity is also summarized, noting the effects of androgens, estrogens and other hormones.
Pathology is the study of disease and the associated changes that occur at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels. This leads to signs and symptoms in patients. Pathology examines the causes, structural changes, and symptoms of diseases. Techniques used in pathology include microscopic examination of tissues and organs, histochemistry using special stains, immunohistochemistry to visualize proteins, electron microscopy to study subcellular structures, and biochemical and molecular analysis. The overall aim is to diagnose diseases, determine treatment and prognosis, and contribute to medical research.
Free radicals are highly unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that can damage cells. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are important free radicals generated through normal cellular processes and environmental exposures that can initiate chain reactions. Free radicals attack and degrade membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids. This can lead to lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage implicated in various diseases. Cells employ antioxidant defenses and enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase to limit free radical damage.
Cellular swelling or cloudy swelling is a reversible degeneration where cells swell due to metabolic disturbances. Mild irritants like bacteria or temperature changes can cause swelling. Swollen cells appear cloudy under microscopy. Hydropic degeneration involves cellular swelling with fluid accumulation that can cause blistering. Mucinous degeneration is the excessive mucin production in epithelial cells due to irritants. Mucoid degeneration involves the appearance of mucin-like glycoprotein in connective tissue. Hyaline change results in a glassy, translucent appearance as cells or tissues lose structure and fuse. It can involve keratin, cells, or connective tissues.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, weighing approximately 4 kg for an adult and covering an area of about 2 square meters. It has several important functions, including providing protection, regulating temperature, and serving as a sensory organ.
The skin is composed of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with the basal, prickle, and granular cell layers. Below this is the dermis containing collagen, elastic fibers, and appendages. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, which stores fat.
The skin contains several cell types including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerh
Chronic inflammation is inflammation that lasts for weeks or months. It can be caused by persistent infections, immune-mediated diseases, or toxic agents. The key features are infiltration by mononuclear cells like macrophages and lymphocytes, ongoing tissue destruction, and attempts at healing through fibrosis and new blood vessel formation. Activated macrophages play a major role by releasing factors that cause further tissue injury and scar formation. Granulomatous inflammation is a pattern of chronic inflammation seen in some infectious and noninfectious conditions. It involves the formation of granulomas, which are microscopic aggregations of macrophages that form giant cells and are surrounded by lymphocytes in an attempt to contain hard to eliminate agents.
This document discusses acute inflammation and its mechanisms. It begins by defining acute inflammation as a rapid, short-lived response to injury that consists of vascular changes, leukocyte migration, and systemic reactions. The key features are vascular responses that lead to fluid and cell accumulation in tissues. It then describes the cardinal signs of inflammation - redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The mechanisms of acute inflammation involve the release of chemical mediators, vasodilation, increased blood flow, vascular permeability, cellular influx, and phagocytosis.
Atrophy is the shrinkage of cells and tissues due to loss of cell substance. There are two types of atrophy: physiologic and pathologic. Physiologic atrophy occurs normally, such as the uterus after childbirth. Pathologic atrophy is caused by factors like decreased blood supply, nutrition, or innervation. At the cellular level, atrophy occurs through decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy. While cells may have reduced function during atrophy, they are not dead, and atrophy can sometimes be reversed.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of skin and its appendages. It discusses the three layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and describes the cellular structure and functions of each layer. It also examines skin appendages like hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. The document is intended as a reference for the anatomy of skin and its related tissues.
Healing occurs through regeneration or scar formation depending on the cell and injury type. Wound healing follows two main pathways: primary intention for clean surgical wounds where edges are approximated, or secondary intention for wounds with separated edges and more tissue death. The process involves inflammation, granulation tissue formation, re-epithelialization, wound contraction and ECM deposition. Several local and systemic factors can delay healing including infection, poor blood supply, drugs, and nutritional deficiencies.
Barrier function & biomechanical properties of the skin Ahmed Amer
This document summarizes the structure and function of the skin barrier. It describes the epidermis, stratum corneum, dermis, and basement membrane zone. The stratum corneum consists of corneocytes bound by lipid mortar, forming the skin's barrier against water loss and insults. Defects in corneocytes or lipids cause skin diseases. The dermis contains collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans that provide mechanical strength, elasticity, and resistance to compression. Inherited disorders impact these structures, altering the skin's biomechanical properties.
This document provides information about the integumentary system from a medical terminology textbook. It defines the integumentary system and covers the anatomy and physiology of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It also discusses common diseases and conditions that affect the integumentary system such as burns, infections, allergic reactions, and various types of skin cancer. Learning objectives are included to learn the structures, diseases, medical terms, and spelling of integumentary system terms.
The document summarizes the layers and structures of the skin. It describes the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue layers. The epidermis is made up of stratified layers including the stratum corneum. The dermis contains structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels. The subcutaneous tissue provides cushioning and insulation underneath the dermis. Together, these layers and structures form the skin, the body's largest organ.
This document discusses various types of arthritis, including their signs, symptoms, pathogenesis, and clinical features. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes proliferative synovitis and often progresses to joint destruction. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that causes cartilage erosion and bone changes like osteophyte formation. Gout is caused by deposition of urate crystals in the joints. Other arthritides discussed include psoriatic arthritis, septic arthritis, and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease.
Structure and function of Skin (Integumentary system) - mypharmaguidePankaj Saha
Dermatology – defined as ‘the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis & treatment of skin disorders’
However, dermatologists do not confine themselves purely to a study of intrinsic disorders of the skin
Must also study internal medicine & the many environmental & occupational factors that so frequently cause skin problems
Visit - MyPharmaGuide.Com for more or Download MyPharmaGuide app from Google Play Store
This document discusses neoplasia and provides definitions and classifications of different types of tumors. Some key points include:
- Neoplasms can be classified as benign or malignant based on their ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. Malignant tumors are less differentiated.
- Epithelial tumors are further classified based on cell of origin and growth pattern (e.g. adenoma, papilloma, polyp). Mesenchymal tumors are classified as sarcomas.
- Environmental and genetic factors can affect cancer risk and distribution. Cancer incidence generally increases with age. Certain inherited syndromes confer higher cancer susceptibility.
- Precancerous conditions like dysplasia are characterized by cellular
The document discusses various topics related to pathology including causes of cell injury, hypoxia, cellular adaptive responses, mechanisms of cell injury, features of reversible and irreversible injury, necrosis, apoptosis, calcification, pigmentation, and cellular aging. The key points are:
1. Hypoxia is the most common cause of cell injury, usually due to ischemia. Neurons are the most susceptible tissue to hypoxic damage.
2. Cellular adaptive responses to injury include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia.
3. Apoptosis is an active and programmed form of cell death, while necrosis is unprogrammed cell death due to severe injury
This document provides an overview of cellular injury and cell death. It discusses the concepts of pathology, adaptation through hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia. Cell injury occurs when stress exceeds a cell's adaptive capacity and can result from hypoxia, toxins, infections or genetic factors. Mitochondrial dysfunction reduces ATP and causes cell swelling. Reversible injuries include cloudy swelling and fatty change. Irreversible injuries include necrosis, which involves membrane rupture and organelle damage, and apoptosis, which is programmed single-cell death. Necrosis causes inflammation while apoptosis does not. The document also covers pathologic calcification and its dystrophic and metastatic forms.
Cell injury, adaptation, and death can occur through various stimuli and stresses. Cells may undergo reversible or irreversible changes. Reversible changes include cellular adaptation through hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia to stressors. Irreversible changes result in cellular atrophy and eventually cell death through necrosis or apoptosis. The morphology of reversible injury includes cellular swelling, fatty change, and changes to organelles. Necrosis is the degradative process of cell death where cellular contents are digested by enzymes.
This document discusses cell injury, adaptations, and degenerations in pathology. It begins by defining key terms like etiology, pathogenesis, and morphology. It then explains the causes of cell injury including hypoxia, physical agents, chemicals, microbes, and immune reactions. The document delves into the pathogenesis of cell injury, noting factors like the type, duration, and severity of the injurious agent and target cell characteristics. It also describes the mechanisms of cell injury such as ATP depletion, mitochondrial damage, calcium influx, oxidative stress, and membrane permeability defects. Finally, it distinguishes between reversible and irreversible cell injury.
Anatomy & physiology of sweat glands, sebaceousAhmed Amer
1. The document describes the anatomy and physiology of sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails. It discusses the structure, development, innervation, function, and disorders of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.
2. Sebaceous glands are described in relation to their sites of occurrence, development linked to androgen levels, and role in secreting sebum.
3. The stages of the hair follicle from infundibulum to bulb and the cycle of hair growth and shedding are outlined. The structure and pigmentation of the hair shaft is also covered.
4. Nail anatomy includes the nail plate, proximal nail fold, nail bed, nail
This document discusses the phases and cellular processes involved in wound healing. It describes three phases - inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation. The inflammatory phase involves hemostasis, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and production of growth factors. The proliferative phase involves angiogenesis, fibroplasia, and re-epithelialization to form granulation tissue. The maturation phase involves remodeling of scar tissue and collagen. Local and systemic factors that can impact wound healing are also discussed.
The document provides information about the integumentary system, specifically the skin. It discusses the functions of skin including protection, homeostasis, vitamin D synthesis, and cosmesis. It describes the layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It outlines the various skin appendages like hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. It also discusses the different sensory nerve endings and cutaneous nerves in the skin. The document provides details about the pathways for sensory conduction and characteristics of different skin types.
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the skin and its role in temperature regulation. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cell types arranged in multiple layers. The dermis lies below and contains collagen, nerves and blood vessels. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands are also described. Temperature regulation involves balancing heat production and loss through mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation and shivering controlled by the hypothalamus. Fever is discussed as a regulated increase in set-point temperature in response to infection.
Chronic inflammation is inflammation that lasts for weeks or months. It can be caused by persistent infections, immune-mediated diseases, or toxic agents. The key features are infiltration by mononuclear cells like macrophages and lymphocytes, ongoing tissue destruction, and attempts at healing through fibrosis and new blood vessel formation. Activated macrophages play a major role by releasing factors that cause further tissue injury and scar formation. Granulomatous inflammation is a pattern of chronic inflammation seen in some infectious and noninfectious conditions. It involves the formation of granulomas, which are microscopic aggregations of macrophages that form giant cells and are surrounded by lymphocytes in an attempt to contain hard to eliminate agents.
This document discusses acute inflammation and its mechanisms. It begins by defining acute inflammation as a rapid, short-lived response to injury that consists of vascular changes, leukocyte migration, and systemic reactions. The key features are vascular responses that lead to fluid and cell accumulation in tissues. It then describes the cardinal signs of inflammation - redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The mechanisms of acute inflammation involve the release of chemical mediators, vasodilation, increased blood flow, vascular permeability, cellular influx, and phagocytosis.
Atrophy is the shrinkage of cells and tissues due to loss of cell substance. There are two types of atrophy: physiologic and pathologic. Physiologic atrophy occurs normally, such as the uterus after childbirth. Pathologic atrophy is caused by factors like decreased blood supply, nutrition, or innervation. At the cellular level, atrophy occurs through decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy. While cells may have reduced function during atrophy, they are not dead, and atrophy can sometimes be reversed.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of skin and its appendages. It discusses the three layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and describes the cellular structure and functions of each layer. It also examines skin appendages like hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. The document is intended as a reference for the anatomy of skin and its related tissues.
Healing occurs through regeneration or scar formation depending on the cell and injury type. Wound healing follows two main pathways: primary intention for clean surgical wounds where edges are approximated, or secondary intention for wounds with separated edges and more tissue death. The process involves inflammation, granulation tissue formation, re-epithelialization, wound contraction and ECM deposition. Several local and systemic factors can delay healing including infection, poor blood supply, drugs, and nutritional deficiencies.
Barrier function & biomechanical properties of the skin Ahmed Amer
This document summarizes the structure and function of the skin barrier. It describes the epidermis, stratum corneum, dermis, and basement membrane zone. The stratum corneum consists of corneocytes bound by lipid mortar, forming the skin's barrier against water loss and insults. Defects in corneocytes or lipids cause skin diseases. The dermis contains collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans that provide mechanical strength, elasticity, and resistance to compression. Inherited disorders impact these structures, altering the skin's biomechanical properties.
This document provides information about the integumentary system from a medical terminology textbook. It defines the integumentary system and covers the anatomy and physiology of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It also discusses common diseases and conditions that affect the integumentary system such as burns, infections, allergic reactions, and various types of skin cancer. Learning objectives are included to learn the structures, diseases, medical terms, and spelling of integumentary system terms.
The document summarizes the layers and structures of the skin. It describes the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue layers. The epidermis is made up of stratified layers including the stratum corneum. The dermis contains structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels. The subcutaneous tissue provides cushioning and insulation underneath the dermis. Together, these layers and structures form the skin, the body's largest organ.
This document discusses various types of arthritis, including their signs, symptoms, pathogenesis, and clinical features. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes proliferative synovitis and often progresses to joint destruction. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that causes cartilage erosion and bone changes like osteophyte formation. Gout is caused by deposition of urate crystals in the joints. Other arthritides discussed include psoriatic arthritis, septic arthritis, and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease.
Structure and function of Skin (Integumentary system) - mypharmaguidePankaj Saha
Dermatology – defined as ‘the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis & treatment of skin disorders’
However, dermatologists do not confine themselves purely to a study of intrinsic disorders of the skin
Must also study internal medicine & the many environmental & occupational factors that so frequently cause skin problems
Visit - MyPharmaGuide.Com for more or Download MyPharmaGuide app from Google Play Store
This document discusses neoplasia and provides definitions and classifications of different types of tumors. Some key points include:
- Neoplasms can be classified as benign or malignant based on their ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. Malignant tumors are less differentiated.
- Epithelial tumors are further classified based on cell of origin and growth pattern (e.g. adenoma, papilloma, polyp). Mesenchymal tumors are classified as sarcomas.
- Environmental and genetic factors can affect cancer risk and distribution. Cancer incidence generally increases with age. Certain inherited syndromes confer higher cancer susceptibility.
- Precancerous conditions like dysplasia are characterized by cellular
The document discusses various topics related to pathology including causes of cell injury, hypoxia, cellular adaptive responses, mechanisms of cell injury, features of reversible and irreversible injury, necrosis, apoptosis, calcification, pigmentation, and cellular aging. The key points are:
1. Hypoxia is the most common cause of cell injury, usually due to ischemia. Neurons are the most susceptible tissue to hypoxic damage.
2. Cellular adaptive responses to injury include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia.
3. Apoptosis is an active and programmed form of cell death, while necrosis is unprogrammed cell death due to severe injury
This document provides an overview of cellular injury and cell death. It discusses the concepts of pathology, adaptation through hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia. Cell injury occurs when stress exceeds a cell's adaptive capacity and can result from hypoxia, toxins, infections or genetic factors. Mitochondrial dysfunction reduces ATP and causes cell swelling. Reversible injuries include cloudy swelling and fatty change. Irreversible injuries include necrosis, which involves membrane rupture and organelle damage, and apoptosis, which is programmed single-cell death. Necrosis causes inflammation while apoptosis does not. The document also covers pathologic calcification and its dystrophic and metastatic forms.
Cell injury, adaptation, and death can occur through various stimuli and stresses. Cells may undergo reversible or irreversible changes. Reversible changes include cellular adaptation through hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia to stressors. Irreversible changes result in cellular atrophy and eventually cell death through necrosis or apoptosis. The morphology of reversible injury includes cellular swelling, fatty change, and changes to organelles. Necrosis is the degradative process of cell death where cellular contents are digested by enzymes.
This document discusses cell injury, adaptations, and degenerations in pathology. It begins by defining key terms like etiology, pathogenesis, and morphology. It then explains the causes of cell injury including hypoxia, physical agents, chemicals, microbes, and immune reactions. The document delves into the pathogenesis of cell injury, noting factors like the type, duration, and severity of the injurious agent and target cell characteristics. It also describes the mechanisms of cell injury such as ATP depletion, mitochondrial damage, calcium influx, oxidative stress, and membrane permeability defects. Finally, it distinguishes between reversible and irreversible cell injury.
Anatomy & physiology of sweat glands, sebaceousAhmed Amer
1. The document describes the anatomy and physiology of sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails. It discusses the structure, development, innervation, function, and disorders of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.
2. Sebaceous glands are described in relation to their sites of occurrence, development linked to androgen levels, and role in secreting sebum.
3. The stages of the hair follicle from infundibulum to bulb and the cycle of hair growth and shedding are outlined. The structure and pigmentation of the hair shaft is also covered.
4. Nail anatomy includes the nail plate, proximal nail fold, nail bed, nail
This document discusses the phases and cellular processes involved in wound healing. It describes three phases - inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation. The inflammatory phase involves hemostasis, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and production of growth factors. The proliferative phase involves angiogenesis, fibroplasia, and re-epithelialization to form granulation tissue. The maturation phase involves remodeling of scar tissue and collagen. Local and systemic factors that can impact wound healing are also discussed.
The document provides information about the integumentary system, specifically the skin. It discusses the functions of skin including protection, homeostasis, vitamin D synthesis, and cosmesis. It describes the layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It outlines the various skin appendages like hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. It also discusses the different sensory nerve endings and cutaneous nerves in the skin. The document provides details about the pathways for sensory conduction and characteristics of different skin types.
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the skin and its role in temperature regulation. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cell types arranged in multiple layers. The dermis lies below and contains collagen, nerves and blood vessels. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands are also described. Temperature regulation involves balancing heat production and loss through mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation and shivering controlled by the hypothalamus. Fever is discussed as a regulated increase in set-point temperature in response to infection.
This document discusses the assessment and management of burn injuries. It begins with an introduction to common causes of burns in children and adults. It then covers risk factors, types of burns, effects of burns, and classifications of burns based on depth and percentage of total body surface area affected. The pathophysiology of burns is explained. Assessment involves determining burn size, depth, and severity. Management involves initial first aid at the scene, and then hospital care which focuses on cooling burns, giving oxygen, and elevating injured areas. Causes of death from severe burns are also outlined.
This document discusses the effects of ionizing radiation on skin, including both acute and late effects. It notes that radiation can cause a range of skin reactions from mild erythema to moist desquamation and ulceration. The degree of injury depends on factors like total radiation dose and time interval. Acute effects involve cellular and inflammatory changes in the epidermis and dermis over hours to weeks. Late effects like fibrosis, telangiectasias, and delayed wound healing can occur months to years later. Risk factors include age, gender, and technical factors like radiation dose and site. Several scoring systems are presented to grade skin reactions. Treatment focuses on wound care, topical agents, antibiotics and growth factors to promote healing
This document discusses the skin's defenses against various physical and chemical agents. It has two layers - the epidermis and dermis - which provide protection. The skin limits water loss, guards against light, heat and cold. Intact skin and secretions provide defense, but this can be impaired. The skin can react to mechanical, physical, biological and chemical factors alone or combined. It discusses various injuries that can occur like burns, miliaria, pigment changes, and cancers due to excessive sunlight exposure. Thermal, electrical and cold injuries are also summarized.
The document summarizes the key functions and structures of the integumentary system. It discusses how the system protects the body through the epidermis, regulates temperature through sweat glands, and senses touch through nerve endings in the dermis. It also outlines the major layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis, as well as various skin structures like hair, nails, and glands. Common skin conditions are also defined such as burns, rashes, infections, and cancers that can affect the integumentary system.
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the layers of the skin, including the epidermis and dermis. It outlines the principal cells of the epidermis and layers of the epidermis. It also discusses the structure and regions of the dermis, skin pigmentation, accessory structures like hair and glands, and the functions of the skin like protection and thermoregulation. Finally, it covers wound healing, scar formation, and age-related changes to the skin.
The document discusses the integumentary system, including the layers of the skin, skin appendages, embryology, sensory receptors, and various clinical correlates involving the skin. Specifically, it covers the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, embryological development of the skin, sensory receptors, and highlights several conditions like burns, skin cancers, eczema, and psoriasis. The learning objectives are to understand the histology of the skin layers, embryology of the skin and glands, and clinical correlates related to skin pathology.
This document provides detailed information on burn injuries and burn rehabilitation. It begins by describing the different types and depths of burn wounds. It then discusses the pathophysiology and complications of burns, including infection, pulmonary issues, metabolic changes, cardiovascular effects, and scar formation. The document outlines burn assessment, wound zones, and total body surface area calculations. It explains the goals and components of burn rehabilitation, including examination, positioning, splinting, range of motion exercises, and conditioning. Skin grafting and the initial management of burn patients is also summarized.
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder characterized by the rapid and excessive growth of skin cells. It affects around 2-3% of the global population and can manifest in various forms, from mild to severe. This condition is often associated with genetic factors and involves the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy skin cells.
This document discusses care of aging skin. It begins by outlining objectives related to summarizing effects of aging on skin, distinguishing age-related skin changes from disease-related changes, and describing good skin care practices and common skin conditions in older adults. Key terms are defined. The document then discusses normal age-related changes to the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, glands, and hair and nails. Common skin conditions in older adults like xerosis, pruritus, actinic keratoses, seborrheic keratoses, and skin cancers are described. Treatment options for dry skin, itching, and various skin cancers are provided.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the skin and its role in temperature regulation. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cell types arranged in multiple layers. The dermis lies below and contains collagen, nerves and blood vessels. The hypodermis is a fatty layer that stores fat and anchors the skin. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands are also discussed. Temperature is regulated through mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation and shivering that are controlled by the hypothalamus to maintain the body's set point. Fever occurs when
1. Acne is a common skin condition affecting hair follicles, most often on the face and upper body, caused by changes in hormones, stress, and bacteria. Eczema is a skin inflammation caused by genetic and environmental factors like allergens that results in rashes, itching, and dry skin. Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune blistering disease where the immune system attacks the skin and mucous membranes, causing fluid-filled blisters.
2. Nursing management for these conditions focuses on preventing infection by promoting gentle skin care, avoiding irritants, managing itching and pain, and ensuring adherence to medication regimens which can include topical corticosteroids and oral antibiotics or
Physiotherapy plays an important role in the management of burn injuries. It focuses on positioning, splinting, and scar management to prevent contractures and promote wound healing. Positioning aims to maintain joints in functional positions opposite to the direction of potential contracture. Splinting is used during the acute inflammatory phase and following skin grafting to maintain positioning. Physiotherapy also addresses scar management through pressure therapy, stretching, and exercises to improve range of motion and function.
This document discusses dermal toxicity and its effects on the skin. It begins by defining dermal toxicity as the ability of substances to poison through skin contact. It then describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and their functions. Various manifestations of dermal toxicity are outlined, including contact dermatitis, ulcers, pigment disturbances and skin cancer. Specific toxic chemicals that can cause these effects are also mentioned.
A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids, solids, or fire. While rates are similar for males and females the underlying causes often differ.
This document summarizes several pre-malignant and malignant epidermal tumors and acute inflammatory dermatoses. It describes actinic keratosis as a premalignant skin lesion caused by UV damage that can progress to squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is described as arising from UV damage or other causes and often presents as an ulcer. Basal cell carcinoma is summarized as the most common skin cancer, locally aggressive but non-metastatic, appearing on sun-exposed skin. Urticaria, eczema, and erythema multiforme represent acute inflammatory dermatoses and their histological features are outlined.
This document provides an overview of skin and soft tissue lesions, discussing:
1. The anatomy and functions of skin and soft tissue
2. Common congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, and neoplastic lesions including dermoid cysts, pilonidal cysts, wounds, burns, cellulitis, keloids, lipomas, and moles.
3. Descriptions of different types of benign and malignant neoplasms as well as pre-malignant skin lesions.
4. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of various skin and soft tissue conditions.
Final project for my class in Parasitology. Designed to fit with other medical brochures at the veterinarian's office. Provides useful information for pet owners regarding Toxocara parasites.
Pharmacological Classification, Mechanism of Action, Clinical Uses, Administration Routes, Dosing for Adults and Pediatrics, Pharmacokinetics, Dose Adjustments, Patient Counseling, Adverse Effects, Drug Interactions, Contraindications, Personal Experience with Ondansetron, Future Clinical Uses of Ondansetron
Male and Female Reproductive PathophysiologyDana Luery
This document provides information on male and female reproductive anatomy, physiology, hormones, and pathophysiology. It describes the key parts of the male and female reproductive systems, their functions, and important reproductive hormones such as FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. It also summarizes common reproductive issues in males like prostatitis, BPH, and testicular cancer, and in females like menstrual abnormalities, STDs, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and cancers of the breast, cervix, and uterus.
The document discusses the components and functions of the musculoskeletal system including bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, and tendons. It describes bone tissue and cells, the three main types of muscles, and different joint types. The document also examines several common musculoskeletal disorders like fractures, osteoporosis, rickets, Paget's disease, tumors, muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and ankylosing spondylitis. For each condition, it discusses causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
This document provides information on various topics related to mental health, including defining psychological disorders, characteristics of good and poor mental health, mental illnesses, causes of mental illness, the DSM diagnostic system, psychological assessment and testing, common mental health disorders in children and adults, therapies and treatments. It discusses disorders like autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia and personality disorders. It also outlines various pharmacological treatments for mental illnesses including antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anti-anxiety medications and stimulants.
The renal system functions to filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance and electrolyte levels. It consists of two kidneys which contain nephrons that filter blood to form urine, and ureters, bladder, and urethra which transport urine from the kidneys out of the body. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood and reabsorb useful substances, forming urine that is collected and stored in the bladder before exiting. Various diseases and disorders can impact renal function including infections, vascular diseases, cancers, and injuries which may require dialysis treatment if renal failure occurs.
Anatomy and Physiology of the GI System, Hormonal Control, Upper GI Tract Disorders, Gallbladder Disorders, Liver Disorders, Pancreatic Disorders, Lower GI Tract Disorders
This document summarizes key components of hematology, including the components of blood, hemoglobin, blood therapies, anemia, blood clotting disorders, and leukemia. It describes that blood contains plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells, and hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells. Therapies include whole blood transfusions, erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production, and bone marrow transplants. Anemia can be caused by nutrient deficiencies, blood loss, or bone marrow issues. Specific types include pernicious, aplastic, hemolytic, sickle cell and thalassemia. Blood clotting disorders involve platelet or clotting factor deficiencies. Leuke
This document provides information about cancer and genetics. It discusses cancer incidence and predisposing factors. It describes the characteristics, appearance, growth, and spread of tumors. It covers the classification of tumors including epithelial tumors, mesenchymal tumors, and tumors of mixed cell layers. The document also discusses genetics, teratogens that cause birth defects, genetic disorders like Angelman syndrome and Down syndrome, and muscular dystrophies.
Pathophysiology: Fluid and Electrolyte ImbalanceDana Luery
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It describes how fluid is divided between intracellular and extracellular compartments, and how hormones like ADH and aldosterone regulate fluid balance. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are discussed in terms of their functions and imbalances. Mechanisms for maintaining acid-base balance like the bicarbonate buffer system are explained. Disturbances in fluid and electrolyte balance that can cause conditions like edema, dehydration, and acidosis/alkalosis are also summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
1) Immunologic barrier
2) Temperature regulation
3) Secretion
4) Excretion
5) Vitamin D production
6) Sensation
3. LAYERS OF THE SKIN
1) Epidermis
Epithelial cells
Forms the outermost protective shield of the body
Avascular
2) Dermis
Strong, flexible connective tissue
Contains nerves with sensory receptors and blood vessels
3) Hypodermis, Subcutaneous Tissue
Below the skin
Connective tissue
Contains at cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, large blood vessels, and nerves
4.
5. BURNS
An injury to the tissues of the body caused by heat,
chemicals, electric current, or radiation
5 types of burns:
1) Thermal burns
2) Chemical burns
3) Electrical burns
4) Smoke inhalation injury
5) Cold thermal injury
6. BURNS: DEEPNESS
Superficial Burns – epidermis
Partial Thickness Burns – papillary layer of dermis
Deep Partial Burns - reticular layer of dermis
Full Thickness Burns – entire thickness to subcutaneous
tissue
Subdermal Burns – beyond skin; reaches bone, fat, and
muscle
7.
8. BURNS: HEALING
Epidermal Healing
Begins 24-48 hours after the burn
Epithelia cells detach from the basal layer and migrate
towards the wound
Cells proliferate by mitosis
Cells differentiate into mature epidermal cells
19. SCLERODERMA
Systemic skin disorder
Increased collagen production and
inflammation
Shiny, tight, and hard areas of
skin
May lead to renal failure, intestinal
obstruction, or respiratory failure
20. KERATOSIS
Benign lesions associated with aging or skin damage
1) Seborrheic Keratosis
Proliferation of basal cells
Painless, round, dark, and elevated
2) Actinic Keratosis
Occurs on UV exposed skin
Common in fair skinned
Looks scaly
May develop into squamous cell carcinoma
25. MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Highly metastatic cancer
Multi-colored with irregular borders
Grows quickly and changes in appearance
ABC’s of Melanoma
Increase in AREA
Change in BORDER
Change in COLOR
Increase in DIAMETER
31. CARDIOVASCULAR
CHANGES: GENERAL
Size of cardiac muscle fibers decrease
Fatty tissue and collagen accumulate
Reduced strength in contractions
Heart valves thicken and become less flexible
Less oxygen travels to the heart
Diminished cardiac reserve
32. CARDIOVASCULAR
CHANGES: DISEASE
Arteriosclerosis
Loss of elasticity, accumulation of collagen, thickening of arteries
Atherosclerosis
Hyperlipidemia, accumulation of cholesterol
Common cause of heart attacks
Osteoarthritis
Degeneration of cartilage in joints
Associated with sports injury
35. FALLS
70% of all deaths in those over 75 y/o
90% of hip fractures are due to falls
Interventions for Falls
Decrease medications
Pressure stockings
Gait training
Exercise
Balance Exercises