Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that disrupt the ability to digest food and absorb nutrients. The two main types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which causes inflammation of the inner lining of the large intestine and rectum, and Crohn's disease, which causes transmural inflammation that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Diagnosis involves a review of symptoms, physical examination, blood tests, stool tests, endoscopy, biopsies and imaging studies to determine if inflammation is present and if other causes can be ruled out.
This document discusses inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), specifically Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It defines IBD as a group of conditions that cause inflammation of the digestive tract, and notes the two major types are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease can impact any part of the digestive tract and often spreads deep into tissues, while ulcerative colitis exclusively impacts the innermost lining of the large intestine and rectum. Symptoms for both include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss and more. While causes are unknown, it is believed to involve defects in the immune system. Diagnosis involves blood tests, stool samples, imaging and endoscopy. Treatment depends on the severity but may include
Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can lead to a spectrum of alcoholic liver disease including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Fatty liver is most common, while only 10-20% of alcoholics develop hepatitis. Hepatitis is characterized by hepatocyte injury, ballooning, and inflammation. Cirrhosis results in fibrosis and nodular regeneration of liver architecture. Complications include ascites, variceal bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment of alcoholic liver disease involves abstaining from alcohol and managing complications. Corticosteroids may benefit severe hepatitis. Liver transplantation is an option for end-stage disease if abstinence is maintained.
Hospital pharmacy communication – newsletter.pptxGOWRI PRIYA
The document provides guidance on creating an effective pharmacy newsletter for a hospital. It discusses selecting a clear title, including sections like editorials, new drug selections, and meeting abstracts. The newsletter should be distributed to medical, nursing, and administrative staff. Creating an attractive layout, using varied headline styles, and thorough proofreading can make the newsletter more engaging and error-free. The overall goals are to disseminate the latest medical information and communicate pharmacy committee decisions to stakeholders.
This document summarizes several hematological disorders and their drug-induced causes. It begins with an introduction to anemia, describing it as a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin. Deep vein thrombosis is defined as a blood clot forming in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs. Various drug-induced hematological disorders are then outlined affecting red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Causes, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatments are discussed for disorders like anemia, deep vein thrombosis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia.
This document discusses alcoholic liver disease (ALD). It begins by defining ALD and its stages - fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. It then discusses risk factors like gender, genetics, and drinking patterns. Symptoms for each stage are provided. The pathophysiology of steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis are explained. Diagnostic tests including blood tests, imaging, and biopsy are outlined. Management of ALD focuses on abstinence, nutrition, medications to prevent complications, and potentially transplantation for late-stage disease.
The document discusses various drug-induced hematological disorders including thrombocytopenia, thromboembolic diseases, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis. It provides information on the mechanisms, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, morbidity and mortality, prevention, and management of each condition. Common causative agents are identified for each disorder.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that disrupt the ability to digest food and absorb nutrients. The two main types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which causes inflammation of the inner lining of the large intestine and rectum, and Crohn's disease, which causes transmural inflammation that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Diagnosis involves a review of symptoms, physical examination, blood tests, stool tests, endoscopy, biopsies and imaging studies to determine if inflammation is present and if other causes can be ruled out.
This document discusses inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), specifically Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It defines IBD as a group of conditions that cause inflammation of the digestive tract, and notes the two major types are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease can impact any part of the digestive tract and often spreads deep into tissues, while ulcerative colitis exclusively impacts the innermost lining of the large intestine and rectum. Symptoms for both include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss and more. While causes are unknown, it is believed to involve defects in the immune system. Diagnosis involves blood tests, stool samples, imaging and endoscopy. Treatment depends on the severity but may include
Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can lead to a spectrum of alcoholic liver disease including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Fatty liver is most common, while only 10-20% of alcoholics develop hepatitis. Hepatitis is characterized by hepatocyte injury, ballooning, and inflammation. Cirrhosis results in fibrosis and nodular regeneration of liver architecture. Complications include ascites, variceal bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment of alcoholic liver disease involves abstaining from alcohol and managing complications. Corticosteroids may benefit severe hepatitis. Liver transplantation is an option for end-stage disease if abstinence is maintained.
Hospital pharmacy communication – newsletter.pptxGOWRI PRIYA
The document provides guidance on creating an effective pharmacy newsletter for a hospital. It discusses selecting a clear title, including sections like editorials, new drug selections, and meeting abstracts. The newsletter should be distributed to medical, nursing, and administrative staff. Creating an attractive layout, using varied headline styles, and thorough proofreading can make the newsletter more engaging and error-free. The overall goals are to disseminate the latest medical information and communicate pharmacy committee decisions to stakeholders.
This document summarizes several hematological disorders and their drug-induced causes. It begins with an introduction to anemia, describing it as a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin. Deep vein thrombosis is defined as a blood clot forming in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs. Various drug-induced hematological disorders are then outlined affecting red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Causes, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatments are discussed for disorders like anemia, deep vein thrombosis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia.
This document discusses alcoholic liver disease (ALD). It begins by defining ALD and its stages - fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. It then discusses risk factors like gender, genetics, and drinking patterns. Symptoms for each stage are provided. The pathophysiology of steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis are explained. Diagnostic tests including blood tests, imaging, and biopsy are outlined. Management of ALD focuses on abstinence, nutrition, medications to prevent complications, and potentially transplantation for late-stage disease.
The document discusses various drug-induced hematological disorders including thrombocytopenia, thromboembolic diseases, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis. It provides information on the mechanisms, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, morbidity and mortality, prevention, and management of each condition. Common causative agents are identified for each disorder.
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by transmural inflammation and ulceration that can lead to abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and complications like strictures, fistulas, and abscesses. While the exact cause is unknown, genetics and environmental factors like smoking are believed to play a role. Treatment involves medications to reduce inflammation, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery.
The document discusses pharmacogenetics and how genetic polymorphisms can impact individual responses to drug therapies. It provides examples of polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes like CYP450 isozymes and transporters that can result in differences in drug efficacy and safety between patients. Understanding an individual's genetic makeup can help determine the optimal dose and regimen for a drug to maximize benefits and minimize risks. Pharmacogenetics aims to develop personalized medicines by identifying genetic factors that influence drug response.
This document discusses dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment. It covers several key topics:
1. The kidney's role in regulating fluids, electrolytes, waste removal, and drug excretion. Impaired kidney function affects drug pharmacokinetics.
2. Approaches for dose adjustment based on estimating remaining renal function and drug clearance. Dose, dosing interval, or both may be adjusted to maintain therapeutic drug levels.
3. Methods for estimating glomerular filtration rate and measuring kidney function using markers like inulin, creatinine, and urea. Creatinine clearance is commonly used in clinical practice.
4. Considerations for dose adjustment in patients on dialysis, as
This document discusses pharmacokinetic drug interactions, which occur when one drug alters the concentration of another drug in the body. It classifies these interactions based on how a drug affects another drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination. Key points include that absorption can be impacted by changes in gastrointestinal pH, chelation, or motility. Distribution interactions commonly involve protein binding displacement. Metabolism may be induced or inhibited by other drugs. Elimination interactions can impact renal blood flow, urine pH, active secretion, or forced diuresis. The document provides examples to illustrate each type of pharmacokinetic drug interaction.
Chronic renal failure is the progressive loss of kidney function over time that can lead to end-stage renal disease. It is caused by conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. As kidney function declines, patients experience complications from fluid and electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, renal osteodystrophy, and uremia. Treatment aims to prevent further deterioration of kidney function through controlling blood pressure, blood glucose, proteinuria, and other risk factors. Medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, and statins are used and dosages may need adjustment based on level of kidney function.
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are forms of inflammatory bowel disease that can affect different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation of the inner lining of the colon, while Crohn's disease causes transmural inflammation that may occur anywhere along the GI tract. Treatment depends on the severity and location of disease, and may include aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and biologic agents. Surgical intervention is sometimes required for complications like toxic megacolon or for severe, treatment-resistant disease. Lifelong maintenance therapy is often necessary to prevent disease flare-ups.
This document provides an overview of drug-induced liver disease (DILD). It defines DILD and discusses its epidemiology and risk factors. Two main mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are described - intrinsic and idiosyncratic. Various types of DILD are outlined including hepatocellular necrosis, steatosis, cholestasis, granulomatous hepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Clinical manifestations, investigations, and treatment approaches are summarized. Assessment involves a patient history, liver enzyme levels, biopsy, and nutritional status evaluation. Treatment focuses on diagnosis, drug withdrawal, supportive care, and use of antidotes/corticosteroids if needed.
Dyspepsia refers to any symptoms thought to originate from the upper gastrointestinal tract. There are several potential mechanisms that can cause dyspepsia, including gastroesophageal acid reflux, gastric motor dysfunction, and visceral afferent hypersensitivity. Gastroesophageal acid reflux can be caused by reduced lower esophageal sphincter tone, frequent transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, overeating, aerophagia, impaired esophageal body motility, reduced salivary secretion, and hiatal hernias. Gastric motor dysfunction may involve delayed gastric emptying or impaired gastric fundus relaxation after eating. Visceral afferent hypersensitivity is proposed to disturb gastric sensory function in functional
This topic is very essential for Pharm.D students. It includes application, benefits, limitations of EBM. It also includes EBM history and background which helps you for examinations. EBM is very important topic in Pharmacotherapeutics-III so you may find this needful.
All the best!!!
In this presentation I have tried to explain in brief about the dosage adjustment in renal disorders, how to carry out this process and the important formulae which are used in it.
This document discusses drug therapy monitoring and pharmaceutical care. It outlines the key components and goals of drug therapy monitoring including medication order review, clinical review, and pharmacist intervention. The goals are to optimize drug therapy, prevent medication errors, and assess therapeutic outcomes. It also discusses the process of pharmaceutical care which involves identifying drug-related problems, determining treatment goals, developing and implementing care plans, and monitoring outcomes. The overall aim is to provide responsible drug therapy to improve patients' quality of life.
This document summarizes a seminar on peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcers, classifies them as acute or chronic, and discusses their etiology, including H. pylori infection and stress factors. It covers the pathogenesis of ulcers, clinical features, diagnosis including tests for H. pylori, and treatment using proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, and antibiotics. It also discusses complications, factors affecting treatment success, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and patient counseling.
The number of drugs associated with adverse reactions involving the liver is extensive, but in clinical practice is dominated by alcohol, antibiotics, antiepileptic medications and acetaminophen.
Complementary (herbal) medicines contribute to Liver Dysfuntion.
Elderly patients are often defined as those over 65 years old, but aging affects individuals differently. Physiologic changes that occur with aging can impact how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted from the body. Absorption and distribution may be altered due to changes in gastrointestinal function and decreases in muscle mass. Metabolism and excretion are often decreased due to reduced liver and kidney function. These changes can affect drug efficacy, safety, and risk of interactions and adverse events. When dosing elderly patients, their multiple medical conditions, polypharmacy, and risk for non-compliance must be considered. Pharmacists can help by counseling patients and monitoring their medication therapy.
Cirrhosis is a diffuse process characterized by liver necrosis and fibrosis that converts the normal liver architecture into abnormal nodules lacking a normal lobular organization. It has many causes including viral hepatitis infections, alcohol toxicity, autoimmune diseases, and genetic disorders. Pathologically, cirrhosis involves nodularity, fibrosis from collagen deposition, and abnormal hepatocyte changes. Portal hypertension develops due to increased resistance to blood flow from architectural disruption of the cirrhotic liver, leading to formation of portosystemic collaterals that bypass the liver. The severity of cirrhosis is classified using the Child-Pugh or MELD scoring systems to determine prognosis and need for transplantation.
This document provides guidance on creating an effective newsletter for a hospital pharmacy. It defines a newsletter as a periodic bulletin issued to members of an organization. The aims of the pharmacy newsletter are to transmit information and communicate decisions made by the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. The newsletter should contain updates on new drugs, safety information, guidelines, and decisions regarding the drug formulary and utilization reviews. When creating the newsletter, special attention should be paid to selecting an informative title, including relevant content sections, using an easy-to-navigate format, and wide distribution to medical staff and departments. Photos and layout should have a professional quality while keeping paragraphs and articles concise.
Drug use in hepatic and renal impairmentAkshil Mehta
- Drugs are more likely to accumulate and cause toxicity in patients with impaired liver or kidney function due to reduced drug metabolism and excretion. The pharmacokinetics of many drugs are altered in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
- In liver disease, drug absorption, metabolism, protein binding, and elimination can all be affected. Dosage reductions are often required for drugs that are metabolized by the liver. Hepatotoxic drugs should be avoided when possible.
- In kidney disease, drug absorption and excretion may be altered. Drugs that are weak acids or bases can be "trapped" in the urine through changes in urine pH. Dosage adjustments are often needed for drugs excreted by
Cirrhosis is irreversible scarring of the liver caused by various chronic liver injuries and diseases. It is a major global health issue and the 13th leading cause of death worldwide. The major causes of cirrhosis are hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholism, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Patients with cirrhosis have progressive liver damage and fibrosis that leads to complications including portal hypertension, ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver cancer. Without treatment, survival is typically 10-13 years after diagnosis but can decrease to just 2 years once complications develop.
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by transmural inflammation and ulceration that can lead to abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and complications like strictures, fistulas, and abscesses. While the exact cause is unknown, genetics and environmental factors like smoking are believed to play a role. Treatment involves medications to reduce inflammation, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery.
The document discusses pharmacogenetics and how genetic polymorphisms can impact individual responses to drug therapies. It provides examples of polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes like CYP450 isozymes and transporters that can result in differences in drug efficacy and safety between patients. Understanding an individual's genetic makeup can help determine the optimal dose and regimen for a drug to maximize benefits and minimize risks. Pharmacogenetics aims to develop personalized medicines by identifying genetic factors that influence drug response.
This document discusses dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment. It covers several key topics:
1. The kidney's role in regulating fluids, electrolytes, waste removal, and drug excretion. Impaired kidney function affects drug pharmacokinetics.
2. Approaches for dose adjustment based on estimating remaining renal function and drug clearance. Dose, dosing interval, or both may be adjusted to maintain therapeutic drug levels.
3. Methods for estimating glomerular filtration rate and measuring kidney function using markers like inulin, creatinine, and urea. Creatinine clearance is commonly used in clinical practice.
4. Considerations for dose adjustment in patients on dialysis, as
This document discusses pharmacokinetic drug interactions, which occur when one drug alters the concentration of another drug in the body. It classifies these interactions based on how a drug affects another drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination. Key points include that absorption can be impacted by changes in gastrointestinal pH, chelation, or motility. Distribution interactions commonly involve protein binding displacement. Metabolism may be induced or inhibited by other drugs. Elimination interactions can impact renal blood flow, urine pH, active secretion, or forced diuresis. The document provides examples to illustrate each type of pharmacokinetic drug interaction.
Chronic renal failure is the progressive loss of kidney function over time that can lead to end-stage renal disease. It is caused by conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. As kidney function declines, patients experience complications from fluid and electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, renal osteodystrophy, and uremia. Treatment aims to prevent further deterioration of kidney function through controlling blood pressure, blood glucose, proteinuria, and other risk factors. Medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, and statins are used and dosages may need adjustment based on level of kidney function.
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are forms of inflammatory bowel disease that can affect different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation of the inner lining of the colon, while Crohn's disease causes transmural inflammation that may occur anywhere along the GI tract. Treatment depends on the severity and location of disease, and may include aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and biologic agents. Surgical intervention is sometimes required for complications like toxic megacolon or for severe, treatment-resistant disease. Lifelong maintenance therapy is often necessary to prevent disease flare-ups.
This document provides an overview of drug-induced liver disease (DILD). It defines DILD and discusses its epidemiology and risk factors. Two main mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are described - intrinsic and idiosyncratic. Various types of DILD are outlined including hepatocellular necrosis, steatosis, cholestasis, granulomatous hepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Clinical manifestations, investigations, and treatment approaches are summarized. Assessment involves a patient history, liver enzyme levels, biopsy, and nutritional status evaluation. Treatment focuses on diagnosis, drug withdrawal, supportive care, and use of antidotes/corticosteroids if needed.
Dyspepsia refers to any symptoms thought to originate from the upper gastrointestinal tract. There are several potential mechanisms that can cause dyspepsia, including gastroesophageal acid reflux, gastric motor dysfunction, and visceral afferent hypersensitivity. Gastroesophageal acid reflux can be caused by reduced lower esophageal sphincter tone, frequent transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, overeating, aerophagia, impaired esophageal body motility, reduced salivary secretion, and hiatal hernias. Gastric motor dysfunction may involve delayed gastric emptying or impaired gastric fundus relaxation after eating. Visceral afferent hypersensitivity is proposed to disturb gastric sensory function in functional
This topic is very essential for Pharm.D students. It includes application, benefits, limitations of EBM. It also includes EBM history and background which helps you for examinations. EBM is very important topic in Pharmacotherapeutics-III so you may find this needful.
All the best!!!
In this presentation I have tried to explain in brief about the dosage adjustment in renal disorders, how to carry out this process and the important formulae which are used in it.
This document discusses drug therapy monitoring and pharmaceutical care. It outlines the key components and goals of drug therapy monitoring including medication order review, clinical review, and pharmacist intervention. The goals are to optimize drug therapy, prevent medication errors, and assess therapeutic outcomes. It also discusses the process of pharmaceutical care which involves identifying drug-related problems, determining treatment goals, developing and implementing care plans, and monitoring outcomes. The overall aim is to provide responsible drug therapy to improve patients' quality of life.
This document summarizes a seminar on peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcers, classifies them as acute or chronic, and discusses their etiology, including H. pylori infection and stress factors. It covers the pathogenesis of ulcers, clinical features, diagnosis including tests for H. pylori, and treatment using proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, and antibiotics. It also discusses complications, factors affecting treatment success, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and patient counseling.
The number of drugs associated with adverse reactions involving the liver is extensive, but in clinical practice is dominated by alcohol, antibiotics, antiepileptic medications and acetaminophen.
Complementary (herbal) medicines contribute to Liver Dysfuntion.
Elderly patients are often defined as those over 65 years old, but aging affects individuals differently. Physiologic changes that occur with aging can impact how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted from the body. Absorption and distribution may be altered due to changes in gastrointestinal function and decreases in muscle mass. Metabolism and excretion are often decreased due to reduced liver and kidney function. These changes can affect drug efficacy, safety, and risk of interactions and adverse events. When dosing elderly patients, their multiple medical conditions, polypharmacy, and risk for non-compliance must be considered. Pharmacists can help by counseling patients and monitoring their medication therapy.
Cirrhosis is a diffuse process characterized by liver necrosis and fibrosis that converts the normal liver architecture into abnormal nodules lacking a normal lobular organization. It has many causes including viral hepatitis infections, alcohol toxicity, autoimmune diseases, and genetic disorders. Pathologically, cirrhosis involves nodularity, fibrosis from collagen deposition, and abnormal hepatocyte changes. Portal hypertension develops due to increased resistance to blood flow from architectural disruption of the cirrhotic liver, leading to formation of portosystemic collaterals that bypass the liver. The severity of cirrhosis is classified using the Child-Pugh or MELD scoring systems to determine prognosis and need for transplantation.
This document provides guidance on creating an effective newsletter for a hospital pharmacy. It defines a newsletter as a periodic bulletin issued to members of an organization. The aims of the pharmacy newsletter are to transmit information and communicate decisions made by the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. The newsletter should contain updates on new drugs, safety information, guidelines, and decisions regarding the drug formulary and utilization reviews. When creating the newsletter, special attention should be paid to selecting an informative title, including relevant content sections, using an easy-to-navigate format, and wide distribution to medical staff and departments. Photos and layout should have a professional quality while keeping paragraphs and articles concise.
Drug use in hepatic and renal impairmentAkshil Mehta
- Drugs are more likely to accumulate and cause toxicity in patients with impaired liver or kidney function due to reduced drug metabolism and excretion. The pharmacokinetics of many drugs are altered in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
- In liver disease, drug absorption, metabolism, protein binding, and elimination can all be affected. Dosage reductions are often required for drugs that are metabolized by the liver. Hepatotoxic drugs should be avoided when possible.
- In kidney disease, drug absorption and excretion may be altered. Drugs that are weak acids or bases can be "trapped" in the urine through changes in urine pH. Dosage adjustments are often needed for drugs excreted by
Cirrhosis is irreversible scarring of the liver caused by various chronic liver injuries and diseases. It is a major global health issue and the 13th leading cause of death worldwide. The major causes of cirrhosis are hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholism, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Patients with cirrhosis have progressive liver damage and fibrosis that leads to complications including portal hypertension, ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver cancer. Without treatment, survival is typically 10-13 years after diagnosis but can decrease to just 2 years once complications develop.
This document provides guidance statements on the diagnosis, evaluation and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) for patients with cirrhosis. It recommends moderate sodium restriction and diuretic therapy as first-line treatment for ascites. Large volume paracentesis is recommended for severe ascites. Albumin infusion and antibiotics are recommended for SBP treatment and prophylaxis. Vasoconstrictor drugs in combination with albumin are the treatment of choice for HRS, with terlipressin as the preferred drug.
Portal hypertension is defined as elevated hepatic venous pressure gradient over 5mmHg caused by increased resistance to blood flow in the liver and increased blood flow to the portal vein. It commonly results from cirrhosis and causes complications like variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Ascites develops from increased portal pressure causing fluid retention. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a common infection of ascitic fluid. Hepatorenal syndrome is a type of kidney failure seen in advanced liver disease. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause, complications, and symptoms.
Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterized by scarring of the liver and loss of liver function. It has a prevalence of 0.27% in the United States. Common causes include chronic alcohol use, hepatitis B and C, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cirrhosis results in complications like ascites, portal hypertension, and hepatic encephalopathy due to fibrotic changes and elevated portal pressure. Treatment focuses on managing complications, lowering portal pressure, and potentially liver transplantation for advanced disease.
Management of liver disease and its complications.pptxjyoti verma
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, accounting for approximately 2 million deaths per year. Moreover, there has been a 46% increase in cirrhosis mortality in the world from 1980 to 2013.
Currently, cirrhosis and liver cancer cause 1.16 million and 788,000 deaths per year globally, respectively, making them the 11th and 16th most common causes of death, respectively.
Together, they are responsible for 3.5% of all deaths worldwide
- Alcoholic hepatitis typically occurs after more than 10 years of heavy alcohol use (over 100g per day).
- It is diagnosed based on clinical features, lab tests showing elevated bilirubin and AST:ALT ratio over 2, and excluding other causes of hepatitis. Liver biopsy can help confirm but is not always needed.
- Severity is assessed using Maddrey DF score or MELD score. Patients with severe disease may be treated with steroids or pentoxifylline while those with mild-moderate disease receive supportive care without steroids. Prognosis depends on severity and treatment response.
Cirrhosis is a disease where the liver transforms into regenerating nodules surrounded by fibrous bands. Common causes include alcoholism, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Complications include portal hypertension, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. Portal hypertension is defined as a hepatic venous pressure gradient over 5 mmHg and can cause variceal bleeding, ascites, and hypersplenism. Ascites is treated initially with sodium restriction and diuretics, while refractory ascites may require paracentesis, TIPS, or liver transplant. Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by increased ammonia and treated with lactulose and rifaxim
Liver failure occurs when the liver rapidly loses its ability to function, resulting in mental status changes and coagulation abnormalities. It can be caused by viral hepatitis, drug toxicity, toxins, vascular issues, or metabolic diseases. Acute liver failure presents as a sudden onset of severe liver injury in someone without pre-existing liver disease. It requires emergency treatment and may necessitate a liver transplant if liver function cannot be reversed. Management involves supportive care, medications to treat complications, and sometimes a liver transplant.
This document provides an overview of acute liver failure (ALF), including its definition, classification, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, complications, prognosis, and liver support devices. ALF is defined as evidence of coagulation abnormalities and mental alterations in a patient without preexisting cirrhosis within 26 weeks of illness onset. Common etiologies in India include hepatitis E, drug-induced liver injury, and acetaminophen toxicity. Presentation may include jaundice, coagulopathy, and hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment involves supportive care and managing complications such as cerebral edema. Prognosis is assessed using scoring systems like King's College criteria, with liver transplantation indicated for those who do not recover spontaneously.
Management of Cirrhotic Ascites and its Related ComplicationsAhmed Adel
This document provides information on the management of cirrhotic ascites and its complications. It discusses the types and grading of ascites, initial evaluation, prognosis, and management approaches for different grades of ascites including diuretics and paracentesis. It also covers refractory ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis diagnosis and treatment, and spontaneous bacterial empyema. The key points are: ascites is a common complication of cirrhosis and indicates poor prognosis; initial evaluation includes abdominal ultrasound and paracentesis; grade 2 ascites is treated with salt restriction and diuretics; grade 3 requires large volume paracentesis and albumin to prevent complications; refractory ascites has few treatment options including TIPS or transplantation
MANAGEMENT OF SEPSIS IN CIRRHOSIS.pptxmanojraut125
This document discusses the management of sepsis in patients with cirrhosis. It states that early administration of antibiotics, fluids, vasopressors, and source control are key to managing sepsis, similar to patients without cirrhosis. However, patients with cirrhosis can have altered hemodynamics like elevated cardiac index and lower blood pressure. Serial lactate levels and markers like skin mottling score may help guide resuscitation in these patients. Albumin is preferable to crystalloids for fluid resuscitation. Norepinephrine is the first-line vasopressor. Steroids may be considered for adrenal insufficiency. Timely, appropriate antibiotics and consideration of antifungals for non-responders
Plasmapheresis is a medical procedure that separates blood components to remove plasma. There are three main types: autologous, therapeutic exchange, and donation. Autologous plasmapheresis removes a patient's own plasma, treats it, and returns it to remove antibodies, immune complexes, or toxins. It is used to treat various neurological, hematological, metabolic, dermatological, and renal diseases. Complications can include hypotension, allergic reactions, hemorrhage, hypocalcemia, and infections from replacement fluids. Plasmapheresis removes drugs and proteins from plasma like IVIG and monoclonal antibodies but not drugs like steroids that are widely distributed in tissues. It is used pre- and
1. Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious complication of chronic liver disease characterized by alterations in mental status and cognitive function occurring in liver failure. Common precipitating factors include blood transfusion, infection, GI bleeding, use of sedative drugs, constipation, alkalosis, low potassium, and high protein diet.
2. Treatment of acute overt hepatic encephalopathy includes supportive care, identifying and treating precipitating factors, reducing nitrogenous load in the gut through medications like lactulose, and assessing need for long-term therapy or liver transplant.
3. Prevention and management of recurrent or persistent hepatic encephalopathy involves avoiding precipitating factors and continued drug therapy like lactulose and rifaximin,
This document provides an overview of the management of ascites. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, treatment, and complications of ascites. Ascites is most often caused by portal hypertension from liver cirrhosis. Other causes include malignancy, infection, heart failure, and nephrotic syndrome. Evaluation involves diagnostic paracentesis and ascitic fluid analysis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but typically involves dietary sodium restriction and diuretic medication. Complications include spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
This document provides information about acute liver failure in children. It defines acute liver failure as resulting from massive liver cell death or impairment within 8 weeks without pre-existing liver disease. Causes include viral hepatitis, drugs/toxins, metabolic disorders. Clinical features include jaundice, encephalopathy. Management involves supportive care, treating the cause, and preparing for transplant if needed to prevent complications and allow the liver time to regenerate.
Portal hypertension results from increased resistance to blood flow through the liver and can cause dangerous complications like variceal bleeding and ascites. The most common cause is cirrhosis which scars and narrows vessels in the liver. Initial presentations may be asymptomatic but can include gastroesophageal varices, ascites, and splenomegaly. Prevention and treatment of variceal bleeding involves beta blockers, band ligation, and as a last resort transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Ascites is treated through dietary sodium restriction, diuretics, and paracentesis while spontaneous bacterial peritonitis requires antibiotics.
Portal hypertension results from increased resistance to blood flow through the liver and can cause dangerous complications like variceal bleeding and ascites. Variceal bleeding is a major cause of mortality in cirrhosis and requires rapid fluid resuscitation and treatment to stop bleeding, often through vasoactive drugs, endoscopic variceal ligation or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Ascites develops due to fluid leakage from blood vessels and impaired fluid regulation, and is treated through dietary sodium restriction, diuretics and paracentesis.
Management of acute kidney injury (AKI) involves several common principles including optimizing hemodynamics, correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances, discontinuing nephrotoxic medications, and dose adjusting other medications. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of AKI and may involve managing life-threatening complications, diagnosing and treating the underlying condition, and renal replacement therapies like hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Prevention efforts focus on recognizing at-risk patients and using preventive measures to avoid AKI. The prognosis of AKI depends on the specific cause and presence of other factors, with prerenal azotemia and postrenal azotemia generally having a better prognosis than other forms of intrinsic AKI.
This document discusses various types of cirrhosis including alcoholic cirrhosis, cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, biliary cirrhosis, and cardiac cirrhosis. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholic cirrhosis. It also discusses cirrhosis due to hepatitis C and B viruses, noting the progression of liver disease and treatments including antiviral therapy. Finally, it covers cirrhosis due to autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and biliary cirrhosis.
complete information of tuberculosis including OLD RNTCP and new RNTCP with the novel drug that is marketed; classification of tuberculosis (MDR XDR TDR). special population and tuberculosis treatment clinical presentation and diagnosis
complete description of causality assessment with the definition of basic terminologies.& relation with an adverse event and adverse drug reaction, causality terms & assessment criteria.
The summary provides an overview of prescription and over-the-counter medications. It begins by defining what a prescription is and who can prescribe and dispense medications. It then discusses the legal requirements for prescriptions, including important information that should be included like the name and address of the prescriber, date, drug name and strength, dosage, and patient information. Over-the-counter drugs are then discussed, noting they are safe when used as directed. Key points about OTC drugs include their significance as cheaper options, rules for proper use, and how they can potentially be harmful if misused or used with certain prescription drugs. The summary concludes by emphasizing the importance of patient counseling for safe OTC use.
This document discusses various tests used to diagnose and evaluate cardiac disorders:
1) Cardiac enzyme tests measure levels of enzymes like CPK, LDH, and AST that indicate heart muscle damage.
2) An electrocardiogram (ECG) records heart's electrical activity and can detect arrhythmias and ischemia.
3) A Holter monitor records ECG over 24 hours to detect rhythm abnormalities.
4) An echocardiogram uses ultrasound to assess heart function and detect conditions like valve dysfunction.
5) Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography insert dye into heart chambers and arteries to visualize structures and detect blockages.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining of joints which can lead to cartilage and bone destruction. Key symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling and fatigue. The disease is caused by an immune system attack on the joints that results in inflammation mediated by cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6. Treatment involves non-pharmacologic measures as well as disease-modifying drugs like methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine and biologics that target cytokines to reduce inflammation and slow disease progression.
This presentation discusses osteoporosis and bone remodeling. It defines osteoporosis and describes the categories. It then summarizes the six step process of bone remodeling, including the roles of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in resorbing and rebuilding bone. Estrogen's positive effects on this process are noted. The document also outlines the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for osteoporosis.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
4. Definition
The word cirrhosis is
derived from the Greek
kirrhos , meaning
orange-yellow.
Cirrhosis is an advanced
stage of liver fibrosis.
Fibrosis, defined as the
encapsulation or
replacement of injured
tissue by collagenous
scar, results from an
abnormal perpetuation
of the normal wound
healing process
8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Hepatic stellate cells function:
to store vitamin A and
help to maintain the normal matrix in the sinusoidal space.
During chronic liver disease, hepatic stellate cells undergo an
“activation” process, which is the central event in the
development of hepatic fibrosis.
Activation causes stellate cells:
to lose vitamin A,
become highly proliferative,
and synthesize fibrotic scar tissue, which accumulates in the
sinusoidal space.
9. This leads to loss of:
hepatocyte microvilli,
loss of sinusoidal endothelial fenestrae,
deterioration of hepatocyte function, and,
if fibrosis progresses, eventual cirrhosis
10.
11. Signs and Symptoms
• Asymptomatic
• Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
• Pruritis, jaundice, palmar erythema, spider
angiomata, hyperpigmentation
• Gynecomastia, reduced libido
• Ascites, edema, pleural effusion, and respiratory
difficulties
• Malaise, anorexia, and weight loss
• Encephalopathy
13. PHYSIOLOGY EFFECT OF CIRRHOSIS
• Portal hypertension and varices bleeding
• Hepatic encephalopathy
• Ascites
14. General approaches to treatment
• Identify and eliminate, where possible, the
causes of cirrhosis (e.g., alcohol abuse).
• Assess the risk for variceal bleeding and begin
pharmacologic prophylaxis when indicated.
• Evaluate the patient for clinical signs of ascites
and manage with pharmacologic therapy (e.g.,
diuretics) and paracentesis.
• Careful monitoring for spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis (SBP) should be used in patients with
ascites who undergo acute deterioration
15. • Hepatic encephalopathy is a common
complication of cirrhosis and requires clinical
vigilance and treatment with dietary restriction,
elimination of central nervous system
depressants, and therapy to lower ammonia
levels.
• Frequent monitoring for signs of hepatorenal
syndrome, pulmonary insufficiency, and
endocrine dysfunction is necessary.
16. Portal hypertension and varices
bleeding
The management of varices involves three
strategies:
• (a) primary prophylaxis (prevention of the first
bleeding episode);
• (b) treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage;
and
• (c) secondary prophylaxis (prevention of
rebleeding in patients who have previously
bled)
17. Primary Prophylaxis
• β-Adrenergic Blockade:
• The mainstay of primary prophylaxis is the use of
nonselective β -adrenergic blocking agents such as
propranolol or nadolol.
• propranolol :20 mg twice daily, or nadolol: 20 to 40 mg once
daily,
• These agents reduce portal pressure by reducing portal
venous inflow via two mechanisms:
a decrease in cardiac output through β 1 -adrenergic blockade
and
a decrease in splanchnic blood flow through β 2 -adrenergic
blockade
18. • Patients with contraindications to therapy with
nonselective β -adrenergic blockers (i.e., those with
asthma, insulin-dependent diabetes with episodes of
hypoglycemia, and peripheral vascular disease)
• or intolerance to β -adrenergic blockers should be
• considered for alternative prophylactic therapy with
EVL.
• EVL has been compared to nonselective β -adrenergic
blocker therapy in patients with large varices and found
to be associated with a significantly lower incidence of
first variceal bleed
19. Management of visceral hemorrhage
Treatment goals include:
(a) adequate blood volume resuscitation,
(b) protection of airway from aspiration of blood,
(c) correction of significant coagulopathy and/or
thrombocytopenia with fresh frozen plasma and
platelets,
(d) prophylaxis against SBP and other infections,
(e) control of bleeding,
(f) prevention of rebleeding, and
(g) preservation of liver function
20. Somatostatin and octreotide cause :
a reduction in portal pressure and
port-collateral blood flow through inducing splanchnic
vasoconstriction without causing the systemic effects
associated with vasopressin.
Therapy is initiated with an intravenous bolus of 50 mcg and is
followed by a continuous infusion of 50 mcg per hour for 3 to
5 days.
21. Secondary Prophylaxis: Prevention of
Rebleeding
The combination of EVL and a nonselective β -
adrenergic blocking agent provides the most
rational approach for secondary prophylaxis
because :
nonselective β -adrenergic blocking agents can
protect against variceal rebleeding and
β –adrenergic blocking agents will also delay variceal
recurrence.
22. Pharmacologic therapy should be initiated with a
• nonselective β -blocker such as propranolol 20 mg
twice daily or
• nadolol at a dose of 20 mg once daily
EVL should be conducted every 1 to 2 weeks until
variceal obliteration,
Patients should be monitored for evidence of heart
failure, bronchospasm,or glucose intolerance
23. Combination therapy with nonselective β –blocker
plus isosorbide mononitrate can be considered in
patients who are unable to undergo EVL.
24. HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Treatment approaches include:
(1) reduction in blood ammonia concentrations by dietary
restrictions,
• with drug therapy aimed at inhibiting ammonia production
• or enhancing its removal (lactulose and antibiotics); and
(2) inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine
receptors by flumazenil.
To reduce blood ammonia concentrations in patients with
episodic HE,
protein intake is limited or withheld (while maintaining
caloric intake) until the clinical situation improves.
25. To reduce blood ammonia concentrations in episodic HE,
lactulose is initiated at 45 mL orally every hour (or 300 mL
lactulose syrup with 700 mL water given as a retention enema
held for 60 minutes) until catharsis begins.
Antibiotic therapy with metronidazole or neomycin is
reserved for patients who have not responded to diet and
lactulose.
Rifaximin 550 mg twice daily plus lactulose can be used for
patients with inadequate response to lactulose alone.
Zinc acetate supplementation (220 mg twice daily) is
recommended for long-term management in patients with
cirrhosis who are zinc deficient
27. ASCITES
The therapeutic goals for patients with ascites
are :
to control the ascites,
prevent or relieve ascites-related symptoms
(dyspnea and abdominal pain and distention),
and
prevent SBP and hepatorenal syndrome
28. The treatment of ascites secondary to portal
hypertension includes: abstinence from
alcohol, sodium restriction (to 2 g/day),
• and diuretics
• Spironolactone:100 mg, and
• furosemide: 40 mg,
29. CLINICAL CONTROVERSY
Rifaximin:
Though studies to date have enrolled relatively small
numbers of patients and even though it does not carry
the indication for HE in the United States,rifaximin is
largely considered second-line therapy for patients
with HE who fail therapy or have inadequate results
with lactulose.
Whether or not rifaximin should be considered as
• first-line therapy over lactulose or
• whether rifaximin should be considered first-line
therapy in addition to lactulose remains controversial.
30. • The combination of nonselective β -adrenergic blocker and
isosorbide mononitrate could be more effective than nonselective β
-adrenergic blocker therapy alone for lowering HVPG.
• Only one trial has evaluated nonselective β –adrenergic blocker
plus isosorbide mononitrate verus nonselective β -adrenergic
blocker alone. Rebleeding rates were lower with combination
therapy, but no statistically significant differencein rebleeding rates
were attained.
• A randomized, controlled trial comparing variceal rebleeding in
patients treated with combination therapy plus EVL versus patients
treated with combination therapy alone found rebleeding rates that
were significantly lower with combination therapy plus EVL versus
combination therapy alone
31. • However, patients treated with combination therapy plus EVL
had similar rebleeding rates compared with those treated
with nonselective β –adrenergic blocker plus EVL.
• Patients treated with combination therapy are more likely to
discontinue therapy than patients treated with nonselective β
-adrenergic blocker therapy alone.
• Whether nitrate therapy should be added to nonselective β -
adrenergic blocker therapy in patients with prior history of
variceal bleeding remains controversial, especially in
patients who are able to undergo EVL.
• The unresolved questions surrounding HVPG measurement
further compound this quandary.