Pathophysiology: Hematology
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This document summarizes key components of hematology, including the components of blood, hemoglobin, blood therapies, anemia, blood clotting disorders, and leukemia. It describes that blood contains plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells, and hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells. Therapies include whole blood transfusions, erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production, and bone marrow transplants. Anemia can be caused by nutrient deficiencies, blood loss, or bone marrow issues. Specific types include pernicious, aplastic, hemolytic, sickle cell and thalassemia. Blood clotting disorders involve platelet or clotting factor deficiencies. Leuke
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Title: Understanding Anemia: Causes, Types, Clinical Features, and Diagnostic Investigations
Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. It is a prevalent global health issue affecting people of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Understanding the causes, types, clinical features, and diagnostic investigations of anemia is crucial for effective management and treatment.
**Causes of Anemia:**
Anemia can result from various factors that disrupt the production, lifespan, or function of red blood cells. Some common causes include:
1. **Iron Deficiency:** Insufficient intake or absorption of iron, essential for hemoglobin synthesis, is a primary cause of anemia globally. It can stem from poor dietary intake, chronic blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), or increased demand during pregnancy.
2. **Vitamin Deficiencies:** Deficiencies in vitamins such as vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate (vitamin B9) can impair RBC production, leading to megaloblastic anemia.
3. **Chronic Diseases:** Conditions like chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), and infections can disrupt erythropoiesis (RBC production) or accelerate RBC destruction, causing anemia.
4. **Hemolytic Disorders:** Inherited or acquired conditions that increase the breakdown (hemolysis) of red blood cells, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia, can result in anemia.
5. **Bone Marrow Disorders:** Diseases affecting the bone marrow, including leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and aplastic anemia, can lead to decreased RBC production and anemia.
**Types of Anemia:**
Anemia is classified based on the underlying mechanism or etiology, leading to several types:
1. **Iron-Deficiency Anemia:** Characterized by low iron levels, resulting in decreased hemoglobin synthesis and microcytic (small-sized) RBCs.
2. **Megaloblastic Anemia:** Caused by impaired DNA synthesis in RBC precursors due to deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate, leading to macrocytic (large-sized) RBCs.
3. **Hemolytic Anemia:** Occurs due to increased RBC destruction, either intravascularly (within blood vessels) or extravascularly (outside blood vessels), leading to various subtypes like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, and sickle cell disease.
4. **Anemia of Chronic Disease:** Associated with chronic inflammation, infections, or malignancies, leading to impaired iron metabolism and decreased RBC production.
5. **Aplastic Anemia:** Results from bone marrow failure, leading to decreased production of all blood cell types, including RBCs.
**Clinical Features of Anemia:**
The clinical presentation of anemia can vary depending on its severity, underlying cause, and individual factors. Common clinical features include:
Hematology basics pt 1 jpg
This document discusses hematology basics and differentials for blood smears in cats and dogs. It provides information on proper blood collection and smear preparation to avoid artifacts. Common red blood cell abnormalities seen in animals are described, including poikilocytes, inclusions, and parasites. Performing differentials on blood smears can provide important information about morphological changes and specific cell types that is not detected on automated analyzers. Proper staining and examining blood smears is essential for accurate results.
polycythemia
This document discusses polycythemia, which is characterized by an increased red blood cell mass. It can be absolute, due to increased red cell volume, or relative, due to decreased plasma volume. Causes of absolute polycythemia include primary polycythemia vera, which results from a clonal stem cell mutation, and secondary polycythemia, which is usually appropriate and resolves when the underlying cause is treated. Clinical findings of polycythemia vera include reddening of the skin and risk of blood clots. Treatment aims to maintain a normal blood count through phlebotomy, medications, or splenectomy.
Polycythemia iquin
This document discusses polycythemia, which refers to an increased red blood cell mass. It describes three main types: relative polycythemia caused by decreased plasma volume, secondary polycythemia caused by factors like smoking that stimulate red blood cell production, and polycythemia vera caused by a mutation in the JAK2 protein. Polycythemia vera is a chronic disorder characterized by increased red blood cell, white blood cell and platelet counts. It can cause complications like thrombosis, bleeding, pruritus and splenomegaly. Treatment involves phlebotomy and medications like hydroxyurea to reduce symptoms and risks of complications. Secondary polycythemia is usually caused by lung diseases, tumors
pathology of Anemia
This document discusses various types of anemia. It defines anemia and describes how it is classified based on red blood cell size, hemoglobin content, and underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Several specific types of anemia are then discussed in more detail, including iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, anemia of chronic disease, hereditary spherocytosis, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. For each type, the document outlines causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory/blood smear findings, and treatment.
Acute anemia in children
Anemia can be seen in the emergency department both as a primary pathological process or secondary to both medical and surgical diseases. Moreover, acute anemia can occur in children who have been otherwise healthy, who have systemic disease, or who have known hematologic disorders. Anemia may indicate a disorder with a single hematopoietic cell line (eg, red blood cells) or may be associated with changes in multiple cell lines indicative of bone marrow involvement, immunologic disease, peripheral destruction of erythrocytes, or sequestration of cells. Independent of the etiology, prompt diagnosis is predicated on understanding the classifications of anemia, the associated presenting symptoms, and the proper ordering and interpretation of laboratory studies. This article will discuss the evaluation, proper classification, differential diagnosis, and initial management of acute anemia using cases representative of those that might be seen in the pediatric emergency department.
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快速办理高仿国外毕业证成绩单：
1哥伦比亚大学毕业证+成绩单+留学回国人员证明+教育部学历认证（全套留学回国必备证明材料给父母及亲朋好友一份完美交代）;
2雅思成绩单托福成绩单OFFER在读证明等留学相关材料（申请学校转学甚至是申请工签都可以用到）。
3.毕业证 #成绩单等全套材料从防伪到印刷从水印到钢印烫金高精仿度跟学校原版100%相同。
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国外哥伦比亚大学哥伦比亚大学毕业证录取书办理过程：
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2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
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6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。我们的亲人生我养我的父母您们的年迈的苍老换来了我们新一代的新鲜与活力无论我们在哪里父母对我们的爱和思念为我们的生命增加了光彩给予我们自由追求的力量生活的力量我们也不忘感恩正因为这股感恩的线牵着我们使我们在一年的结束时刻义无反顾的踏上了回家的旅途人们常说父母恩最难回报愿我能以当年爸爸妈妈对待小时候的我们那样耐心温柔地对待我将渐渐老去的父母体谅他们以反哺之心奉敬父母以感恩之心孝顺父母哪怕只为父母换洗的
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Pathophysiology: Hematology
- 1. Hematology
- 2. Components of Blood • Blood Connective tissue • Plasma Liquid component of blood 55% • Buffy Coat Platelets Leukocytes • Hematocrit The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
- 3. Hemoglobin • Red protein • Responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood • Four subunits contain an iron atom bound to a heme group
- 4. Blood Therapies • Whole Blood Severe anemia • Artificial Erythropoietin Stimulates red blood cell production • Bone Marrow Transplants Cancers, immune deficiencies, or blood cell disease
- 5. Anemia • General Signs Fatigue, pale face, dyspnea, or tachycardia Can lead to angina or congestive heart failure • Causes Hemoglobin deficiency leading to a reduction in oxygen transport Nutrient deficiency and impaired bone marrow Blood loss or excessive destruction of red blood cells • Types Pernicious Aplastic Hemolytic Sickle Cell Thalassemia Polycythemia
- 6. Anemia • Pernicious Anemia Large, immature, and nucleated RBC Large, red, sore, shiny tongue • Aplastic Anemia Temporary or permanent impairment or failure of bone marrow Bone marrow cells are replaced by fat Cause must be identified for prompt treatment Can be life-threatening • Hemolytic Anemia Excessive destruction of RBC Many causes
- 7. Anemia • Sickle Cell Anemia Abnormal hemoglobin due to a generic condition common in African ancestry Sickle cell crisis occurs when there are low oxygen levels De-oxygenated HbS is unstable and crystallizes to form the sickle shape • Thalassemia Most common blood disorder in the world Abnormal hemoglobin due to missing genes • Polycythemia Primary due to increased rate of RBC production Secondary is due to increased rate of RBC production due to prolonged hypoxia Sluggish blood flow, increased blood pressure, and hypertrophied heart
- 8. Blood Clotting Disorders • Indications Persistent bleeding in gums and nose bleeds Bleeding into joints Coughing up or vomiting blood Blood in feces • Causes Defective platelet function Long term use of warfarin
- 9. Types of Blood Clotting Disorders • Hemophilia A 90% of cases with varying severity Deficit of clotting factor III • Hemophilia B Deficit of clotting factor IV • Hemophilia C Milder form Deficit of clotting factor XI • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Excessive clotting and bleeding in circulation Clotting factors are reduced to a dangerous level Widespread uncontrollable bleeding leads to a high fatality rate
- 10. Leukemia • Acute High proportion of immature, non-functional cells in bone marrow and circulation with abrupt onset Signs: frequent uncontrolled infections, bone pain, weight loss, fatigue, drowsiness, and vomiting • Chronic Higher proportion of mature cells in bone marrow and circulation with insidious onset Milder signs and better prognosis • Diagnosis Peripheral blood smears and bone marrow biopsy • Treatment Chemotherapy, biologic therapy