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Pathophysiology: Hematology
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- 2. Components of Blood •Blood Connective tissue • Plasma Liquid component of blood 55% • Buffy Coat Platelets Leukocytes • Hematocrit The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
- 3. Hemoglobin • Red protein •Responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood • Four subunits contain an iron atom bound to a heme group
- 4. Blood Therapies • WholeBlood Severe anemia • Artificial Erythropoietin Stimulates red blood cell production • Bone Marrow Transplants Cancers, immune deficiencies, or blood cell disease
- 5. Anemia • General Signs Fatigue, pale face, dyspnea, or tachycardia Can lead to angina or congestive heart failure • Causes Hemoglobin deficiency leading to a reduction in oxygen transport Nutrient deficiency and impaired bone marrow Blood loss or excessive destruction of red blood cells • Types Pernicious Aplastic Hemolytic Sickle Cell Thalassemia Polycythemia
- 6. Anemia • Pernicious Anemia Large, immature, and nucleated RBC Large, red, sore, shiny tongue • Aplastic Anemia Temporary or permanent impairment or failure of bone marrow Bone marrow cells are replaced by fat Cause must be identified for prompt treatment Can be life-threatening • Hemolytic Anemia Excessive destruction of RBC Many causes
- 7. Anemia • Sickle CellAnemia Abnormal hemoglobin due to a generic condition common in African ancestry Sickle cell crisis occurs when there are low oxygen levels De-oxygenated HbS is unstable and crystallizes to form the sickle shape • Thalassemia Most common blood disorder in the world Abnormal hemoglobin due to missing genes • Polycythemia Primary due to increased rate of RBC production Secondary is due to increased rate of RBC production due to prolonged hypoxia Sluggish blood flow, increased blood pressure, and hypertrophied heart
- 8. Blood Clotting Disorders •Indications Persistent bleeding in gums and nose bleeds Bleeding into joints Coughing up or vomiting blood Blood in feces • Causes Defective platelet function Long term use of warfarin
- 9. Types of BloodClotting Disorders • Hemophilia A 90% of cases with varying severity Deficit of clotting factor III • Hemophilia B Deficit of clotting factor IV • Hemophilia C Milder form Deficit of clotting factor XI • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Excessive clotting and bleeding in circulation Clotting factors are reduced to a dangerous level Widespread uncontrollable bleeding leads to a high fatality rate
- 10. Leukemia • Acute Highproportion of immature, non-functional cells in bone marrow and circulation with abrupt onset Signs: frequent uncontrolled infections, bone pain, weight loss, fatigue, drowsiness, and vomiting • Chronic Higher proportion of mature cells in bone marrow and circulation with insidious onset Milder signs and better prognosis • Diagnosis Peripheral blood smears and bone marrow biopsy • Treatment Chemotherapy, biologic therapy