Integrating Gender In Agricultural Programs
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The document discusses integrating gender into agricultural programs by addressing constraints women face in agriculture. It outlines why focusing on gender is important, then discusses constraints women face in accessing key assets like land, water, livestock, soil fertility, new technologies, extension services, labor, markets, and support services. It provides strategies to alleviate these constraints, like strengthening women's land rights, increasing female extension agents, introducing labor-saving technologies, and investing in market interventions to improve women's access and asset base. Case studies show promising examples of projects that have successfully addressed gender.
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Integrating Gender In Agricultural Programs
- 1. Integrating Gender into Agricultural Programs Ruth Meinzen-Dick and Agnes Quisumbing USAID Summer Seminar Series July 29, 2009 Wednesday, September 2, 2009
- 3. Why the concern about gender in agriculture? Simple answer: You cannot address poverty, especially in Africa and South Asia, without addressing gender issues Wednesday, September 2, 2009
- 11. Contributions of Women’s Status and Education to Child Malnutrition (1970-95) Page Source: Smith and Haddad 2000 Equalizing women status in SSA would malnutrition in children by 3 % (1.7 million children) Equalizing women status in S Asia would malnutrition in children by 13 % (13.4 million children)
- 12. The Constraints to Women’s Access to Assets for Agriculture and Strategies to Alleviate Constraints Wednesday, September 2, 2009
- 13. Land
- 16. Water Page
- 18. Livestock Page
- 20. Soil fertility
- 22. New varieties and technologies
- 24. Extension
- 25. Gender composition of extension staff (% of sample) Gender and Governance Author Team, 2009
- 26. Access to agricultural extension and livestock services (% hholds with contract in past year) India Gender and Governance Author Team, 2009
- 27. Page Access to agricultural extension services in Ghana Gender and Governance Author Team, 2009
- 28. Men and women participants in Farmer Field Schools in East Africa Page
- 30. Impact of participation in FFS on crop productivity across gender of household head Page
- 31. Labor
- 33. Markets
- 35. Services and support infrastructure
- 37. How to Make Agriculture Research and Development More Gender-Equitable Implications for the Project Cycle Wednesday, September 2, 2009
- 38. Include Gender at all Stages of the Project Cycle Page Review and analyze information and key indicators, consult stakeholders, identify needs and priorities at national/local level Identify project elements, resources, targeting methods, personnel, budget, formulate implementation plan Identify process and outcome indicators of performance M&E feeds back into design and implementation Establish MIS in line with project activities
Editor's Notes
- Note: There is a lot of diversity in farming systems across Africa. Food for Subsistence + market : 3 metric tons/woman/year : 3 metric tons/woman/year
- Despite women’s central role in agricultural production and food security, Women’s access to inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides is limited since they are rarely reached by extension services. Men also choose the tools used for farming including those used by women; women are often denied the use of animal traction due to cultural constraints or men’s doubt that they can handle these tools. Limited access to benefits of research and innovation; women’s roles often ignored in creation of new technologies, etc.
- Despite women’s central role in agricultural production and food security, Women’s access to inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides is limited since they are rarely reached by extension services. Men also choose the tools used for farming including those used by women; women are often denied the use of animal traction due to cultural constraints or men’s doubt that they can handle these tools. Limited access to benefits of research and innovation; women’s roles often ignored in creation of new technologies, etc.
- Natural capital: land, water, trees, livestock, other natural resources Physical capital: infrastructure, buildings, houses, roads, electricity, transportation
- IF STATUS OF MEN AND WOMEN WERE EQUALIZED IN SOUTH ASIA, UNDERWEIGHT RATE AMONG CHILDREN < 3 Y WOULD DROP BY 13 PERCENTAGE POINTS, A REDUCTION OF 13.4 MILLION MALNOURISHED CHILDREN
- In first example, although women benefited from increased economic prosperity as a result of the irrigation project, they became more dependent on male heads of households, providing labor for their land whereas in the past women had usufruct rights of their own. In the second example, the garden plots earned women more income than their husbands earned from the sale of groundnuts (men’s main source of income in the Gambia). However, the shade from the tree canopies blocked the vegetable crops exposure to the sun, thus undermining women’s productivity and usufruct rights to the land. Emphasize that when women lose control of land rights, they withdraw their labor.
- Women use water for domestic uses, irrigation, home gardens, livestock, aquaculture, and forestry Irrigation initiatives – NGOs and others have repeatedly ignored the gendered organization of agriculture, interacting almost exclusively with male farmers
- Women who have access to cash or microcredit often chose to invest in livestock Livestock provides food, micronutrients, cash, draft power, fertilizer, value through reproduction, and status Small animals more likely to be controlled by women than larger animals Last point: these training programs should be either gender-equal or focus on women
- Untargeted dissemination is more likely to benefit men and better-off households; Diffusion of information takes place only in part through formal extension services; social networks play an important role, esp. for women.
- Female participation in FFS was 50% FFS had a significant increase in crop productivity for female headed households in Tanzania, Uganda and all three countries combined Women participants benefited more than men from livestock technologies as well Overall, FFS were more beneficial to women than men participants
- Innovations that increase the productivity of women’s labor can benefit women, but the benefits depend on what activities will replace the hours formerly spent processing and cooking food.
- The picture on the left is tobacco extension session, note that there is only one woman farmer. The picture on the right shows a women’s livestock group with their (female) extension agent. Both pictures are from Malawi in the early 1990s.
- Working through groups is a major mechanism through which outside programs and women themselves can improve the status of women and increase their control of assets/productivity. In fact, the social capital that groups generate is being recognized as an asset in itself.
- How can praticioners and policymakers pay more attention to gender issuesin designing programs and policies And making them more effective in reaching development objectives?