This document discusses the role of women in integrated farming systems in India. It notes that women make up over 2/3 of the agricultural workforce in rural India. It outlines the various components of integrated farming systems, including crop production, livestock (dairy, poultry, fisheries), horticulture, and forestry. It then describes the specific roles women play in each of these components, such as weeding, harvesting, feeding livestock, collecting non-timber forest products, and processing agricultural goods. The document emphasizes that empowering women by improving their access to resources and opportunities could significantly boost agricultural output and food security.

1. ROLE OF WOMEN IN
INTEGRATED FARMING
SYSTEM
1

2. INTRODUCTION
 Women (as farmers, agricultural workers and
entrepreneurs) -backbone of agriculture-
development of rural and national economy- food
security.
 Make up more than 2/3rd of the workforce in
agricultural production & allied activities in rural
India.
 Have less access to agriculture related assets,
inputs and services. If they had, women could boost
yield by 20-30 per cent; raising the overall
agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5-
4% which could lessen the number of hungry
people in the world by 12-17%, besides increasing
women’s income (FAO, 2011).
 Women guarantee livelihood. 2

3.  Women have been putting in labour not
only in terms of physical output but also in
terms of quality and efficiency.
 Aside from raising children, maintain the
homestead, and assist in crop and animal
production, all the while tending to the
general health of their families.
3

4. VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF IFS
 Crop component
 Livestock: Dairy
Sheep-goat
Piggery
Rabbit
 Poultry
 Aquaculture
 Duckery
 Horticulture
 Apiculture
 Sericulture
 Silviculture
 Mushroom cultivation 4

5. Role of women in
various components of
IFS
CROP COMPONENT:
•SOWING
•NURSERY
MANAGEMENT
•TRANSPLANTING
•WEEDING
•IRRIGATION
•FERTILIZER
APPLICATION
•PLANT
PROTECTION
•HARVESTING
•WINNOWING
•STORING
5

6. 6

7.  As seed selectors and in seedling
production.
 Their knowledge on seeds and seed
storage contribute to the viability of the
agricultural diversity and production.
 As weeders, women contribute to crop
management.
 Women prepare and apply green and
farmyard manure.
 Integrated pest management practices:
women's work will increase due to more
labour-intensive activities.
7

8. LIVESTOCK
DAIRY
There are 75 million women engaged in
dairying as against 15 million men and 20 million
in animal husbandry as compared to 1.5 million
men.
 Cattle shed cleaning
 Taking care of animals
 Milking & its processing
 Fodder collection
 Chaff cutting
 Feeding
 Making dung cakes
 Collection of FYM
 Preparing compost 8

9.  Indoor jobs like milking, feeding, cleaning, etc. are
done by women in 90% of families while
management of male animals, fodder production &
marketing are effected by men.
 Women account for 93% of total employment in
dairy production.
 Depending upon the economic status, women
perform the tasks of collecting fodder, collecting
and processing dung.
 Dung composting and carrying to the fields.
 Women also prepare cooking fuel by mixing dung
with twigs and crop residues.
 Though women play a significant role in livestock
management and production, women's control
over livestock and its products is negligible.
 The vast majority of the dairy cooperative
membership is assumed by men, leaving only 9

10. SHEEP-GOAT
 Cleaning of shed
 Taking care of animals
 Collection of litter &
preparing manure
 Feeding
 Grazing
POULTRY
 Cleaning of shed & feeding bowls
 Feeding activity
 Picking up eggs
 Handle heating on
day old chicks
 Collection of litter &
preparing manure
10

11. SILVICULTURE
 In India, women are the major
gatherers and users of a
much more diverse range of
forest products than men.
 Primarily Non-timber Forest
Products (NTFP) are
collected by women and
timber by men.
 Apart from fodder and fuel,
women collect food, medicinal
plants, building materials,
material for household items
and farm implements.
 As women are the ones who
have traditionally been
collecting forest products,
they possess the knowledge
of properties and potential 11

12. HORTICULTURE
 Sowing & transplanting
 Nursery management
 Weeding
 Irrigation
 Training & pruning
 Collection of produce
(Fruits,vegetables,flowers,etc.)
 Sorting & grading
 Processing
 Packing 12

13. AQUACULTURE
 Take less part in fishing, feeding, etc. but
major part in processing.
 Fish drying/curing, marketing and net
mending are the main areas of women's
involvement
13

14. SERICULTURE
 Women are mostly favoured
because of their industrious
nature.
 About 60% of total working force:
 Raising food plants i.e. Mulberry
garden
 Leaf cutting
 Silkworm rearing
 Reeling, spinning & weaving
 Textile industries
APICULTURE
 Limited access of women (afraid
of bees).
 Production of value added
products from hive products offer 14

15. WOMEN AND ENVIRONMENT
 Deforestation has increased time and distance involved in
grazing and collection of fuel and food.
 Distance to forests or other sources of fuel, type of farming
system, etc. have explained increases ranging from 45
minutes to 5 hours in women's work time. Moreover, it has
also threatened income generating opportunities for women
by affecting livestock rearing and collection of NTFP.
 Women play a key role in both land use and management.
They supply inputs from the forests as fertilizer to the soil as
well as fodder for the cattle, which produce fertilizer for the
soil. In India there were women-headed movements for
forest protection such as Chipko and Appiko.
15

16. •Women have also
been the source of
knowledge relating
to conserving and
maintaining the
quality of water.
•Depleting water
resources have
also impacted
women severely in
terms of longer
walk and more
work, as they are
principal collectors 16

17. Needs:
 Despite many policy reforms, gender issues
have not received the attention they deserve.
Hence, the current situation has to urgently
change.
 With changes sweeping agriculture and
other sectors, gender issues have become
more important and dynamic. Therefore, it
has become necessary for the scientists,
policy makers, development professionals
and the civil society organizations to
understand the issues in national, regional
and global context and share their
knowledge and experiences to design more
focused action for enhancing and harnessing
the capability of women who are an 17

18. Conclusion
 Agriculture, the single largest production
endeavor in India, contributing about 18% of
GDP, is increasingly becoming a Female
Activity.
 48% of India’s self-employed farmers are
women.
 Almost all women in rural India today can be
considered as ‘farmers’ in some sense,
working as agricultural labour, unpaid
workers in the family farm enterprise, or
combination of the two. Moreover, several
farm activities traditionally carried out by
men are also being undertaken by women
as men are pulled away into higher paying 18

19. “When women are empowered and can
claim their rights and access to land,
leadership, opportunities & choices,
economies grow, food securities
enhanced & prospects are improved
for current and future generations”
-Mitchelle bachelet
19

20. References
 Farming performance of farm women
-P.Gidda Reddy
 Women in agriculture and rural
development
-Shakuntala sridhara,
B.Nagachaitanya, A.K.Chakravarthy,
M.K.Nagamani, T.K.Prabhakara
Shetty
 Internet sources
20

21. 21

22. RAPID COMPOSTING
METHODS
Composting is the process in which organic
substances are reduced from large volumes of
rapidly decomposable materials to small volume of
material which continue to decompose slowly. 22

23. High temperature Composting
Hot fermentation process
 First by Shrikhande, later by
Acharya (Bangalore)
 Materials first decomposed
aerobically for 5-6 days to
obtain initial temp of 60-75oC,
later entire mass is pressed
down & mud plastered.
 Recovery of C & N: Trench
system > heap method.
 Optimum moisture level: 55%
 Kills pathogens, weed seeds,
fly-maggots,etc.
 Ready in 4 months. 23

24. Chinese rural composting
 Night soil, urine, sewage, animal dung &
chopped plant stalks.
 Chopped plant stalks human & animal
wastes + water.
 Bamboo poles- aeration- withdrawn on
2nd day.
 Mud plastering-3cm.
 Temp.: 60-70oC (within 4-5 days)
 Holes are then sealed
 1st turning: after 2 weeks
 Moisture: water or urine
 Ready within 2 months.
24

25. Ecuador on farm composting
Layers:
 Crop residues & weeds(20 cm)
 Topsoil(2 cm)
 Animal manure(5-10 cm)
 Agro industrial wastes, ash or rock
phosphate (50 g/m2)
 Freshwater- sprinkled
 Repeat layers upto 1-1.2m
height.
 Heap: 1m*1-1.2m*1-1.2m
 Wood cuttings
 Mix after 3 weeks.
 60-70oC temperature.
 Ready in 2-3 months in warm climate.
25

26.  IBS Rapid Composting Technology
 Inoculating plant substrates with Trichoderma
harseanum(cellular decomposer)culture.
 Composting time: 21-45 days(depends on
substrate).
 Composting- under shady area
Steps:
 Chopping of substrate
 Mixing of Carbonaceous substrates with
Nitrogenous ones at 4:1 ratio or less.
 Loose piling of substrate.
 Platform raised-30cm, perforated bamboo trunks
provided.
 CFA broadcasted: 1% of total weight of substrate.
 Heap- covered completely.
 Temp= or >50oC
 Turning: every 5-7 days upto 2 weeks. Once in
every fortnight later.
 Sun drying: 10-12% moisture 26

27. EM-based quick composting
 Effective micro organisms: photosynthetic
bacteria, lactobacillus, streptomyces,
actinomycetes, yeast, etc.
 9 pits in a unit: measuring 6’*4’*8’(L*B*H)
 Raw materials: cow dung- 2 portion; rice husk-1
portion; rice-husk chrcoal-1 portion; rice
bran(milled)-1portion; accelarator-33L of EM
solution or Trichoderma solution per pit.
 Procedure:
• 15 cm layer of mixture of all ingredients except
accelerator.
• Sprinkle accelerator
• Repeated.
• Pit- covered with plastic sheet.
• Mix : 2-3 weeks later. 27

28. Coir pith compost
 Aerobic composting.
 Heap of 4’*3’*4’(L*B*H) is
made.
 Nitrogenous source- urea
@5kg/t or fresh poultry
litter @200kg/t.
 Microbial inoculum-
Pleurotus spp
 Aerobic condition: Turning-
once in 10 days or
inserting perforated PVC or
iron pipe.
 Moisture:60%
 Watering:10-15 days
interval
 Ready: within 60 days 28

29. Sl.no. Parameters Raw coir pith(%) Composted coir
pith (%)
1 N 0.26 1.24
2 P 0.01 0.06
3 K 0.78 1.20
4 Lignin 30.0 4.80
5 Cellulose 26.52 10.10
6 C:N ratio 112:1 24:1
29

30. Sugarcane trash compost
 Sugarcane produce 10-
12 t dry leaves /ha/crop.
 Easily composted using
fungi like Aspergillus,
Penicillium, Trichoderma.
 For1 ton of trash-
50 kg fresh dung
5kg rock phosphate
2kg inoculum
 Mix all inputs with trash,
form heap with a
minimum height of 4’
 Turning: once in 15
days. 30

31. Sl.no Nutrient element %
1 N 0.5
2 P 0.2
3 K 1.1
31

32. Pressmud compost
 For 1t: Pit-
2m*1m*1m
 1/3rd portion is
spread in the pit over
which 2 bags of
Trichoderma viridae
or Pleurotus sp. is
added.
 5kg urea, 50kg cow
dung/FYM are
added.
 Layers are repeated.
 Decomposition-40 32

33. Sl.no Nutrient Raw pressmud Composted
1 N% 1-1.5 2.7-3.5
2 P% 1.4-2.5 3-4
3 K% 0.5-2 3-3.5
4 C:N ratio 25-36 10-11.4
33

34. Poultry waste compost
Using paddy straw:
 Fresh poultry droppings+
chopped paddy
straw(<2cm size) – 1:1.25
ratio.
 Pleurotus @ 5
packets(250g each) per
tonne substrate.
 Watering: once in 15 days
 Turning: 21st, 35th, 42nd
34

35. Sl.no nutrient %
1 N% 1.89
2 P% 1.83
3 K% 1.34
4 C:N ratio 12.20
35

36. Using coir pith
 Poultry litter= coir pith (1:1.25 ratio).
 Pleurotus @ 2 packets per tonne.
 Moisture content 50-60%.
 Turning: 21st, 28th, 35th days.
 Another 2 packets of bioinoculum-28th
day’s turning.
 Maturity : after 45 days.
36

37. Sl.no Nutrient %
1 N% 2.08
2 P% 2.61
3 K% 2.94
4 C:N Ratio 13:1
37

38. Phospho-Sulpho-Nitro-compost
 Bright sunny sight is selected.
Inputs: (to prepare 1000 kg PSNC)
 1000 kg organic wastes
 200kg cow dung
 333 kg rock phosphate
 120kg pyrites(22% sulphur)
 13kg urea( dissolve in 20 L water)
 50kg soil
38

39. Method:
30kg organic waste spread on the floor
30kg cow dung
Urea solution
17kg rock phosphate
6kg pyrites
Portion of finely powdered soil
Spray water (60-70% moisture)
Repeat (upto 3-4 ft height)
39

40. To accelerate decomposition process:
Fungal culture-500g mycelial mat/t
Bacterial culture having 108 viable
cells/ml (50ml /kg)
 Turning: 1st, after 2-3 weeks.
2nd , 2 weeks later.
 Heap is covered with cow dung slurry
and polythene sheet.
 Ready in 4 months (usually 6 months for
bio inoculum untreated)
40

41. Conclusion
 Conventional methods of composting
take about 4-6 months upto 1 year &
decreases land use.
 Following the rapid methods
advantage conventional method by
increasing the land use and number of
compostings per year.
41

42. References
 Rapid composting methods- Indian
Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal
 Composting technology
-Laxmi Lal & D.K.Gupta
 Internet sources
42

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