Presentation by Emebet Mulugeta (Ph.D.), Associate Professor at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, and Director at Nia Center for Children and Family Development, during the "Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support," Florence, Italy 26-27 May 2014.
According to Savikko's definition (2008), loneliness is as an individual’s subjective experience of a lack of satisfying human relationships. In other words, it is a feeling that may be affected by the social relationship experienced by the individuals. Thus, loneliness is a negative feeling causing distress to an individual.
Prenatal development: germinal, embryonic &fetal period; Factors that can have a serious negative impact on the development of the unborn: maternal health, radiation, maternal nutrition, medication and drugs, age of the parents, diseases in the pregnant woman and the emotional state of the mother.
According to Savikko's definition (2008), loneliness is as an individual’s subjective experience of a lack of satisfying human relationships. In other words, it is a feeling that may be affected by the social relationship experienced by the individuals. Thus, loneliness is a negative feeling causing distress to an individual.
Prenatal development: germinal, embryonic &fetal period; Factors that can have a serious negative impact on the development of the unborn: maternal health, radiation, maternal nutrition, medication and drugs, age of the parents, diseases in the pregnant woman and the emotional state of the mother.
Population Studies / Demography IntroductionMuteeullah
Presentation and Assignment on Population / Demography including mortality, fertility and their measure, population census, vital registration, demography survey, House hold survey, population composition, errors in demographic data, demographic measures.................By Muteeullah Channa University of Sindh
This is a work made in the 8th grade about adolescent pregnancy, methods of contraception and abortion. At the end there's a quiz that is good to do when you're presenting. I hope it's useful, you
Adolescent Sexual and Reproduction Health PresentationDeepak TIMSINA
ADRA worked to scale-up ASRH programme in Kalikot District through its Strengthening Reproductive Health (SRH) project. I worked as a 'Training Officer' in ADRA from 2012-2013.
Population Studies / Demography IntroductionMuteeullah
Presentation and Assignment on Population / Demography including mortality, fertility and their measure, population census, vital registration, demography survey, House hold survey, population composition, errors in demographic data, demographic measures.................By Muteeullah Channa University of Sindh
This is a work made in the 8th grade about adolescent pregnancy, methods of contraception and abortion. At the end there's a quiz that is good to do when you're presenting. I hope it's useful, you
Adolescent Sexual and Reproduction Health PresentationDeepak TIMSINA
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Emebet Mulugeta – Associate Professor, Institute of Gender Studies and Psychology, Addis Ababa – Gender Assigned Roles and Parenting – Ethiopia Case Study, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF SCHOOL CHILDREN OF A RURAL PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL OF...Nezel Duque
A thesis presented to the faculty of Graduate Studies for the the Degree- Master of Arts in Education Major in Educational Administration. Request the full paper @ nezelduque21@gmail.com
The economic performance of a country is mainly depending on the labour of youth population. Energetic, courageous and qualified youth can make changes to the social economic development if they are well utilized and managed. Investing in youth (ages 14 to 29) now will lay the groundwork for Ethiopia’s future. Strategies to continue progress toward harnessing the potential of its youth will help Ethiopia attain a demographic dividend and foster sustainable development. However, migration, unemployment, drug addiction, unfavorable policy environment and high population growth are the major problems of youth in the country. The overall objective of this paper is to review the current key challenges of youth in Ethiopia. Particularly the paper tries to: Review youth migration, youth unemployment and health and addiction related to youth and finally it suggested the possible solution for the challenges. The data collected, interpreted and evaluated all came from secondary data sources from country Central statistical agency, empirical study, country profile, different authors and researchers have written on the issue of youth; and other reports on youth related reports in Ethiopia. Finally, suggestions are made to overcome the challenges.
Social issues of childhood and adolescenceAbhishek Nayan
There are several issues which are faced by children and Adolescents. Some of them are Social issues, emotional issues, health issues etc.This presentation elaborates about social issues being faced by Children and adolescents. Check the slides to know more
Issues related to young people growing up in foster care and emerging into adulthood. How should their needs be addressed? Who will fund and fill the gaps in services?
YouMeWe NPO White Paper on Children’s Rights.pdfMichael Clemons
Introduction:
There are currently 39,000 children in care living in Japan lacking parental support and guidance needed to successfully transition into adulthood after aging out of the child welfare system. Behavioral problems, financial distress, and lack of autonomy are a few problems the youth struggle with due to being brought up in these institutionalized homes. Due to Japan’s hierarchical culture, changes must be implemented by the government rather than the homes themselves. While change within the homes themselves is effective on a local level, the government needs to create an enforceable legal mechanism to protect the rights of children in care at a systemic level (a top-down approach). This means concrete and actionable policies, enshrined into Japanese law to guarantee legal protections for the rights of children in institutionalized homes. Mandatory educational-based exercises and a system of children’s rights need to be implemented for the success of Japan’s current and future generations.
Background: Childhood stunting is the most widely prevalent among under-five children in Ethiopia. Despite the
individual-level factors of childhood stunting are well documented, community-level factors have not been given
much attention in the country. This study aimed to identify individual- and community-level factors associated with
stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia.
Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was used. A total of 8855
under-five children and 640 community clusters were included in the current analysis. A multilevel logistic
regression model was used at 5% level of significance to determine the individual- and community-level factors
associated with childhood stunting.
Presentation by Florence Martin, Senior Coordinator at Better Care Network during the "Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support," Florence, Italy 26-27 May 2014.
Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, 2016: Emerging market populations have never been younger and may never be larger.
Over one billion young people (aged between 10 and 24) live in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Turkey and smaller emerging markets. India has over 700 million and China more than 500 million people under 30. This offers huge potential to harness their energy and creativity by engaging them in productive activities.
Participants in the symposium on Young People and the Future of Emerging Markets concluded that governments’ failure to understand the mind sets of young people, master intergenerational communications and take measures to preserve the planet for future generations is extremely short sighted.
The Emerging Markets Symposium brought together over 50 international experts and graduate students from 20 emerging market and high income countries. Hosted by Green Templeton College on 7-10 January, the symposium was designed to ensure its conclusions were grounded in the insights and priorities of young people.
Similar to Gendered Roles in Parenting and Family Support in Ethiopia (20)
There is growing global recognition that violence against women and violence against children, and in particular intimate partner violence against women and violence against children by parents or caregivers, intersect in different ways. As global evidence of and interest in these intersections continue to grow, strategies are needed to enhance collaborations across these fields and thus ensure the best outcomes for both women and children. In response, the Sexual Violence Research Initiative (SVRI), the UNICEF Innocenti – Global Office of Research and Foresight, and the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction hosted by WHO’s Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health, partnered to coordinate a global participatory process to identify research priorities that relate to the intersections between violence against children and violence against women.
While priorities are important, the way in which these priorities are determined is also crucial, especially for ownership, contextualization and use. Inclusive, participatory research-setting, such as used in this work, serves to promote a diversity of voices – especially from low- and middle-income countries which have historically lacked representation – and minimize the risk of bias when establishing research priorities.
This report describes the process used to determine the priorities for research on the intersections between violence against children and violence against women, and the top 10 research questions identified.
A partnership with the UNFPA-UNICEF Global Programme to End Child Marriage, UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation and the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, the STAR Initiative (Strategic Technical Assistance for Research) to end harmful practices aims to strengthen evidence generation and learning. The initiative has three areas of focus: evidence generation, evidence synthesis and research dissemination and uptake.
African countries are facing the world’s worst teacher shortage. To shore up the deficit and achieve universal primary education by 2030, 6.1 million primary school teachers need to be hired in Africa alone.
As COVID-19 exacerbates pressures placed on education budgets, it is crucial that the deployment of quality teachers in Africa is driven by a quest for equity, effectiveness, and efficiency, since no child should be deprived of learning opportunities because of the school they attend or their area of residence.
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African countries are facing the world’s worst teacher shortage. To shore up the deficit and achieve universal primary education by 2030, 6.1 million primary school teachers need to be hired in Africa alone.
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UNICEF Innocenti is seeking to expand the evidence base on teacher allocation in Africa in order to identify how the allocation of qualified teachers can be optimized to improve equity in learning outcomes. While the equity of primary school teacher allocation is the intended focus of this research, pre-primary teacher allocation will also be analyzed.
Evidence suggests that developing specific core capacities from childhood can support performance in school, work, and life.
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But by nurturing, expanding, and modelling these capacities, children can better understand and interact with the world around them, and realise their unique potential.
Visit our research report launched 9 December 2021: unicef-irc.org/what-makes-me
On 19 October 2021, over 500 researchers, practitioners, policymakers and activists from around the world gathered to take stock of what we know about the intersections between
violence against children and violence against women, identify existing knowledge gaps and discuss opportunities to increase coordination across efforts to prevent and respond to both
forms of violence.
This summary presents key takeaways from the event organized by UNICEF Innocenti, in collaboration with the Global Partnership to End Violence, the World Health Organization,
the Sexual Violence Research Initiative and the UK FCDO.
The Office of Research – Innocenti is UNICEF’s dedicated research centre. Our core mandate is to undertake cutting-edge, policy-relevant research that equips the organization and the wider global community to deliver results for children. This project brief summarizes our research on the Data Must Speak project.
Effective solutions to end violence against children will require researchers, practitioners, and leaders to come together to take stock of what we know, bridge gaps across the field, and influence change through the use and generation of VAC evidence.
This webinar aimed to share evidence and foster discussion on intersections between violence against women and violence against children, highlighting opportunities for greater collaboration, to build knowledge, and to translate it into policy and programmes.
Opening remarks: Alessandra Guedes, Gender and Development Research Manager, UNICEF Innocenti
Presenting evidence:
- Clara Alemann, Director of Programs, Promundo, The Hague
- Manuela Colombini, Assistant Professor in Health Systems and Policy and Gender-based Violence, and Loraine Bacchus, Associate Professor of Social Science, LSHTM
- Chandré Gould, Senior Research Fellow, and Matodzi Amisi, Senior Research Consultant, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa
- Isabelle Pearson, Research Fellow for the Gender Violence & Health Centre at LSHTM and Heidi Stöckl, Professor of Public Health Evaluation, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Panel discussion:
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- Lina Digolo, Senior Associate, The Prevention Collaborative, Kenya
- Lori Heise, Professor of Gender, Violence and Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
- Santi Kusumaningrum, Co-founder and Director, PUSKAPA - Center on Child Protection and Wellbeing at Universitas Indonesia
- Tarisai Mchuchu-MacMillan, Executive Director, MOSAIC, South Africa
Closing remarks: Emily Esplen, Head of Ending Violence Team, FCDO, United Kingdom
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on digital learning.
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As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on gender-responsive age-sensitive social protection.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on child labour.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on the Global Kids Online project.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on disrupting harm.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on the Time to Teach project.
As the UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, we conduct research to inform policymaking and implementation. This project brief summarizes our research on the Let Us Learn project.
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Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
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Gendered Roles in Parenting and Family Support in Ethiopia
1. Gendered Roles in
Parenting and
Family Support in
Ethiopia
Emebet Mulugeta (Ph.D.)
Associate Professor, Addis Ababa University
and
Director, Nia Center for Children and Family
Development
2. Presentation Outline
Ethiopia: Background
Population, economy and culture
Situation of children
Women’s Empowerment
Gender Roles
The Missing Role of Fathers
Legal/policy Provisions on Family
Support
What is on the Ground
Conclusions and Recommendations
Parenting/Family Support in Ethiopia
2
3. Background: Ethiopia
Population
Projection by the census, Ethiopian
population is 85,900,000 in 2013 (CSA, 2011).
Nearly half (49.5%) are women.
41.5% of the population is under the age of
14.
83% of population, rural.
Parenting/Family Support in Ethiopia
3
4. Economy
Agriculture based, mostly subsistence farming.
Source of major export items: coffee, flower,
leather, etc.
Vulnerable to climatic changes and conflict.
Recurring drought and famine that make
children and mothers most vulnerable.
Children Sustaining Families
4
5. Culture
Over 80 ethnic groups, encouraging
multiculturalism.
Mostly collectivist thinking and interdependence.
Patriarchal in relation to gender and authoritarian
in relation to child raising.
Child disciplining is punitive, mostly involving
corporal punishment.
Prevalence of violence against children is
reported.
Children Sustaining Families
5
6. Child Health
Infant mortality rate - 59 per 1,000 live births.
Child mortality rate - 31 per 1,000.
88 per 1,000 children die before they reach 5.
44% of children under age five are stunted,
and 21% of children are severely stunted.
29% of children under age 5 are underweight,
and 9% are severely underweight (DHS, 2011).
Parenting/Family Support in Ethiopia
6
7. Children Sustaining Families
7
Child Work
52% of the children 5-17 years old are
engaged in productive activities (CSA, 2002).
Most children engage in productive work to
support the household (54.5%, CSA, 2002).
27% of families engage children in income
generating activities to cope up with poverty
(Mulugeta, 2008).
One of the major reasons for children to work
on the streets is also poverty.
8. Women Empowerment
Ethiopian women:
are less educated (27.95% in higher education) (MoE,
2013),
have less exposure to mass media than men (22% of the
women listen to the radio compared to 38% of men),
the overall unemployment rate in urban18.0%: men
11.4% and women 25.3% (CSA, 2006),
and are less likely than men to be engaged in
professional, technical, or managerial fields (20.09% of
the legislators, senior officials and managers) (DHS,
2011).
Parenting/Family Support in Ethiopia
8
9. Decision Making
According to DHS, 2011,
Only 36% of women, mainly, decide how their
cash earnings are used.
For 55% the decision is made jointly with their
husbands,
For 8% the decision is made mainly by their
husbands.
For 33%, the husband alone, mainly, makes
decisions on large household purchases.
Parenting/Family Support in Ethiopia
9
10. Violence
68% of the women covered in the DHS agree
that it is okay for women to be beaten under
certain circumstances.
Household Responsibilities
43% of currently married women reported
that their husbands participate in household
chores.
For 24%, husband participates regularly, while
for 59%, husbands rarely participate in
household chores.
Parenting/Family Support in Ethiopia
10
11. Ratification of international and regional instruments,
Legal reforms including provision in the FDRE
constitution,
Introduction of affirmative action and gender
mainstreaming as a strategy,
National Policy on Ethiopian Women,
Inclusion of measures in national development plans,
and
Efforts to implement the various provisions.
Children Sustaining Families
11
Governments Reaction towards
Gender Inequality
12. Gender Roles
Gender role in Ethiopia is organized in a stereotypical
manner.
Women are primarily responsible and perform domestic tasks
related to child and family care (Ethiopian Urban Studies, 2006).
A similar situation was noted in another study conducted on
highly successful women (Sewit, 2014).
Women leaders in one study mentioned family responsibility as
one of the barrier to their advance in their career (Yania, 2008).
In the context of disempowerment/biased gender
responsibilities child rearing activities are mostly taken up by
women.
Children Sustaining Families
12
13. The missing role of fathers
Role of fathers:
Practice so far is predominantly:
Breadwinners, distant, disciplinarians,
Involve in latter years than early years, and
Focus on distant than immediate needs of
children (e.g. education than care).
Children Sustaining Families
13
14. The missing role of fathers…
Contribution of fathers’ involvement to children’s
development:
Social/Emotional: experience in different styles of
nurturing, communication, and play; opportunity for
wider social resources; stronger sense of emotional
security; exposure to gender responsive role model in
parenting and household responsibilities;
Cognitive/Intellectual: more exploration – more
confidence; different style of stimulation;
Motor development: exposure to different types of
physical activities and varied areas of interest.
Children Sustaining Families
14
15. The missing role of fathers …
Contribution to the family:
More harmony, cooperation and
communication;
Less stress on mothers;
Benefits for fathers:
More opportunity to contribute to children’s
development;
More happiness and satisfaction: getting love
back, appreciation, sense of belonging and
groundedness.
Children Sustaining Families
15
16. Legal and Policy Frameworks for
Family Support
In addition to international and regional
commitments, Ethiopia has made, the following
provisions are available:
As a natural and fundamental unit of society,
family is entitled to protection by society and the
State, the FDRE Constitution, article 34, no. 3 .
Provisions on the minimal age for marriage, the
need for consent in marriage, the importance of
support, respect and assistance between spouses,
and the right for joint management of family
(Federal Family Law art. 6, 7, 49, and 50).
Children Sustaining Families
16
17. Legal and Policy Frameworks Continued …
Providing families with:
Opportunities for income generation,
Counseling,
Creating conducive environment for
working parents, especially mothers,
Raising awareness about children’s rights,
Facilitating access to health facilities, and
Adult education to improve the family life.
(Draft National Child Policy)
Children Sustaining Families
17
18. Legal and Policy Frameworks Continued …
Mothers and children are two of the main
targets for social protection in the draft
Social Protection Policy.
Core strategies to address gender:
Economic empowerment, access to
education; efforts to change negative
attitudes and discriminatory laws and
regulations.
Children Sustaining Families
18
19. Actual activities or implementation
Government:
Support by the Health Extension Workers (HEW),
Training on parenting skills carried out by the
Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs.
NGOs
Plan Ethiopia: Training to parents and guardians
to provide with skills and knowledge about
healthy development of children from birth to 8
years, targeting 24 villages in two regions, 24,800
people.
Children Sustaining Families
19
20. Hiwot Ethiopia:
a local NGO offers an orientation for mothers on positive
parenting and to children on how to protect themselves
from abuse.
a 55 minutes a week program on 3 radio stations on the
involvement of men in preventing child abuse and the
importance of fathers’ involvement.
Progynist, another NGO, had a project with a
component on parenting training offered to selected
model families, who in turn were expected to train
community members.
Private initiatives: private offices proving counseling
services to children, couples, and families, and various
forms of training on issues related to families.
Children Sustaining Families
20
21. Conclusions
Ethiopia is a country with a large population.
Quite a proportion is under the age of 14.
Though there is a steady decline, all child
health indicators are quite high, signaling the
need for attention.
The gender role in Ethiopia is stereotypical,
which leaves women as the main actors in
child rearing and family care.
Parenting/Family Support in Ethiopia
21
22. Conclusions …
This leaves little room for fathers depriving:
children of the opportunity for healthy and
holistic development;
mothers of collaborative and harmonious
child rearing and more time;
and fathers of the opportunity to get love,
appreciation and sense of belongingness.
Children Sustaining Families
22
23. There a number of legal/policy frameworks that
contains provisions on family support.
A number of activities are being undertaken to
support families by the government and NGOs.
However, the number of activities and the type of
interventions are limited, which leaves majority of
the Ethiopia families without support.
Follow up, impact evaluation, degree of
coherence and coordination among these
activities are also non-existent.
Children Sustaining Families
23
24. In such a fast changing environment, which
leaves all concerned in confusion, the
necessity of family support is unquestionable.
This pre-supposes a further study or an
assessment that clearly shows the gaps in
parenting support.
A framework needs to be designed that puts
together all the provisions in the various legal
and policy documents and guides the
interventions put in place by various parties to
ensures effectiveness and coordination.
Children Sustaining Families
24
25. References
Bethlehem, et al. (2006). Ethiopian Urban Studies. Ethiopia
Wellbeing in Developing Countries Research Programme.
University of Bath: WeD-Ethiopia.
Central Statistical Agency. (March, 2012). Ethiopia
Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Central Statistical Agency (2011): Key Finding on the 2010
Urban Employment Unemployment Survey. Addis Ababa
March 2011.
Central Statistical Agency. (2006). Report on the 2005 Labor
Force Survey. Addis Ababa.
Central Statistical Agency (2002): Ethiopia Child Labour Survey
Report 2001. Statistical Bulletin 262. Addis Ababa
Mulugeta, Emebet. (2008). ‘Negotiating Poverty: Problems and
Coping Strategies of Women in Five Cities of Ethiopia’. In
Mulugeta, E. (ed.), Urban Poverty in Ethiopia: The Economic
and Social Adaptations of Women. pp. 10-66. Addis Ababa
University Press. Parenting/Family Support in Ethiopia
25
4. 1. General Ethiopian Context
Population: As the case is in many other developing nations of the world including the Sub Saharan Africa, Ethiopia is a population of young persons with high rate of population growth (2.92 percent per annum). According to CSA (1998), the projected population estimate for 2001 was 63,494,702. The total population of those less than 25 years was 64.36% and young persons between ages 10-24 years constituted 32 % of the population. Obviously, this large population is a potential resource for nation building but it at the same time requires the country to invest on it. Given this population size and the country’s economic situation, Ethiopia’s effort for empowering the population that is going to take care of it tomorrow should be effectively cost-effective. It should be able to address the needs of multitudes with minimum possible cost. Perhaps, life skills training is one such important option. Moreover, it also entails the need to offer even life skills training in a rather cost-effective manner.
Ethiopia’s high rate of population growth has for us to indicate that family planning, and gender issues are important subject matters to be addressed in such training. This is because high rate of population growth is suggestive of women’s longer reproductive life span which in turn implies that this group is still tied up to the traditional maternity mandate and homemaking roles; still excluded from education, labor force. Empowering girls with basic life skills, such training needs, therefore, can become weaponry deconstructing patriarchy.
Culture: Ethiopia is a country of different nations and nationalities. There are in Ethiopia different (about 70 to 80) ethnic groups fulfilling the criteria of ethnicity; thus requiring the young persons to develop skills for living effectively with persons of other ethnic background. Moreover, evidences suggest that the Ethiopian society is basically collectivist-oriented, with interdependent life style, and authoritarian culture:
As in other collectivist societies, group interests preside more than individual ones to an extent that the word right is not even known in the rural areas until perhaps very recently. This would require young people to develop basic skills for an interdependent life; a life skill that enables them to effectively manage life with and beyond the self
Communities have quite different age, sex, religion... based social groupings, associations, and institutions (like Idir, Mahiber, Senbete etc) basically structured by and assuming ascribed roles, governed by informal rules, norms, beliefs, and expectations all shaped by the unwritten curriculum that seems to uphold a sense of “we-ness”. This type of group orientation may be extended in the process of life skills training
Mediation and arbitration by a third party (elders, relatives, and friends) and accommodation are commonly employed to resolve conflicts and ensure the survival of families in the face of divorce and separation.
Family households are composed of extended family system and large family size
Large family is highly valued in Ethiopia possibly because there are labor divisions or age-graded responsibilities among family members and every member is expected to contribute to the household implying, then, that, as in other African cultures, interdependence, collective survival, and the value of cooperation seem to pervade cultures in Ethiopia. Some local investigations specifically indicate that dominant are among the Ethiopian cultures are such values, among others, as sharing resources, helping one another
Religion: The Ethiopian society is largely religious in the sense that about 99 % subscribe to religious denomination of one kind or another (CSA, 1994). There are different religious institutions and trained person in religion. This has an important implication for life skills training in terms of getting it done cost-effectively. Whether it is to be kept secular or otherwise, life skills trainings have a lot to benefit from such institutions in terms of, for example, using their spaces. In fact, using the trained personnel in the different religious institutions can also have two benefits. First, it would help filling the gap of trained human power for training. Second, religious leaders in the different institutions are also opinion leaders, influential and credible in the eyes of their followers and, hence, can be used for the purpose of life skills training as well.
Economy: According to UNICEF’s (2002) “The State of the World’s Children 2003 Report”, the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita in 2001was only USD 100 for Ethiopia; which by any standard was lower than not only for the one reported in this same year for developing countries (=USD 1,159) but also for Sub-Saharan Africa (=USD 519) (MoLSA, 2004, P.46). Although there are some slight improvements over the last couple of years, Ethiopia still remains to be one of the poorest countries in the world. In the face of this acute poverty, Ethiopia can exploit its untapped tremendous human resources to fight against poverty. Of particular importance in the accelerated poverty reduction strategy would of course be that of targeting the segment of the society that takes the largest population share, has greater potential for change, and that can be easily trainable. Mobilizing this potential as a catalyst of change entails, as indicated earlier, that empowering the young persons needs to be in the docket of the country’s current accelerated poverty reduction strategy and such empowerment needs, on the other, to make use of life skills training as one amongst a host of other cost effective programs.
Given that poverty reduction requires not only increasing income but also reducing expenses, and that the Ethiopian society is not characteristically a saving society, then this would suggest attempts made to empowering the Ethiopian young persons through life skills training programs needs to include in the LST package the skills for effective use and saving of resources (material, finance, time and others).
Education: Existing statistics indicates that the Ethiopian society is dominantly illiterate. Only 27 % are literate and with a median level of Grade 3 education (CSA, 1998). In fact, the Ethiopian young persons appear more privileged educationally than their parents. And, that there are remarkable expansions today in schooling at all levels-from primary to tertiary. However, secondary school enrollment is as yet at the minimum; suggesting the fact that life skills training would serve for the uneducated larger majority as an opportunity for self-enlightenment. Given that the quality of education in the Country today is not as expected, life skills training would also serve as an added opportunity even for school attendants, too. It would help them a lot not only in improving their lives but also their academic learning. The fact that there are both educated and uneducated groups also implies that a life skills training package should be designed in a manner to address the different needs of these groups.
Health: Ethiopia is a country with rampant health compromising problems. Malaria, infectious diseases, and HIV/AIDS are the most common problems in the Country. Given that the Country is urbanized only 18%, the majority of the Ethiopian population is still living in rural areas with poor infrastructure and limited access to health services. The health situation of the rural people (particularly children, young persons, and women) is equally at risk due in part to the prevailing harmful traditional practices widely practiced. The situation is not any different in the urban areas. Environmental sanitation in the Ethiopian cities has been increasingly declining, particularly, which in a way endanger the health of many people to a comparable extent that rural life is vulnerable in many ways.
In general, the population, economy, education, religion, cultural practices, and health profiles prevailing in Ethiopia today have a number of implications for specifying or defining the nature of life skills training (objectives, principles, contents, methods, resources) to be offered to the young persons. These implications shall be mentioned in appropriate places in our latter discussions.
According to Ethiopian Herald (Feb. 15, 2003), over a century has elapsed since the founding of Addis Ababa as an urban center and regrettably its growth does not commensurate with its age. Its poor plan, haphazardly built houses, and the difficulty to maintain cleanliness due to lack of properly built sewerage are some of the major drawbacks observed (cited in Tekahun, 2004, P.20). While Addis Ababa daily generates more than 600 tones of wastes, only about 60 % are tacked by municipality in collecting and disposing at “Koshe”, Reppi dumping center. The rest are causing discomfort and sickness at every corner of the city. Even this Reppi disposal is not sanitary engineered. Open dumping, scavenging, and smelling smoking and ground water pollutions are the major problems of the Koshe (Tekahun, 2004). It is saddening to note that waste management practices and environmental hygiene are in no lesser extent so poor both in rural and urban health centers of the Country that some observers (e.g. Tekahun, 2004) even went to a greater length of saying that “our hospitals need hospitals themselves” (P.48) for treating hospital-born infections called “ Nosocomial Infections”.