1. Saline Soils And Their
Reclamation
Presented by : Noshi Hamid 50
Sarah Ashfaq 51
Samina Bibi 52
Afia Shabir 53
Muhammed Ramzan 54
Zeeshan Amjid 56
Noor Fatima 57
Binish Asif 58
BS 8th Semester ADP Replica
Presented To : Dr. Amna Imran
Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab
1
2. Contents
Introduction
Differences between saline, saline sodic and sodic soils
Salt tolerance and mechanism
Examples
Plants in moderate salinity
Plants in field conditions
Reclamation and management practices
Soil salinity problems in Pakistan
Conclusion
References
3. Introduction
Soil containing sufficient amount of soluble salts to
interfere with germination and growth of most crops
plants are classified as saline.
The term reclamation of saline soils refers to
the methods used to remove soluble salts from the
root zone.
6. Figure Different soils found in the Tadla agricultural perimeter including (a) saline-
sodic soils; (b) saline deposit on stream bed; (c) sodic soil; (d) non-contaminated
soil with a very good structure.
7. Salt tolerance mechanism
*Salinity tolerance
comes from genes that
limit the rate of salt
uptake from the soil and
the transport of salt
throughout the plant,
adjust the ionic and
osmotic balance of
cells in roots and
shoots.
9. Halophytes are those plants which exhibit
maximal relative growth under some
salinity in the substrate. Although the
growth in halophytes is enhanced by
salinity in contrast to non-halophytes.
Example: Halophytes
10. Plant can survive Moderate Salinity
1. Smaller and darker blue-green in
colour than the normal leaves.
2. Increased succulence due to the
concentration of chloride ions in the
soil solution is high.
3. Same appearance as plants growing
under moisture stress conditions.
Figure : Leaves of upland cotton
Gossypium hirsutum
11. Plants in field conditions:
Spotty growth of crops and often by the
presence of white salt crusts on the
surface.
If the salinity level is not sufficiently high
to cause barren spots, the crop appearance
may be irregular in vegetative vigour.
Figure. A saline patch of soil in a wheat field clearly
hinders plant growth.
13. 1. Salt leaching
A. Scraping
Removing the salts that have
accumulated on the soil
surface by mechanical means.
1.Physical methods
14. Cont…
B. Flushing
Washing away the surface
accumulated salts by flushing
water over the surface is
sometimes used to desalinize soils
having surface salt crusts.
15. 2. Drainage
Recharge rates in
Irrigation areas can be
much higher than dryland
areas due to leakage from
both rainfall and
irrigation.
This causes potentially
very high salinisation
rates.
16. Types
1.Surface drainage
Ditches are provided so that
excess water will run off
before it enters the soil.
Field ditches empty into
collecting ditches built to
follow a natural water course.
17. • Subsurface drainage is
insufficient to carry the
excess water and dissolved salts
away from an area without the
groundwater
• It may be necessary to install
an artificial drainage system.
2.Sub-surface drainage
18. 2. Chemical Method
1. Gypsum ( Sodic and Saline-
sodic)
It improves
• Bulk density
• Aggregate stability
• Water infiltration
• Chemical characteristics
• Biomass
• Crops production
20. 3. Biological Methods
1.Flooding
•Rising flood waters
can cause the top of the soil
to crust or a fine layer of clay
to be deposited, which may
prevent oxygen and water
penetration.
22. Soil salinity problem in Pakistan
Excessive salt rates are adversely influencing the
biological, chemical, and physical properties of soils.
Improper irrigation practices and lack of drainage are
harmful to the crops.
14 % of irrigated lands have detetrioted with salinity.
64 % yield loses with salinity.
0.45 million hectares present in Punjab, 0.94 million
hectares in Sindh and 0.5 million hectares in NWFP.
23. Conclusion
There are several methods to reclaim a salt-affected soil.
Salt leaching and irrigation is the most important method
among the aforementioned strategies.
Its efficacy depends on soil physico-chemical conditions
and climatic conditions of the site. Reclamation of salt-
affected land should rely more on modelling techniques to
increase the likelihood of reclamation success.
24. References
Debez, A.; Huchzermeyer, B.; Abdelly, C.; Koyro, H.W. Current challenges and future
opportunities for a sustainable utilization of halophytes. In Sabkha Ecosystems; Öztürk,
M., Böer, B., Barth, H.J., Clüsener-Godt, M., Khan, M.A., Breckle, S.W., Eds.; Springer:
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2010; Volume 46, pp. 59–77
Szabolcs, I. Soil and salination. In Hand Book of Plant and Crop Stress; Pessarakli, M.,
Ed.; Marcel, Dekker: New York, NY, USA, 1994; pp. 3–11.
Etesami H, Beattie GA. Mining halophytes for plant growth-promoting halotolerant
bacteria to enhance the salinity tolerance of non-halophytic crops. Frontiers in
Microbiology. 2018;9:148-167. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00148
Corwin, D. L. (2021). Climate change impacts on soil salinity in agricultural
areas. European Journal of Soil Science, 72(2), 842-862.
Phogat, V., Mallants, D., Cox, J. W., Šimůnek, J., Oliver, D. P., & Awad, J. (2020).
Management of soil salinity associated with irrigation of protected crops. Agricultural
Water Management, 227, 105845.
