Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to Wide hybridization in chickpea
Wide hybridization in chickpea
- 1. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Rani Lakshmi BaiCentral Agricultural University Jhansi -284003 Credit seminar on Wide Hybridization in Chickpea Sanjay H B RLBCAU/AG/PG/0017/19 M.Sc. Ag. (Genetics and Plant Breeding)
- 2. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi The presentday high yielding varieties have narrow genetic base as very few germplasm lines have been utilized in development of these varieties (Kumar et al. 2008). Narrow genetic base results in higher vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stresses. Hence, broadening of genetic base to reduce vulnerability to stresses is very essential. The chickpea has low yield potential as compared to cereals like wheat, rice and maize etc. Wide Hybridization
- 3. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi The reasonfor low genetic yield potential may be due to the fact that genes responsible for higher yield might have been eroded during long evolutionary process and natural selection under harsh environmental conditions (dry area/rainfed) for survival traits. This eroded gene can be regained by hybridizing the cultivated species with wild relatives. Wide hybridization: Is the process of crossing the individuals belonging to two different species or genera, facilitating the exploitation of useful genes from wild unimproved species for the benefit of the cultivated species. Wide Hybridization
- 4. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Importance of WideHybridization Distant hybridisation contributed immensely to crop improvement, gene and genome mapping, understanding chromosome behaviour, and to know about the evolution of some crops. Ultimate goal of distant hybridisation is to transfer useful genes from alien species to cultivated crop species. This helps to create the variability, stability, wide adoptability in the cultivated species and high genetic gain under selection among the germplasm can be achieved. Pre breeding lines, and parental lines can be developed through wide hybridisation with multiple stress resistance, desirable agronomic and yield attributing traits can be introgressed from wild relatives.
- 5. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Chickpea Primary centre oforigin : South Eastern Turkey and Syria Centers of diversity : Mediterranean, Central Asia, The near Eastern centre and India. Secondary centre of origin : Ethiopia Source : Singh R et al., (2008)
- 6. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Types ofChickpea Desi type : Mainly grown in Indian Subcontinents , they have greenish purple foliage with Purple coloured flower, Seeds are angular shaped, rough surface, brown in colour.
- 7. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Kabuli type :Foliage is lite green, white coloured floweres, Seeds are creamy coloured, owl head to pea shaped seed. Types of Chickpea
- 8. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Chickpea GenePool Genera cicer consists of 9 annual and 34 perenial species. Vander Maesen et al.,(2007) proposed recent classification of chickpea gene pool. Primary Gene Pool : It consists of cultivated and species and its landraces. It includes all species that hybridizes freely, show good chromosome pairing leading to gene exchange and produce viable hybrids. (Ohri D et al., 2016) Ex: Cicer arietinum ( 2n=2X=16) Cont.d
- 9. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Chickpea gene pool SecondaryGene Pool : It includes species that can be used as germplasm resource, however hybridisation with the cultivated species is difficult because of genetic barriers or chromosome alterations and some degree of sterility is associated with the first generation hybrids. (Ohri D et al., 2016) Ex: Cicer reticulatum (2n=2x=16) Cicer echinospermum (2n=2x=16) Tertiary Gene Pool : It consists of 6 annual species, and 34 perennial species that are not crossable with the cultivated species. (Ohri D et al., 2016) Ex: Cicer cuneatum Cicer chorassanicum Cicer yamashitae
- 10. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Crossability potential The crossability of cultivars with wild species is a prerequisite for alien gene introgression. Conventional crossing has been successful in producing interspecific hybrids between Cicer areitinum and Cicer reticulatum and between Cicer arietinum and C. echinospermum. The availability of novel embryo rescue, tissue culture technique circumventing crossing barriers has brightened the prospects of transferring useful traits from the tertiary gene pool. And as a result, hybrids were obtained between Cicer pinnatifidum and C. bijugum. Cont.d
- 11. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Crossability potential Podset in the crosses between annual and perennial Cicer species Female parent Male parent Pod set % C. microphyllum C. reticulatum 35 C. bijugum C. anatolicum 30 C. oxyodon C. reticulatum 24 C. microphyllum C. echinospermum 22 C. bijugum C. nursitanicum 20 C. bijugum C. oxyodon 15 C. pinnatifidum C. oxyodon 10 Crossing were carried out in 2006 at WSU, USA Source : C.Kole (ed.), Wild crop relatives: Genomic and breeding resource, Legume Crops and Forages, N Mallikarjuna et al.,(2011)
- 12.
- 13. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Barriers for productionof Wide hybrids Pre zygotic barriers Post zygotic barriers Sticky stigmatic secretion Failure of pollen germination, tube growth Failure of fertilization Embryo abortion Inviability of F1 hybrids Hybrid lethality and weakness Crossability barriers
- 14. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Strategy toover coming crossability barriers Invitro techniques : Invitro techniques like embryo rescue, ovule culture greatly reduce the barriers of wide hybridization in chickpea. Clarke et al., (2006) suggested that the appropriate time to rescue C arietinum × C bijugum hybrid is the early globular stage of embryogenesis ( 2-7 days) In contrast, C arietinum × C pinnatifidum hybrids abort later (15-20 days) at the heart shaped or terpedo stages are easier to rescue invitro. Cont.d
- 15. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Strategy to overcoming crossability barriers Use of growth harmones : Post pollination application of growth regulators like gibberellic acid(120ppm), kinetin(15ppm), napthalene acetic acid(30ppm), 2,4-D singly or in combination helpful in maintaining the developing seeds by facilitating division of hybrid zygote and endosperm. (Singh S et al.,2005) Mallikarjuna et al.,(2009) observed that application of growth regulators (Zeatin + IAA) to pollinated pistils to prevent initial pod abscission and to save the aborting hybrids by embryo rescue technique in C. arietinum × C. pinnatifidum Cont.d
- 16. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Strategy to overcoming crossability barriers Reciprocal crossing : 1. Reciprocal differences in wide crosses are very common. If disharmony between the genome of one species and cytoplasm of other is a cause of a fertilization barrier, reciprocal crosses can be successful in recovery of hybrids. Ex: C. reticulatum × C. microphyllum was may not be successful, its reciprocal cross C. microphyllum × C. reticulatum produces successful hybrid with 34% seed setting. 2. In general using a female parent with higher chromosome number is more successful. Cont.d
- 17. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Strategy to overcoming crossability barriers Use of bridge species : C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum could be considered bridge species as means of transferring of genes from species of the tertiary gene pool to the cultigen. Ex: C. oxyodon carries resistant gene for Pea streak carlvirus but it is cross incompatible with cultivated species of chickpea. Hence a bridge species called C. reticulatum is used to transfer that gene to primary gene pool. C. oxyodon × C. reticulatum (24% seed set) Progeny × C. areitinum Progeny containing resistant gene for Pea streak carl virus
- 18. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Application of Widehybridization in Chickpea 1. Disease resistance : Ascochyta blight resistance, Fusarium wilt resistance, Botrytis grey mould resistance, Phytophthora root rot resistance gene is transferred from wild species to cultivated species. Sources of disease resistant traits identified in Cicer species. Diseases Resistant wild species Ascochyta blight C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum, C. cuneatum Fusarium wilt C. bijugam, C. reticulatum, C. echinospermum Botrytis grey mould C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum, C. bijugam Rust C. reticulatum, C. reticulatum, C. echinospermum Phytophthora root rot C. reticulatum, C. bijugam, C. pinnatifidum, Stem rot C. yamashitae, C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum Source: Mohar Singh et al.,(2016)
- 19. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Application of Widehybridization in Chickpea Pest resistance : Sources of pest resistant trait identified in wild species. Pest Resistant wild species Helicoverpa pod borer (tolerance) C. bijugam, C. reticulatum, C.echinospermum C. microphyllum Pulse beetle C. cuneatum, C. judaicum, C. bijugam, Leaf miner C. judaicum, C. bijugam, C. reticulatum Root lession nematode C.echinospermum, C. reticulatum Bruchids C. reticulatum Cyst nematode C. bijugam, C. pinnatifidum, C. reticulatum Root knot nematode C. bijugam, C. judaicum Source: Mohar Singh et al.,(2016)
- 20. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Application of Widehybridization in Chickpea Cold tolerance : C. reticulatum, C. bijugum, C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum, are the sources of cold tolerance identified in Cicer species used for introgression in to elite genetic background of chickpea. FLIP87-82C is the pre breeding line for cold tolerance produced from its wild species. Germplasm line ILC8262, the mutant ILC8617 also reported as best source of cold tolerance. Cont.d
- 21. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Application of Widehybridization in Chickpea Drought tolerance : Canci and Toker (2009) reported few accessions of C. reticulatum, and C. pinnatifidum to perform better under drought conditions and those lines could be considered as the best available drought resistant sources. Dehydrin gene(cpdhn1) of C. pinnatifidum isolated from cDNA, reported as Drought tolerant gene. C. stapfianum, C. subaphyllum and C. pungens have been found to be drought resistant. Cont.d
- 22. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Application of Widehybridization in Chickpea High yielding : Introgression of high yielding gene from C. reticulatum to cultivatd variety L550, with interspecific derivatives showing 6-17% yield advantage. A cross between Pusa 256 and C. reticulatum was made and their F1 was again crossed with the wilt resistant variety pusa 362 further selection conducted with development of pusa 1103 which is high yielding and multiple stress resistant. Singh and Ocampo transferred some genes from C. echinospermum, C. reticulatum to cultivated chickpea and observed up to 39% increase in seed yielding following the pedigree method. Cont.d
- 23. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Application of Widehybridization in Chickpea High protein content : C. pinnatifidum contain 268g/kg of seed and used as donor parent for protein content. Chickpea cultivars were crossed with C. pinnatifidum, C.reticulatum, C. echinospermum on the premise that recombination could result in progenies with high yielding and high protein content. fig. C. pinnatifidum
- 24. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Breeding methods usedin Wide hybridization The bulk method, variously modified is now the most common selection method used after hybridization in chickpea. SSD(Single Seed Descent ) method, a modification bulk method is used for development of RIL for genome mapping. A population improvement method that involves inter crossing of selected plants in F2s or F3s has been suggested for legumes for enhancing the chances of recombination in segregating generation. Van Rheenen et al.,(2009) proposed a method called polygon breeding, where by segregating population and selection are shared and exchanged between breeders.
- 25. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Limitations ofwide hybridization Incompatible crosses. F1 sterility Undesirable linkage Problems in transferring recessive oligogenes and quantitative traits. Lack of flowering in F1 Problems in using improved varieties in distant hybridization Presence of pre and post fertilization barriers.
- 26. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Achievements in ChickpeaWide hybridization Singh et al.,(2012) developed certain pre breeding lines IPC71 (C. arietinum × C. judaicum) has been used as donor parent under National Chickpea Crossing Program. Three cross combinations of Pusa 1103 × ILWC 46, Pusa 256 × ILWC239, shows higher variability for important yield related traits. The most important varieties are chaffa, Dohad yellow, BDN 9-3, Annegeri -1, JG315, JG 74, Pragati and BG 287 and these selections are popular in many parts of India. Early flowering recombinants have also isolated from the interspecific crosses C. arietinum × C. reticulatum Cont.d
- 27. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Achievements in ChickpeaWide hybridization Jaiswal et al.,(2006) found 3 out of 5 F5 lines derived from the crosses C. arietinum × c. reticulatum gave significant higher yield than the superior chickpea check, with 1 line giving a 51.2% increase in yield. Singh and Ocampo reported numerous transgressive segregrants for high yield up to 39% better than the locally adopted parent in F2 population between C. arietinum × C. echinospermum and C. arietinum × C. echinospermum. cpdhn 1 is the dehydrin gene identified in C. pinnatifidum and it is used as donor parent for drought tolerance.
- 28. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Case study 1 Widehybridization in chickpea for creating variability and increasing yield via more number of primary branches per plant. S.K.Chaturvedi et.al.,(2016) In this investigation 5 diverse genotypes of chickpea were utilized to develop 8 recombinations. 4 interspecific crosses between C. arietinum × C. reticulatum and 4 intervarietal crosses between Desi × Kabuli crosses were made to create variability and number of primary branches per plant in chickpea Cont.d
- 29. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Results of thestudy The Diallele Selective Matting System (DSMS) is likely to result in development of high yielding varieties in chickpea. The mean value of hybrids indicated the presence of large variation among crosses as evident from the coefficient of variations for the trait studied. Among various traits, Primary branches per plant exhibited maximum Coefficient of variation
- 30. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Case Study 2 •The material comprised three kabuli genotypes of chickpea, and three wild species,C. cuneatum ( ICCW 47), C. echinospermum (ICCW 47), and C. reticulatum (ICCW 48). • The cultivated chickpea genotypes were crossed as females to the wild species. • Some of the true F1 hybrid plants obtained with C. reticulatum were backcrossed twice to their respective female parents. The pedigree method was followed to advance the segregating populations from straight crosses (without backcross), BC1 and BC2 generations to F5–F7. Introgression from wild Cicer reticulatum to cultivated chickpea for productivity and disease resistance. Singh et al.,(2005) Cont.d
- 31. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Over all,22 promising uniform lines(14 desi, four kabuli and four wild types) selected from F6/F7/BC1F5/BC1F6/BC2F5/BC2F6 generations were retained for preliminary evaluation for yield and yield components. Finally, six lines (four desi and two kabuli) along with standard check cultivars, GPF2 (desi) and L550 (kabuli), were selected and evaluated These 6 lines possess a high degree of resistance to wilt, foot rot and root rot diseases, and recorded a 6.1–17.0% seed yield increase over the best check cultivars. Results of the study
- 32. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Future perspectives Most of the desirable gene complexes are present in non crossable secondary and tertiary pools, and there is an urgent need to augment germplasm collections in primary gene pool and land races. An identification of area is required for further exploration and targeted trait specific collections particularly from WANA region. The evaluation and identification of wild Cicer species will greatly aid in trait discovery. With the use of molecular tools and pre breeding activities, trait of interest should be introgressed from wild species to cultivars.
- 33. Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Conclusion Wide hybridizationcauses broadening the genetic base and bringing the characters like high protein content, early maturity, high number of primary and secondary branches, multiple stress resistance to the cultivated chickpea species. Crossability barriers during hybridization frustrate breeders efforts in successful hybridization between Cicer species. These barriers can be overcome through novel technologies. Among Cicer species C.reticulatum and C. echinospermum are compatible with all other Cicer species as an female parent so they can be utilized as bridge species. Crossing between species of same genera have contributed immensely to crop improvement. Hence wide hybridization is crucial for transferring useful genes from alien species to cultivated species.
- 34.