Insulin rohit bharti
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This document discusses insulin, including its isolation in 1921 by Banting and Best, current production through recombinant DNA technology, and its synthesis from proinsulin. It also classifies and describes various oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat diabetes, including sulfonylureas, non-sulfonylureas, thiazolindiones, bisguanides, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Sulfonylureas are discussed in more detail, noting their structure-activity relationships.
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Msb 203...cardio res sys.tg.pl.sl
This document discusses the structure and synthesis of phospholipids. It begins with an introduction to lipids and classifications of phospholipids. It then describes the structures of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in detail. The document outlines the synthesis of phospholipids starting from phosphatidic acid and discusses the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and cardiolipin. It concludes by covering the roles of phosphatidylcholine in lung surfactant and phosphatidylinositol in cell signaling.
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Biosynthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines
1) Purines and pyrimidines are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways to produce nucleotides that are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
2) The de novo pathway builds the nucleotides from simple precursors in multi-step reactions requiring energy, while the salvage pathway recycles nucleotides.
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The document discusses nucleotide metabolism, including:
- Purines are synthesized with the ribose sugar attached, with IMP as the first product. Pyrimidines have the base synthesized first and then attached to ribose, with UMP as the first product.
- Key steps in purine synthesis include the formation of PRPP and incorporation of nitrogen from glutamine. Regulation occurs through PRPP production and purine levels.
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Nucleic acid metabolism
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Structural lipid by KK Sahu sir
ntroduction
Definition
History
Structural lipid in membrane
Types of membrane lipids
Phospholipids-
Glycolipid -
Cholestrol -
Membranes – Lipid Bilayers
Lipid vesicles
Archea versus bacteria
Conclusion
References
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- She should not receive any Humulin R (regular insulin) since she is NPO for surgery and regular insulin requires food to avoid hypoglycemia.
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3. Over time, the persistent hyperglycemia can damage organs and tissues, worsening insulin resistance and beta-cell function in a vicious cycle.
Diabetes mellitus by dr shahjada selim
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus, including its definition, classification, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation, management, complications, and special patient populations. Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. It is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Lifestyle modifications including diet and exercise are the primary management approach. Oral medications and insulin therapy may also be used. Complications can include hypoglycemia, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and foot ulcers if not properly managed.
LAB DIAGNOSIS N INVESTIGATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS.
The document outlines the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus, including having a fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher, symptoms of hyperglycemia with a casual plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher, or a 2 hour plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher during an oral glucose tolerance test. It also lists the WHO criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome which includes having any two of the following: diabetes, high blood pressure, high triglycerides or low HDL cholesterol, central obesity, or insulin resistance. The document notes that microalbuminuria, lipid profiles, electrolytes, lactate, C-peptide levels, and evaluating complications are also important for diagnosis.
Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of T...
Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of T...Iris Thiele Isip-Tan
This document presents guidelines from a consensus panel of Philippine diabetes organizations for the screening, diagnosis, and management of type 2 diabetes in the Philippines. It includes:
1. Recommendations for annual screening of individuals over 40 or those with risk factors, using fasting plasma glucose as the preferred initial test.
2. Criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes based on fasting plasma glucose, random plasma glucose, and oral glucose tolerance tests.
3. Algorithms outlining testing and follow up procedures based on risk factors and initial test results.
4. Notes that complications are often already present at diagnosis in the Philippine context, emphasizing the need for prevention and control efforts.Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
This document discusses the classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. It begins by classifying diabetes into type 1, type 2, and other specific types. The criteria for diagnosing diabetes include an A1C of 6.5% or higher, a fasting plasma glucose of 126 mg/dL or higher, or a 2-hour plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher during an oral glucose tolerance test. The document also discusses gestational diabetes, noting it affects 4-5% of pregnancies. Risk factors for testing asymptomatic individuals are outlined.
Diabetes mellitus & oral surgery
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its classification, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and management. It covers the two primary types of diabetes - type 1 characterized by lack of insulin production and type 2 related to insulin resistance. The acute complications include ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperosmolar coma. Chronic complications affect the microvasculature like retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy as well as the macrovasculature with atherosclerosis and hypertension. Good management can help prevent or delay the serious complications of diabetes.
ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
This document discusses different classes of antidiabetic drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes the classes as sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, biguanides, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Sulfonylureas work by stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas. Meglitinides also stimulate insulin secretion but have a faster and shorter acting effect than sulfonylureas. Thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity. Biguanides like metformin reduce glucose production and absorption. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors delay carbohydrate absorption in the gut. The document provides examples of drugs in each class and their mechanisms of action.
Diabetes mealitus &periodontal disease
This document discusses the relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. It defines the two main types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2, and describes their causes and characteristics. It explores how diabetes can increase susceptibility to periodontal disease by impairing host defenses and altering the subgingival microbiota. Specifically, it examines how hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end products associated with diabetes can impact immune cells, collagen metabolism, vascular function, and wound healing in the periodontium. The two-way relationship between diabetes and periodontitis is described, whereby periodontal infections can worsen glycemic control in diabetes patients. Guidelines are provided for managing periodontal disease in both well-controlled and poorly-controlled diabetes patients
anti ulcer drugs
This document summarizes anti-ulcer drugs. It describes how peptic ulcers develop from an imbalance of aggressive and defensive factors in the stomach. It then classifies and describes different types of anti-ulcer drugs that work by reducing acid secretion, neutralizing acid, protecting the stomach lining, or treating Helicobacter pylori infections. Key drug classes discussed include H2 receptor antagonists like ranitidine and famotidine, proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, antacids, and anti-H. pylori therapies. Sucralfate and bismuth salts are also covered as ulcer protective agents.
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Diabetes mellitus (Definition, Classification, Clinical features)
Diabetes mellitus (Definition, Classification, Clinical features)
Pathophysiology and Classification of diabetes by Dr Selim
Pathophysiology and Classification of diabetes by Dr Selim
LAB DIAGNOSIS N INVESTIGATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS.
LAB DIAGNOSIS N INVESTIGATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS.
Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of T...
Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of T...
Similar to Insulin rohit bharti
5th unit anti- diabetic agents
The document discusses anti-diabetic agents and provides details about sulfonylureas. It describes the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas, which involves binding to sulfonylurea receptors on pancreatic beta cells and extrapancreatic cells to stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit gluconeogenesis. Adverse effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain. Tolbutamide is provided as an example sulfonylurea drug, with its structure, synthesis, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and therapeutic uses summarized.
Humulin Revised
Humulin is a genetically engineered human insulin produced through recombinant DNA technology. It was developed as an alternative to animal-sourced insulins which could cause inflammatory responses in patients. The production of Humulin involves synthesizing the human insulin gene, inserting it into E. coli bacteria, and extracting the produced insulin. Humulin provides patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes effective insulin therapy without the risk of immune reactions seen with animal insulins. While some claim Humulin may increase hypoglycemia risk compared to animal insulin, studies found no significant difference in hypoglycemia rates between the two. Humulin remains an important treatment that allows large-scale production of safe and effective human insulin.
Insulin recent updates final
1) Insulin is the key hormone in regulating blood sugar levels and was first discovered in 1921.
2) There are different types of insulin including human, porcine, and bovine insulins as well as fast-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting insulin analogues.
3) Insulin is now primarily produced through recombinant DNA technology allowing for the mass production of human insulin to treat diabetes.
Antidiabetic.pdf
The document discusses various classes of antidiabetic agents including insulin and its preparations, sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, and glucosidase inhibitors. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, metabolism and effects of representative drugs from each class such as glimepiride, glargine, repaglinide, pioglitazone and metformin. The classes of drugs work by various mechanisms including stimulating insulin release, increasing insulin sensitivity, suppressing glucose production or slowing glucose absorption.
insulin_pptx.pptx
This document summarizes a lecture on biopharmaceuticals given by Dr. Okoth. It discusses insulin, including its structure, production in the pancreas, mode of action, and receptors. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels and is required for normal body function. Porcine and bovine insulin resemble human insulin in structure. The lecture also describes how recombinant DNA technology is used to produce human insulin through insertion of the human insulin gene into bacterial cells like E. coli, which are then cultured to produce insulin.
Insulin
The document discusses insulin, a small polypeptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas's islets of Langerhans. Insulin is composed of two chains, A and B, connected by disulfide linkages. It is synthesized through the usual protein synthesis pathway, with proinsulin being cleaved into insulin and a connecting peptide in the Golgi apparatus. Insulin is secreted in response to increased blood glucose levels and binds to receptors on cells to promote glucose uptake and storage and reduce blood glucose levels. It is normally degraded within the liver and kidneys within 5 minutes.
molecular & cellular mechanism of action of insulin
molecular and cellular mechanism of action of insulin
Industrial Production of Insulin
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
Eicosanoids.pptx for first year medical students
This document discusses lipid metabolism, including prostaglandins, eicosanoids, and compound lipids. It provides learning objectives on prostaglandin and compound lipid metabolism. Key points include:
- Prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid and have important functions in inflammation and other processes.
- Phospholipids are a major component of biological membranes and include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and others.
- Glycolipids contain sphingosine and include cerebrosides, gangliosides, and sulfatides found primarily in nervous tissue.
- Lipid storage disorders result from defects in breakdown of complex lipids
Pancreatic hormones Insulin and glucagon
i. The pancreas contains exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin.
ii. Insulin is a protein hormone synthesized and secreted by beta cells in the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels. It plays a key role in regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
iii. Other hormones like glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, have opposing effects to insulin and cause increased blood glucose levels. The combined actions of insulin and glucagon maintain normal blood glucose homeostasis.
Insulin22
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It allows the body to use and store carbohydrates from food. Without enough insulin, blood sugar levels rise and a person develops diabetes. There are different types of insulin that work in various timeframes to mimic the body's natural insulin release and keep blood sugar stable. Insulin is essential for diabetes treatment but requires careful dosing to avoid hypoglycemia from too much insulin or hyperglycemia from too little insulin. New delivery methods like insulin pens and pumps aim to more closely match a person's changing insulin needs.
Cytochrome p450 by Faizan Deshmukh
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a superfamily of enzymes located in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatic cells that catalyze oxidative reactions in phase 1 of drug metabolism. They require molecular oxygen and NADPH to convert non-polar compounds to more polar metabolites that can be eliminated. There are several isoforms of P450 enzymes that metabolize different drugs and have specific substrates, inhibitors, and inducers. The metabolism of many drugs can be increased or decreased through induction or inhibition of the P450 isoforms, resulting in unexpected changes to drug concentrations and effects.
Insulin and its mechanism of action
Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose is stored as glycogen, and in fat cells (adipocytes) it is stored as triglycerides.
Insulin old & new
Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that allows cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream. It was discovered in the 1920s and has since been used to treat diabetes. There are various types of insulin that differ in their onset, peak, and duration of action. Insulin therapy is indicated when fasting blood glucose is above 250 mg/dL or HbA1c is over 9.0%. Common types of insulin regimens and delivery methods are also discussed.
Insulin presentation
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains of amino acids that is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It plays an important role in regulating blood glucose levels. Insulin binds to receptors on cells and signals the translocation of glucose transporters to cell membranes, allowing glucose uptake. It also stimulates the synthesis of enzymes involved in glycolysis. Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin signal, resulting in high blood glucose levels. The document provides details on the structure, function, biosynthesis and role of insulin.
HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.pptx
The document discusses various classes of hypoglycemic agents (drugs used to treat diabetes) including their classification, structure, uses, formulations, and brand names. It covers insulin and its preparations, as well as common oral hypoglycemic drugs like metformin, glibenclamide, glimepiride, pioglitazone, repaglinide, gliflozins, and gliptins. Diabetes is defined as persistent hyperglycemia that is divided into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes based on etiology and treatment approach. The mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and formulations of different classes of antidiabetic drugs are summarized.
KimDeacon.pdf
1. Insulin is produced through recombinant DNA technology by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli bacteria.
2. The E. coli are cultured and the inclusion bodies containing proinsulin are isolated through cell disruption and centrifugation.
3. The inclusion bodies are solubilized and undergo sulfitolysis and refolding to produce correctly folded proinsulin.
4. The proinsulin then undergoes site-specific cleavage to produce insulin and C-peptide, which are purified through chromatography.
Endocrine function of pancreas 2
Endocrine function of pancreas i describe Ii this presentation only on insulin next presentation i describe on GLUCAGON
Biosynthesis and properties of cholorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green pigment essential for photosynthesis. It was first isolated in 1817 and its chemical structure was determined in 1940. Chlorophyll molecules contain a porphyrin group with a magnesium ion at the center and a phytol tail. Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light, reflecting green light, giving plants their green color. Its biosynthesis involves multi-step pathways producing intermediates like protoporphyrin IX and geranylgeranyl diphosphate, which are then combined to form chlorophyll. The process takes place via membrane-bound enzymes in the chloroplast and results in the insertion of magnesium and addition of the phytol tail to the chlorophyll molecule.
Anti-Diabetic Drugs ppt.pptx
Diabetes mellitus (DM):- It is a metabolicdisorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl and/or ≥ 200 mg/dl 2 hours after 75 g oral glucose),glycosuria, hyperlipidaemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonaemia.
Diabetes mellitus, one of the major public health problems worldwide, is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies distinguished by a failure of glucose homeostasis with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism as a result of defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin action.
According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) report, elevated blood glucose is the third uppermost risk factor for premature mortality, following high blood pressure and tobacco use globally
Cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy are among the major risks that are associated with diabetes.These chronic complications may lead to hardening and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis) that could advance to stroke, coronary heart disease, and other blood vessel diseases, nerve damage, kidney failure, and blindness with time
Two major types of diabetes mellitus are
1. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) / juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
2. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) / maturity onset diabetes mellitus
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) / juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
There is β cell destruction in pancreatic islets; majority of cases are autoimmune (type 1A) antibodies that destroy β cells are detectable in blood, but some are idiopathic (type 1B)-no βcell antibody is found.
2.Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) / maturity onset diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent metabolic disease worldwide.
There is no loss or moderate reduction in β cell mass: insulin in circulation is low. normal or even high. no anti-β -cell antibody is demonstrable: has a high degree of genetic predisposition: generally has a late onset (past middle age). Over 90% cases of diabetes are type 2 DM
Abnormality in gluco-receptor of β cells so that they respond at higher glucose concentration or relative β cell deficiency. In either way. insulin secretion is impaired: may progress to β cells failure.
Reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin: reduction in number of insulin receptors, “down regulation” of insulin receptors.
Insulin history:
Insulin was discovered in 1921 by Banting and Best who demonstrated the hypoglycaemic action of an extract of pancreas prepared after degeneration of the exocrine part due to ligation of pancreatic duct.
It was first obtained in pure crystalline form in 1926 and the chemical structure was fully worked out in 1956 by Sanger.
Insulin is a two chain polypeptide having 51 amino acids and MW about 6000.
The A-chain has 21 while B-chain has 30 amino acids.
Insulin is synthesized in the β cells of pancreatic islets as a single chain peptide Preproinsulin (110 AA) from which
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molecular & cellular mechanism of action of insulin
molecular & cellular mechanism of action of insulin
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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(
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−
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∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
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) with
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CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
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•Chemical
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Insulin rohit bharti
- 2. ILO’S 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis & Metabolism 3. Insulin secretion 4. Physiological roles 5. Insulin effects 6. Deficiency of insulin 7. Symptoms 8. Excess of Insulin 9. Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents 10.Synthesis
- 3. It was first isolated in 1921 by Banting and Best and therapeutically used in 1922. Human insulin now been produced from E-coli by recombinant DNA technology.
- 6. (1) Proinsulin is the immediate precursor to insulin in the single-chain peptide. (2) Proinsulin folds to adopt the ‘correct orientation of the prevailing ‘disulphide bonds’ plus other relevant conformational constraints whatsoever on account of its primary structure exclusively. (3) Proinsulin in reality, has a precursor of its own, preproinsulin–a peptide, that essentially comprises of hundreds of ‘additional residues’. (4) At an emerging critical situation the insulin gets generated from proinsulin due to the ensuing cleavage of proinsulin at the two points indicated. This eventually produces insulin.
- 15. Normal blood glucose level: 70-90 mg/100ml
- 20. CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS (i)Sulfonylureas: First-Generation Sulfonylureas: Acetohexamide ; Chlorpropamide ; Tolazamide Second-Generation Sulfonylureas: Glipizide ; Glyburide ; Glumepiride (ii) Non sulfonylureas: repaglinide, nateglinide (iii) Thiazolindiones: Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone (iv) Bisguanides: metoformin, phenoformin (v) α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Acarbose
- 21. Sulfonylureas SAR : (1) These are urea derivatives having an arylsulfonyl moiety in the 1 position and an aliphatic function at the 3-position. (2) The aliphatic moiety, R′, essentially confers lipophilic characteristic properties to the newer drug molecule. (3) Optimal therapeutic activity often results when R′ comprises of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, as in acetohexamide, chlorpropamide and tolbutamide. (4) Aryl functional moieties at R′ invariably give rise to toxic compounds. (5) The R moiety strategically positioned on the ‘aromatic ring’ is primarily responsible for the duration of action of the compound.