77777
•
0 likes•856 views
This document discusses glycogen synthesis and its regulation. Insulin activates glycogen synthase kinase, which promotes glycogen synthesis by keeping glycogen synthase in an active state. Glycogen synthase kinase works to maintain glycogen synthase in an inactive state, preventing glycogen synthesis. Insulin counteracts this effect to stimulate glycogen synthesis.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Insulin and its mechanism of action.
Just the type of presentation a top presenter would look for.
The topic is well introduced, the designs of the slides are simple yet the explanation is very powerful.
Pancreatic hormone endocrine gland
This document summarizes key aspects of several pancreatic hormones. It discusses the structure and functions of the pancreas, noting its exocrine and endocrine parts. It then provides details on the four main cell types in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. For each hormone, it outlines their source of secretion, chemical structure, half-life, and effects on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.
Pancreatic hormone - Endocrinology for biochemistry
Pancreatic hormone - In this you will know about synthesis, metabolism, mode of action, biological actions, regulation and disorders related with insulin,Glucagon, Pancreatic somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.
Insulin
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that regulates fuel metabolism. It has important anabolic effects, promoting the storage and synthesis of glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins. Insulin secretion is stimulated by increases in blood glucose, amino acids, and gastrointestinal hormones after eating. It works to promote glucose uptake and storage in liver, muscle and fat tissues, while inhibiting glucose production and release. Insulin also increases lipid synthesis and inhibits lipid breakdown to regulate lipid metabolism.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM AND CONTROL IN DIABETES
This document summarizes a student presentation on hormonal control of glucose intermediary metabolism and its relation to diabetes. It discusses glucose transporters and how glucose is utilized intracellularly. It then examines the roles of insulin, amylin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol and their functions in glucose metabolism. Insulin deficiency or resistance can lead to diabetes. Somogyi effect and dawn phenomenon in relation to blood glucose levels are also mentioned. The conclusion states that an imbalance between insulin and glucagon can result in diabetes mellitus.
Structure& function of insulin,glucagon By Dr. Ashok KUmar Jeppu
Structure& function of insulin,glucagon By Dr. Ashok KUmar JeppuInternational Medical School Malaysia
- Insulin and glucagon are protein hormones produced by the pancreas that regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin promotes the uptake and storage of glucose, lowering blood sugar. Glucagon has the opposite effect, promoting the release of glucose and raising blood sugar.
- Insulin is composed of two polypeptide chains, A and B, linked by disulfide bonds. It is synthesized as pre-proinsulin and cleaved into proinsulin and then insulin. Glucagon is a 29 amino acid peptide synthesized as preproglucagon and cleaved.
- Insulin promotes glucose uptake and fat/protein synthesis while inhibiting gluconeogenesis and fat breakdown. Glucagon has the opposite effects,Insulin, glucagon, and diabetes mellitus
The pancreas secretes two important hormones, insulin and glucagon, which regulate glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells and stimulating glycogen and fat synthesis in the liver. Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells and raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Diabetes occurs when there is insufficient insulin secretion or insulin resistance, leading to high blood glucose levels and ketosis due to fat breakdown and acidosis.
Endocrine pancreas
The document discusses the endocrine pancreas. It describes that the islets of Langerhans contain four main cell types that secrete different hormones including insulin from beta cells. Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of two chains that is synthesized from proinsulin in the pancreas. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake in tissues and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by dysregulated carbohydrate metabolism and can develop when there is either insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin. There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells while type 2 is due to insulin resistance.
Recommended
Insulin and its mechanism of action.
Just the type of presentation a top presenter would look for.
The topic is well introduced, the designs of the slides are simple yet the explanation is very powerful.
Pancreatic hormone endocrine gland
This document summarizes key aspects of several pancreatic hormones. It discusses the structure and functions of the pancreas, noting its exocrine and endocrine parts. It then provides details on the four main cell types in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. For each hormone, it outlines their source of secretion, chemical structure, half-life, and effects on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.
Pancreatic hormone - Endocrinology for biochemistry
Pancreatic hormone - In this you will know about synthesis, metabolism, mode of action, biological actions, regulation and disorders related with insulin,Glucagon, Pancreatic somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.
Insulin
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that regulates fuel metabolism. It has important anabolic effects, promoting the storage and synthesis of glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins. Insulin secretion is stimulated by increases in blood glucose, amino acids, and gastrointestinal hormones after eating. It works to promote glucose uptake and storage in liver, muscle and fat tissues, while inhibiting glucose production and release. Insulin also increases lipid synthesis and inhibits lipid breakdown to regulate lipid metabolism.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM AND CONTROL IN DIABETES
This document summarizes a student presentation on hormonal control of glucose intermediary metabolism and its relation to diabetes. It discusses glucose transporters and how glucose is utilized intracellularly. It then examines the roles of insulin, amylin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol and their functions in glucose metabolism. Insulin deficiency or resistance can lead to diabetes. Somogyi effect and dawn phenomenon in relation to blood glucose levels are also mentioned. The conclusion states that an imbalance between insulin and glucagon can result in diabetes mellitus.
Structure& function of insulin,glucagon By Dr. Ashok KUmar Jeppu
Structure& function of insulin,glucagon By Dr. Ashok KUmar JeppuInternational Medical School Malaysia
- Insulin and glucagon are protein hormones produced by the pancreas that regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin promotes the uptake and storage of glucose, lowering blood sugar. Glucagon has the opposite effect, promoting the release of glucose and raising blood sugar.
- Insulin is composed of two polypeptide chains, A and B, linked by disulfide bonds. It is synthesized as pre-proinsulin and cleaved into proinsulin and then insulin. Glucagon is a 29 amino acid peptide synthesized as preproglucagon and cleaved.
- Insulin promotes glucose uptake and fat/protein synthesis while inhibiting gluconeogenesis and fat breakdown. Glucagon has the opposite effects,Insulin, glucagon, and diabetes mellitus
The pancreas secretes two important hormones, insulin and glucagon, which regulate glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells and stimulating glycogen and fat synthesis in the liver. Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells and raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Diabetes occurs when there is insufficient insulin secretion or insulin resistance, leading to high blood glucose levels and ketosis due to fat breakdown and acidosis.
Endocrine pancreas
The document discusses the endocrine pancreas. It describes that the islets of Langerhans contain four main cell types that secrete different hormones including insulin from beta cells. Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of two chains that is synthesized from proinsulin in the pancreas. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake in tissues and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by dysregulated carbohydrate metabolism and can develop when there is either insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin. There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells while type 2 is due to insulin resistance.
Role of insulin in human body
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is responsible for several roles in the body. It binds to insulin receptors on target cells and activates a cascade of phosphorylation events. This leads to the biological effects of insulin, which include increasing glucose uptake by tissues, stimulating glycogen and lipid synthesis, and inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Insulin helps regulate blood glucose levels and the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Endocrine pancreas
This document provides information about the pancreas and the hormones insulin and glucagon. It discusses the anatomy and development of the pancreas, the structure and mechanisms of action of insulin and glucagon, and how their secretions are regulated to maintain glucose homeostasis. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon promotes glucose production and release from the liver. Together they work to balance blood glucose levels.
Pancreas (Endocrinology)
SECRETE: INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
COMPOSED: ACINI AND ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
TYPES OF CELLS: ALPHA, BETA, DELTA, PP
ALPHA SECRETE GLUCAGON, BETA CELLS SECRETE INSULIN, DELTA CELLS SECRETE SOMATOSTATIN, PP CELLS SECRETE PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
INSULIN INHIBIT GLUCAGON, AMYLIN INHIBIT INSULIN, SOMATOSTATIN INHIBIT INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF INSULIN
INSULIN IMPORTANT IN STORING EXCESS CARBOHYDRATE AS GLYCOGEN IN LIVER AND MUSCLES, EXCESS CARBOHYDRATE MAY BE CONVERTED INTO FATS AND STORED IN ADIPOSE TISUES AND AMINO ACIDS CONVERT INTO PROTEIN AND INHIBIT BREAKDOWN OF PROTEIN
Insulin, glucagon & dm
The document discusses the pancreas, insulin, glucagon, and diabetes mellitus. The pancreas has both digestive and endocrine functions. Its islets of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream. Insulin regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, promoting storage of glucose and fatty acids. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Diabetes mellitus occurs when insulin secretion is impaired (type 1) or tissues are resistant to insulin (type 2), leading to high blood glucose levels and various complications if not controlled.
ENDOCRINE PANCREAS, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
A TRIANGULAR GLAND, WHICH HAS BOTH EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE CELLS, LOCATED BEHIND THE STOMACHACINAR CELLS PRODUCE AN ENZYME-RICH JUICE USED FOR DIGESTION (EXOCRINE PRODUCT)PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS) PRODUCE HORMONES INVOLVED IN REGULATING FUEL STORAGE AND USE.
Insulin
Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It exists as two chains, the A and B chains, linked by disulfide bridges. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating liver and muscle cells to take up glucose from the blood in response to elevated glucose levels, causing blood glucose to fall. In addition to glucose, insulin secretion is also stimulated by amino acids, gastrointestinal hormones, acetylcholine, and GIP.
Pancreatic hormones
The document summarizes the functions of the pancreas and pancreatic hormones. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and regulates blood sugar levels by secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon promotes glucose release from stores. A lack of insulin leads to diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood sugar and metabolic dysregulation. The document provides details on the metabolic effects of insulin and glucagon on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
Pancreatic islet
The document discusses the pancreas and pancreatic islets. The pancreas is a large gland that secretes hormones and is part of both the endocrine and digestive systems. It contains clusters of cells called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), the main cells of which are beta cells that secrete insulin, alpha cells that secrete glucagon, and delta cells that secrete somatostatin. These hormones work to regulate blood sugar levels. The pancreas is located in the abdomen behind the stomach and produces enzymes to aid in digestion.
The Endocrine Functions Of The Pancreas
The document summarizes the endocrine function of the pancreas. It describes that the islets of Langerhans contain four types of cells that secrete hormones including insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells. Insulin controls blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in cells. Glucagon has the opposite effect of insulin by increasing blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Somatostatin is also secreted by the pancreas and inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
Pancreas 78
The document discusses the endocrine pancreas and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. It describes that the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The pancreatic islets contain three main cell types - alpha cells which produce glucagon, beta cells which produce insulin, and delta cells which produce somatostatin. Insulin and glucagon work to regulate blood glucose levels through their opposing actions on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada Selim
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada SelimBangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It is produced by beta cells within clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells to be used for energy or stored as glycogen or fat. It also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver and promotes fat storage. A lack of sufficient insulin production or effectiveness leads to high blood sugar levels and diabetes.Metabolic effect of pancreatic hormones,insulin glucagon and PPP(PANCREATIC P...
by yerukneh solomon(chenchaw) glucagon mechanism of action on protiens and carbo, gluccagon, insulin, insulin effect on protiens carbohydrates and fats, insulin synthesis and secretion, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin
18. endocrine pancreas
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine pancreas and its hormones. It discusses:
- The islets of Langerhans contain alpha, beta, and delta cells that secrete glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin.
- Insulin regulates blood glucose levels through effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Insulin secretion is stimulated by high blood glucose.
- Glucagon opposes insulin's effects and raises blood glucose through hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. It is secreted in response to low blood glucose.
- Somatostatin is secreted by delta cells and decreases secretion of insulin and glucagon. It also regulates gastrointestinal functions.
Islets of langerhans
The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that functions in both the digestive and endocrine systems. It contains exocrine cells that secrete enzymes to aid digestion and endocrine cells clustered in structures called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones. The islets contain alpha cells that secrete glucagon, beta cells that secrete insulin and amylin, delta cells that secrete somatostatin, and PP cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin regulates blood sugar levels by stimulating sugar uptake and fat storage and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Glucagon has the opposite effects of insulin by raising blood sugar. Disorders of the pancreas include diabetes mellitus, where insufficient insulin production causes
Pancreas
The pancreas regulates carbohydrate metabolism through the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes anabolism by stimulating glucose uptake and glycogen/lipid synthesis. Glucagon promotes catabolism by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose levels. Disorders like diabetes occur when insulin/glucagon secretion is impaired, leading to chronic high or low blood glucose.
glucose metabolism insulin
This document summarizes the role of insulin in helping glucose enter cells. It discusses:
- Insulin is a hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas that helps glucose enter liver, fat, and muscle cells.
- When insulin binds to cell receptors, it causes conformational changes and signal transduction pathways that activate transporters to bring glucose transporters to the cell surface.
- The net effect is lowering blood glucose levels and increasing glycogen stores by stimulating pathways that uptake and process glucose while inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown.
The Endocrine Pancreas
The document discusses the endocrine pancreas and its role in regulating blood sugar levels. The endocrine pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha cells that produce glucagon, beta cells that produce insulin, and delta cells that produce somatostatin. Insulin lowers blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon raises blood sugar by promoting glucose release and production. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon to regulate their levels.
Metabolic effect of insulin and glucagon
This document outlines key hormones that regulate metabolic homeostasis, including insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol. It describes their structure, biosynthesis, mechanisms of action, and metabolic effects. Insulin promotes anabolism and lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol have catabolic effects and increase blood glucose as counterregulatory hormones opposed to insulin. Precise regulation of these hormones maintains stable blood glucose levels and fuels metabolism.
Insulin Actions and Receptors
The document discusses insulin, its actions, receptors, and regulation. It states that insulin's main sites of action are the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Insulin stimulates glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis while inhibiting glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and protein breakdown. Insulin receptors are present on most cells, with high concentrations in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue. GLUT4 is the glucose transporter stimulated by insulin in muscle and fat tissue to increase glucose uptake.
Insulin, glucagon and diabetes mellitus
The pancreas secretes two important hormones, insulin and glucagon, which play crucial roles in regulating glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin promotes the storage and use of glucose by stimulating its uptake into cells and its conversion to glycogen or fat. It also inhibits gluconeogenesis and fat breakdown. A lack of insulin has the opposite effects, increasing gluconeogenesis and fat breakdown for energy.
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides guidelines for screening, diagnosing, and managing diabetes and prediabetes. It outlines risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes and recommends criteria for testing asymptomatic adults. It describes normal, prediabetic, and diabetic ranges for blood glucose levels and A1C. The document recommends lifestyle changes like medical nutrition therapy, physical activity, and smoking cessation to prevent and treat diabetes. It provides guidelines for foot care, treating complications, immunizations, and managing related conditions like hypertension and dyslipidemia.
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus, including its definition, types, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation. It discusses the roles of insulin, including its synthesis, release and action. It describes the two main types of diabetes: type 1 characterized by insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells; and type 2 associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. It covers risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus.
More Related Content
What's hot
Role of insulin in human body
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is responsible for several roles in the body. It binds to insulin receptors on target cells and activates a cascade of phosphorylation events. This leads to the biological effects of insulin, which include increasing glucose uptake by tissues, stimulating glycogen and lipid synthesis, and inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Insulin helps regulate blood glucose levels and the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Endocrine pancreas
This document provides information about the pancreas and the hormones insulin and glucagon. It discusses the anatomy and development of the pancreas, the structure and mechanisms of action of insulin and glucagon, and how their secretions are regulated to maintain glucose homeostasis. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon promotes glucose production and release from the liver. Together they work to balance blood glucose levels.
Pancreas (Endocrinology)
SECRETE: INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
COMPOSED: ACINI AND ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
TYPES OF CELLS: ALPHA, BETA, DELTA, PP
ALPHA SECRETE GLUCAGON, BETA CELLS SECRETE INSULIN, DELTA CELLS SECRETE SOMATOSTATIN, PP CELLS SECRETE PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
INSULIN INHIBIT GLUCAGON, AMYLIN INHIBIT INSULIN, SOMATOSTATIN INHIBIT INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF INSULIN
INSULIN IMPORTANT IN STORING EXCESS CARBOHYDRATE AS GLYCOGEN IN LIVER AND MUSCLES, EXCESS CARBOHYDRATE MAY BE CONVERTED INTO FATS AND STORED IN ADIPOSE TISUES AND AMINO ACIDS CONVERT INTO PROTEIN AND INHIBIT BREAKDOWN OF PROTEIN
Insulin, glucagon & dm
The document discusses the pancreas, insulin, glucagon, and diabetes mellitus. The pancreas has both digestive and endocrine functions. Its islets of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream. Insulin regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, promoting storage of glucose and fatty acids. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Diabetes mellitus occurs when insulin secretion is impaired (type 1) or tissues are resistant to insulin (type 2), leading to high blood glucose levels and various complications if not controlled.
ENDOCRINE PANCREAS, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
A TRIANGULAR GLAND, WHICH HAS BOTH EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE CELLS, LOCATED BEHIND THE STOMACHACINAR CELLS PRODUCE AN ENZYME-RICH JUICE USED FOR DIGESTION (EXOCRINE PRODUCT)PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS) PRODUCE HORMONES INVOLVED IN REGULATING FUEL STORAGE AND USE.
Insulin
Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It exists as two chains, the A and B chains, linked by disulfide bridges. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating liver and muscle cells to take up glucose from the blood in response to elevated glucose levels, causing blood glucose to fall. In addition to glucose, insulin secretion is also stimulated by amino acids, gastrointestinal hormones, acetylcholine, and GIP.
Pancreatic hormones
The document summarizes the functions of the pancreas and pancreatic hormones. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and regulates blood sugar levels by secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon promotes glucose release from stores. A lack of insulin leads to diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood sugar and metabolic dysregulation. The document provides details on the metabolic effects of insulin and glucagon on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
Pancreatic islet
The document discusses the pancreas and pancreatic islets. The pancreas is a large gland that secretes hormones and is part of both the endocrine and digestive systems. It contains clusters of cells called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), the main cells of which are beta cells that secrete insulin, alpha cells that secrete glucagon, and delta cells that secrete somatostatin. These hormones work to regulate blood sugar levels. The pancreas is located in the abdomen behind the stomach and produces enzymes to aid in digestion.
The Endocrine Functions Of The Pancreas
The document summarizes the endocrine function of the pancreas. It describes that the islets of Langerhans contain four types of cells that secrete hormones including insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells. Insulin controls blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in cells. Glucagon has the opposite effect of insulin by increasing blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Somatostatin is also secreted by the pancreas and inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
Pancreas 78
The document discusses the endocrine pancreas and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. It describes that the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The pancreatic islets contain three main cell types - alpha cells which produce glucagon, beta cells which produce insulin, and delta cells which produce somatostatin. Insulin and glucagon work to regulate blood glucose levels through their opposing actions on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada Selim
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada SelimBangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It is produced by beta cells within clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells to be used for energy or stored as glycogen or fat. It also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver and promotes fat storage. A lack of sufficient insulin production or effectiveness leads to high blood sugar levels and diabetes.Metabolic effect of pancreatic hormones,insulin glucagon and PPP(PANCREATIC P...
by yerukneh solomon(chenchaw) glucagon mechanism of action on protiens and carbo, gluccagon, insulin, insulin effect on protiens carbohydrates and fats, insulin synthesis and secretion, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin
18. endocrine pancreas
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine pancreas and its hormones. It discusses:
- The islets of Langerhans contain alpha, beta, and delta cells that secrete glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin.
- Insulin regulates blood glucose levels through effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Insulin secretion is stimulated by high blood glucose.
- Glucagon opposes insulin's effects and raises blood glucose through hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. It is secreted in response to low blood glucose.
- Somatostatin is secreted by delta cells and decreases secretion of insulin and glucagon. It also regulates gastrointestinal functions.
Islets of langerhans
The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that functions in both the digestive and endocrine systems. It contains exocrine cells that secrete enzymes to aid digestion and endocrine cells clustered in structures called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones. The islets contain alpha cells that secrete glucagon, beta cells that secrete insulin and amylin, delta cells that secrete somatostatin, and PP cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin regulates blood sugar levels by stimulating sugar uptake and fat storage and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Glucagon has the opposite effects of insulin by raising blood sugar. Disorders of the pancreas include diabetes mellitus, where insufficient insulin production causes
Pancreas
The pancreas regulates carbohydrate metabolism through the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes anabolism by stimulating glucose uptake and glycogen/lipid synthesis. Glucagon promotes catabolism by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose levels. Disorders like diabetes occur when insulin/glucagon secretion is impaired, leading to chronic high or low blood glucose.
glucose metabolism insulin
This document summarizes the role of insulin in helping glucose enter cells. It discusses:
- Insulin is a hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas that helps glucose enter liver, fat, and muscle cells.
- When insulin binds to cell receptors, it causes conformational changes and signal transduction pathways that activate transporters to bring glucose transporters to the cell surface.
- The net effect is lowering blood glucose levels and increasing glycogen stores by stimulating pathways that uptake and process glucose while inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown.
The Endocrine Pancreas
The document discusses the endocrine pancreas and its role in regulating blood sugar levels. The endocrine pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha cells that produce glucagon, beta cells that produce insulin, and delta cells that produce somatostatin. Insulin lowers blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon raises blood sugar by promoting glucose release and production. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon to regulate their levels.
Metabolic effect of insulin and glucagon
This document outlines key hormones that regulate metabolic homeostasis, including insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol. It describes their structure, biosynthesis, mechanisms of action, and metabolic effects. Insulin promotes anabolism and lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol have catabolic effects and increase blood glucose as counterregulatory hormones opposed to insulin. Precise regulation of these hormones maintains stable blood glucose levels and fuels metabolism.
Insulin Actions and Receptors
The document discusses insulin, its actions, receptors, and regulation. It states that insulin's main sites of action are the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Insulin stimulates glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis while inhibiting glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and protein breakdown. Insulin receptors are present on most cells, with high concentrations in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue. GLUT4 is the glucose transporter stimulated by insulin in muscle and fat tissue to increase glucose uptake.
Insulin, glucagon and diabetes mellitus
The pancreas secretes two important hormones, insulin and glucagon, which play crucial roles in regulating glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin promotes the storage and use of glucose by stimulating its uptake into cells and its conversion to glycogen or fat. It also inhibits gluconeogenesis and fat breakdown. A lack of insulin has the opposite effects, increasing gluconeogenesis and fat breakdown for energy.
What's hot (20)
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada Selim
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada Selim
Metabolic effect of pancreatic hormones,insulin glucagon and PPP(PANCREATIC P...
Metabolic effect of pancreatic hormones,insulin glucagon and PPP(PANCREATIC P...
Viewers also liked
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides guidelines for screening, diagnosing, and managing diabetes and prediabetes. It outlines risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes and recommends criteria for testing asymptomatic adults. It describes normal, prediabetic, and diabetic ranges for blood glucose levels and A1C. The document recommends lifestyle changes like medical nutrition therapy, physical activity, and smoking cessation to prevent and treat diabetes. It provides guidelines for foot care, treating complications, immunizations, and managing related conditions like hypertension and dyslipidemia.
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus, including its definition, types, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation. It discusses the roles of insulin, including its synthesis, release and action. It describes the two main types of diabetes: type 1 characterized by insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells; and type 2 associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. It covers risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus.
Insulin rohit bharti
This document discusses insulin, including its isolation in 1921 by Banting and Best, current production through recombinant DNA technology, and its synthesis from proinsulin. It also classifies and describes various oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat diabetes, including sulfonylureas, non-sulfonylureas, thiazolindiones, bisguanides, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Sulfonylureas are discussed in more detail, noting their structure-activity relationships.
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides an outline on diabetes mellitus, covering its definition, classifications, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and complications. It discusses the roles of the pancreas hormones insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and an inadequate insulin secretory response from pancreatic beta cells. The acute complications of diabetes include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, and hypoglycemia. Chronic complications affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular system. Treatment involves patient education, nutrition, exercise, glucose monitoring, and administration of oral medications or insulin.
Diabetes:past-present-future by Dr Shahjada Selim
The document provides a history of diabetes from ancient times to the present. It describes how diabetes was first described in writing in 1500 BC India and how the word "diabetes" was coined in 250 BC by Apollonius of Memphis to mean "to siphon" referring to the disease draining fluids. Early treatments for diabetes were ineffective and dangerous. A key breakthrough was the discovery of insulin by Banting, Best, Collip and Macleod at the University of Toronto in 1921-1922, allowing those with diabetes to live longer lives. The mass production of insulin began in the 1920s, and refinements to insulin continued, including the development of recombinant DNA human insulin in 1978 and modern designer insulins in the
DIABETES MELLITUS
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its definition, classification, symptoms, pathophysiology, complications, and tests for diagnosis. It begins with an introduction to the structure and function of the pancreas and islet cells. It then defines diabetes according to the WHO and discusses the synthesis, metabolism, and action of normal insulin. The main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, other specific types, and gestational diabetes - are described along with their causes and pathophysiology. Common signs and symptoms and potential complications affecting major organ systems are outlined. Finally, common blood tests for diagnosing diabetes are presented.
Pathophysiology of diabetes final 2
1. Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance in the liver and peripheral tissues like muscle, as well as relative insulin deficiency. This leads to elevated hepatic glucose production and reduced glucose uptake in tissues.
2. Sustained hyperglycemia can cause glucotoxicity and further impair insulin secretion and action, exacerbating the disease. It also increases renal glucose reabsorption above normal levels, causing glucosuria.
3. Over time, this pathophysiology can damage target organs and increase the risk of diabetes complications if not properly treated. Treatment aims to reduce hyperglycemia through medications that increase insulin secretion and action or decrease hepatic glucose production.
Diabetes mellitus (Definition, Classification, Clinical features)
This document defines diabetes mellitus and discusses its classification, risk factors, and clinical features. It classifies diabetes into four main types: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes mellitus. The risk factors include hereditary factors, increasing age, obesity, lifestyle factors like high fat diet and smoking. The clinical features of diabetes include hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, and symptoms of dehydration.
diabetes
Diabetes occurs when there is inadequate insulin production or absorption into cells. Insulin is needed to metabolize glucose for energy at a cellular level. Lack of glucose metabolism leads to alternative metabolism of fat and protein, causing symptoms like frequent urination, thirst, and hunger. Chronic high blood glucose can damage organs over time. The goal is glycemic control to prevent complications through lifestyle changes, medication, and monitoring blood sugar levels.
Pathophysiology and Classification of diabetes by Dr Selim
Pathophysiology and Classification of diabetes by Dr SelimBangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including its definition, etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical manifestations, and complications. DM is defined as a chronic condition of hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. It discusses the two main types of DM - type 1 characterized by pancreatic beta cell destruction and absolute insulin deficiency, and type 2 characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The document outlines the clinical differences between the two types and describes the potential complications affecting multiple organ systems that can develop from long-term hyperglycemia if DM is not adequately controlled.Pathophysiology of diabetes by Dr Shahjada Selim
1. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion lead to elevated hepatic glucose production and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
2. The decreased uptake of glucose by tissues like muscle results in high blood glucose levels.
3. Over time, the persistent hyperglycemia can damage organs and tissues, worsening insulin resistance and beta-cell function in a vicious cycle.
Diabetes mellitus by dr shahjada selim
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus, including its definition, classification, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation, management, complications, and special patient populations. Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. It is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Lifestyle modifications including diet and exercise are the primary management approach. Oral medications and insulin therapy may also be used. Complications can include hypoglycemia, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and foot ulcers if not properly managed.
LAB DIAGNOSIS N INVESTIGATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS.
The document outlines the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus, including having a fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher, symptoms of hyperglycemia with a casual plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher, or a 2 hour plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher during an oral glucose tolerance test. It also lists the WHO criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome which includes having any two of the following: diabetes, high blood pressure, high triglycerides or low HDL cholesterol, central obesity, or insulin resistance. The document notes that microalbuminuria, lipid profiles, electrolytes, lactate, C-peptide levels, and evaluating complications are also important for diagnosis.
Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of T...
Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of T...Iris Thiele Isip-Tan
This document presents guidelines from a consensus panel of Philippine diabetes organizations for the screening, diagnosis, and management of type 2 diabetes in the Philippines. It includes:
1. Recommendations for annual screening of individuals over 40 or those with risk factors, using fasting plasma glucose as the preferred initial test.
2. Criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes based on fasting plasma glucose, random plasma glucose, and oral glucose tolerance tests.
3. Algorithms outlining testing and follow up procedures based on risk factors and initial test results.
4. Notes that complications are often already present at diagnosis in the Philippine context, emphasizing the need for prevention and control efforts.Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
This document discusses the classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. It begins by classifying diabetes into type 1, type 2, and other specific types. The criteria for diagnosing diabetes include an A1C of 6.5% or higher, a fasting plasma glucose of 126 mg/dL or higher, or a 2-hour plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher during an oral glucose tolerance test. The document also discusses gestational diabetes, noting it affects 4-5% of pregnancies. Risk factors for testing asymptomatic individuals are outlined.
Diabetes mellitus & oral surgery
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its classification, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and management. It covers the two primary types of diabetes - type 1 characterized by lack of insulin production and type 2 related to insulin resistance. The acute complications include ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperosmolar coma. Chronic complications affect the microvasculature like retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy as well as the macrovasculature with atherosclerosis and hypertension. Good management can help prevent or delay the serious complications of diabetes.
Diabetes mealitus &periodontal disease
This document discusses the relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. It defines the two main types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2, and describes their causes and characteristics. It explores how diabetes can increase susceptibility to periodontal disease by impairing host defenses and altering the subgingival microbiota. Specifically, it examines how hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end products associated with diabetes can impact immune cells, collagen metabolism, vascular function, and wound healing in the periodontium. The two-way relationship between diabetes and periodontitis is described, whereby periodontal infections can worsen glycemic control in diabetes patients. Guidelines are provided for managing periodontal disease in both well-controlled and poorly-controlled diabetes patients
Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus
This document provides an overview of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic disorders resulting in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. The document discusses the classification, symptoms, diagnosis and complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also covers the physiology of insulin synthesis, secretion and action, as well as the risk factors and pathophysiology underlying different types of diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus pathophysiol-vnw
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and its various types and complications. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. There are two main types - type 1 diabetes which results from an absolute deficiency of insulin due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, and type 2 diabetes which is due to insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. The document outlines the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and long term complications of both types of diabetes, which can include damage to blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys if not properly managed.
Diabetes mellitus
The document discusses diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- India currently has 63 million people with diabetes, the second highest number after China.
- There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
- Treatment involves diet, exercise, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and sometimes insulin therapy. The goal is to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications like damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
Viewers also liked (20)
Diabetes mellitus (Definition, Classification, Clinical features)
Diabetes mellitus (Definition, Classification, Clinical features)
Pathophysiology and Classification of diabetes by Dr Selim
Pathophysiology and Classification of diabetes by Dr Selim
LAB DIAGNOSIS N INVESTIGATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS.
LAB DIAGNOSIS N INVESTIGATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS.
Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of T...
Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of T...
Similar to 77777
BIOSYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS
This document summarizes the process of de novo fatty acid synthesis. It occurs in the cytosol of liver, kidney, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. Acetyl-CoA is the starting material, which is transported from mitochondria to the cytosol via citrate. In the cytosol, fatty acid synthase complex catalyzes the reactions to produce palmitic acid (C16) through cycles of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction. The process requires acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, ATP, and NADPH as substrates and is regulated by enzymes and hormones.
biosynthesis of fatty acids.pptx
De novo fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of liver, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. It is carried out by a fatty acid synthase complex, which is a multienzyme dimer. Each monomer contains domains for the seven reactions that elongate acetyl-CoA by two carbons each cycle to produce palmitate. Acetyl-CoA is carboxylated to malonyl-CoA to initiate fatty acid synthesis, while NADPH provides reducing equivalents. The process is regulated by enzymes, metabolites, hormones, and diet.
Denovo synthesis of fattyacids
The document summarizes the three main pathways of fatty acid biosynthesis: de novo synthesis, elongation, and desaturation. De novo synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and synthesizes saturated fatty acids like palmitate from acetyl-CoA derived from glucose. Elongation adds two-carbon units in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria to produce longer fatty acids. Desaturation introduces double bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum through fatty acid desaturase enzymes.
Fatty acid synthesis.pptx
The document summarizes key aspects of de novo fatty acid synthesis. It occurs in the cytosol of liver, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. Acetyl-CoA is the starting material, which is transported from mitochondria to cytosol via citrate. The fatty acid synthase complex contains multiple enzymatic domains that catalyze the sequential additions of two-carbon units from malonyl-CoA to produce palmitate (C16). The process requires NADPH and ATP as cofactors. Fatty acid synthesis is regulated by enzymes, metabolites, hormones, and diet.
Citric acid cycle and anaplerosis
The citric acid cycle provides precursors for biosynthetic pathways and serves catabolic and anabolic processes. It is regulated by substrate availability and product inhibition. Anaplerotic reactions replenish cycle intermediates used for biosynthesis. Acetyl-CoA derived from the cycle is used in fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasm. The glyoxylate cycle allows conversion of acetate to carbohydrates in some organisms.
Citric Acid Cycle-Anaplerosis
The citric acid cycle provides precursors for biosynthetic pathways and serves catabolic and anabolic processes. It is regulated by substrate availability and product inhibition. Anaplerotic reactions replenish cycle intermediates used for biosynthesis. Acetyl-CoA derived from the cycle is used in fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasm. The glyoxylate cycle allows conversion of acetate to carbohydrates in some organisms.
Fatty acid metabolism bmls 116
1. Fatty acids are synthesized in the cytoplasm via fatty acid synthase from acetyl-CoA. The major fatty acid produced is palmitic acid.
2. Acetyl-CoA is transported from mitochondria to the cytoplasm as citrate by citrate transporters and cleaved by ATP citrate lyase to produce acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis.
3. Fatty acid synthesis occurs via fatty acid synthase, a multi-enzyme complex. The first step is carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Biosynthesis of fatty acids)
Synthesis of fatty acids in the body. Detailed pathway for de novo synthesis of fatty acids in the body including its energetic and regulation. also cover Multienzyme complex
De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids | Biosynthesis Of Fatty Acids |
This presentation contains De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids & Regulation of fatty acid synthesis
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=satyanarayan+books+biochemistry&qid=1590834248&sr=8-1
Metabolism of lipids 1 2
Fatty acids are synthesized in the liver and adipose tissue through a cyclic process involving three stages: transport of acetyl-CoA into the cytosol, carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA, and assembly of the fatty acid chain through repeated condensation and reduction steps. Glycerol-3-phosphate combines with fatty acids to form phosphatidic acid, which can be converted to diacylglycerol for synthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase regulates fatty acid synthesis through hormonal control of its phosphorylation state.
Fatty acid synthesis and cholestrol synthesis
The document summarizes the biosynthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides. It describes that fatty acid synthesis begins with acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, and involves a series of reactions that elongate the carbon chain and reduce intermediates. Unsaturated fatty acids are produced by desaturation of saturated fatty acyl-CoA derivatives. Triglyceride synthesis involves the sequential addition of fatty acids from fatty acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate, forming lysophosphatidic acid and then fully-substituted triglycerides.
Wk12 fatty acid metabolism 1
This document summarizes key aspects of fatty acid metabolism from Chapter 22 of a biochemistry textbook. It discusses four main metabolic steps in fatty acid breakdown including lipase-mediated triglyceride hydrolysis producing fatty acids. It then describes three steps of triglyceride degradation involving beta-oxidation in the mitochondria to ultimately form acetyl-CoA. Beta-oxidation cycles are explained along with production of ATP. Fatty acid biosynthesis is also summarized involving fatty acid synthase and NADPH. Regulation of steps like acetyl-CoA carboxylase is covered.
66666
This document summarizes key aspects of fatty acid metabolism from Chapter 22 of Biochemistry, 6th Edition. It discusses the four main steps of triglyceride degradation: 1) hydrolysis by lipase to release fatty acids and glycerol, 2) transport of fatty acids to mitochondria, 3) beta-oxidation of fatty acids to produce acetyl-CoA, and 4) entry of acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle. It also covers fatty acid synthesis, ketone body production, and regulation of these pathways.
Lipid Biosynthesis - Metabolism of Lipids
This document summarizes lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism. It discusses that acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the first committed step of fatty acid biosynthesis. Fatty acid synthesis occurs through a cycle of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction reactions that elongate the fatty acid chain. The cycle is repeated until a palmitate is produced. Regulation occurs through controlling acetyl-CoA carboxylase and through parallel regulation of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. Glyceroneogenesis provides a source of glycerol-3-phosphate for triglyceride synthesis during times of starvation.
Fatty acid synthesis 2018
This document discusses fatty acid synthesis in the body. It begins by defining fatty acids and describing their roles in energy storage and as structural components of membranes. There are three systems for fatty acid synthesis: de novo synthesis in the cytoplasm, chain elongation in mitochondria, and chain elongation in microsomes. De novo synthesis occurs primarily in the liver and adipose tissues, starting from acetyl-CoA derived from glucose. This synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm and requires acetyl-CoA transport from mitochondria via citrate. The document then details the multi-step process of de novo fatty acid synthesis catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, and describes regulation of synthesis by products, hormones,
Biosynthesis of saturated fatty acid (de novo synthesis of fatty acids)
Biosynthesis of saturated fatty acid, de novo synthesis of fatty acids, Reactions of fatty acid synthase complex
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. It utilizes the same enzymes as glycolysis but must bypass three irreversible steps. The bypass reactions include glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase hydrolyzing high-energy intermediates, and a two-step process involving pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase to bypass pyruvate kinase. Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulated to prevent a wasteful futile cycle between the two pathways.
Metabolismoflipids part 2
Fatty acids are synthesized in the liver and adipose tissue through three main stages: transport of acetyl-CoA into the cytosol, carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, and assembly of the fatty acid chain. Acetyl-CoA is converted to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, then fatty acid chains are elongated through cycles of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction using malonyl-ACP as the donor of additional two carbon units. When a 16-carbon palmitate chain is complete, it is released from the fatty acid synthase complex. Triacylglycerols and phospholipids are then synthesized from glycerol-
Fatty acid synthesis
Plants synthesise a huge variety of fatty acids although only a few are major and common constituents . Broadly speaking, long-chain fatty acids are synthesised de novo from small precursors ultimately derived from photosynthate.
Fatty acid synthesis:- Everything you need to know
Fatty acid synthesis occurs through a repeated cycle of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction reactions. Acetyl-CoA is carboxylated to malonyl-CoA by the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase, providing the two-carbon building blocks. The fatty acid synthase complex catalyzes the cycle of reactions, with the growing fatty acid chain attached to an acyl carrier protein. Typically 16 cycles produce palmitate, which is then released from the complex. Key cofactors include NADPH, ATP, biotin, and bicarbonate. Fatty acid synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm of tissues like liver, adipose, and lactating mammary
Similar to 77777 (20)
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Biosynthesis of fatty acids)
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Biosynthesis of fatty acids)
De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids | Biosynthesis Of Fatty Acids |
De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids | Biosynthesis Of Fatty Acids |
Biosynthesis of saturated fatty acid (de novo synthesis of fatty acids)
Biosynthesis of saturated fatty acid (de novo synthesis of fatty acids)
Fatty acid synthesis:- Everything you need to know
Fatty acid synthesis:- Everything you need to know
Recently uploaded
GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph
Tomaz Bratanic
Graph ML and GenAI Expert - Neo4j
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptx
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdf
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Artificial Intelligence and Electronic Warfare
Artificial Intelligence and Electronic WarfarePapadakis K.-Cyber-Information Warfare Analyst & Cyber Defense/Security Consultant-Hellenic MoD
AI & Electronic WarfarePrinciple of conventional tomography-Bibash Shahi ppt..pptx
before the computed tomography, it had been widely used.
Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays - June 2024
Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays, June 2024 with Maria Copot 20
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
GNSS spoofing via SDR (Criptored Talks 2024)
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Apps Break Data
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSF
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Crafting Excellence: A Comprehensive Guide to iOS Mobile App Development Serv...
Crafting Excellence: A Comprehensive Guide to iOS Mobile App Development Serv...Pitangent Analytics & Technology Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Leveraging the Graph for Clinical Trials and Standards
Katja Glaß
OpenStudyBuilder Community Manager - Katja Glaß Consulting
Marius Conjeaud
Principal Consultant - Neo4j
Recently uploaded (20)
GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph
GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptx
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptx
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdf
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdf
Principle of conventional tomography-Bibash Shahi ppt..pptx
Principle of conventional tomography-Bibash Shahi ppt..pptx
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSF
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSF
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
Crafting Excellence: A Comprehensive Guide to iOS Mobile App Development Serv...
Crafting Excellence: A Comprehensive Guide to iOS Mobile App Development Serv...
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Leveraging the Graph for Clinical Trials and Standards
Leveraging the Graph for Clinical Trials and Standards
77777
- 1. (Insulin receptor substrate)(Insulin receptor substrate) InsulinInsulin 活化活化 GlycogenGlycogen synthase kinasesynthase kinase 活性以促活性以促 進進 Glycogen synthesisGlycogen synthesis 作用在使作用在使 GlycogenGlycogen synthesissynthesis 維持在不維持在不 活化的狀態活化的狀態 不活化狀態不活化狀態 活化狀態活化狀態 活化狀態活化狀態 不活化狀態不活化狀態
- 2. 活化狀態活化狀態 (Insulin receptor substrate)(Insulin receptor substrate) InsulinInsulin 活化活化 GlycogenGlycogen sythase kinasesythase kinase 活性以促進活性以促進 Glycogen synthesisGlycogen synthesis 不活化狀態不活化狀態 活化狀態活化狀態 不活化狀態不活化狀態 作用在使作用在使 GlycogenGlycogen synthesissynthesis 維持在不維持在不 活化的狀態活化的狀態
- 3. Pamitate (16:0) 生產 Acetyl CoA 耗掉 1 ATP 生產 7 FADH2 = 7*1.5 ATP 生產 7 NADH = 7*2.5 ATP 生產 7 Acetyl CoA TCA cycle 7 cycles of β-oxidation TCA cycle
- 4. β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid 1 Double bond1 Double bond
- 5. 2 Double bond2 Double bond
- 6. The final metabolite of β-oxidation of Odd-Chain fatty acid TCA cycle?
- 7. TCA cycle The metabolism of Propionyl CoA Propionyl CoA Carboxylase Methylmalonyl CoA mutase Methylmalonyl CoA mutaseCoenzyme : Vit B12
- 10. β-oxidation of Eukaryotic cellβ-oxidation of Eukaryotic cell Long chain fatty acid Octanoyl CoA Acetyl CoA
- 11. The first step of β-oxidation in peroxisome of Eukaryotic cell
- 12. From acetyl CoA to Ketone body
- 13. Lack of Glucose Acetyl CoA formed from β-oxidation would not be metabolized into TCA cycle Acetyl CoA formed from β-oxidation would not be metabolized into TCA cycle Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA The accumulated Acetyl CoA metabolized into ketone body pathway The accumulated Acetyl CoA metabolized into ketone body pathway
- 15. Ketone body biosynthesis pathwayKetone body biosynthesis pathway Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
- 16. Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
- 17. Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA HMG CoAHMG CoA
- 19. Rich in NADHRich in NADH Lack of NADHLack of NADH
- 21. TCA cycleTCA cycle GlycolysisGlycolysis GlucoseGlucose TCA cycleTCA cycle COCO22 + H+ H22OO
- 22. Lack of Glucose Acetyl CoA formed from β-oxidation would not be metabolized into TCA cycle Acetyl CoA formed from β-oxidation would not be metabolized into TCA cycle Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA The accumulated Acetyl CoA metabolized into ketone body pathway The accumulated Acetyl CoA metabolized into ketone body pathway
- 23. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acid 1. Biosynthesis in cytoplasm 2. Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) 3. Fatty acid synthase 4. Adding by 2 carbons per cycle 5. NADPH 6. Elongation until palmitate (16:0) with Fatty acid synthase complex
- 24. The committed step of synthesis of Fatty Acid Acetyl CoA CarboxylaseAcetyl CoA Carboxylase
- 25. Acetyl ACPAcetyl ACP & Malonyl ACP& Malonyl ACP Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA && Malonyl CoAMalonyl CoA Binding with ACPBinding with ACP
- 29. Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA should be transported toshould be transported to cytoplasm via citrate for fatty acid synthesiscytoplasm via citrate for fatty acid synthesis ATP-citrate lysaseATP-citrate lysase Malate DHaseMalate DHase Malate enzymeMalate enzyme
- 30. Sources of NADPHSources of NADPH
- 31. Regulation of Acetyl CoA carboxylaseRegulation of Acetyl CoA carboxylase
- 37. Biochemistry Sixth Edition Chapter 26 The Biosynthesis of Membrane Lipids and Steroids Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Berg • Tymoczko • Stryer