Thermocouples are temperature measurement devices that produce a voltage when two different conductors contact each other at different temperatures. The voltage is proportional to the temperature difference and relies on the Seebeck effect where a temperature gradient along conductors generates an electric current. Common thermocouple types use different metal combinations like chromel-iron and alumel-constantan wired into a circuit to measure temperature in various applications such as steel production, gas appliances, and vacuum gauges.
This document describes an experiment on thermocouples. It explains the principle of thermocouples, how they work, different types of thermocouples, and their construction. It then provides the procedure to set up and conduct the experiment, which involves taking readings from a thermocouple and PT-100 sensor as temperature is varied and plotting the results. The aim is to understand thermocouple characteristics and determine sensitivity and linearity.
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar metals joined together that produces a voltage dependent on the temperature difference between the junctions. Thermocouples operate based on the Seebeck effect and Peltier effect to measure a wide range of temperatures from -270°C to 3000°C. They are commonly used to monitor temperatures in industrial processes like kilns but are less accurate than other sensors for measuring small temperature differences with high precision.
This document discusses two common types of temperature sensors: thermocouples and RTDs. Thermocouples generate voltage based on dissimilar metals and come in different types, while RTDs change resistance proportionally to temperature. Thermocouples are cheaper and work over a wider temperature range but provide less accuracy than RTDs. The key factors in choosing a sensor are the required temperature range, response time, size constraints, and needed accuracy.
1) The document discusses heat transfer through conduction in three dimensions. It presents the general heat conduction equation and applies it to steady state one-dimensional heat transfer situations in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.
2) Methods to calculate heat transfer through solid materials like slabs, cylinders, and spheres are presented. This includes determining the temperature distribution and thermal resistance of different geometries.
3) The concepts of thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and resistance are defined and applied to problems involving composite materials and situations with both internal heat generation and no generation.
Static and dynamic characteristics of instrumentsfreddyuae
Static characteristics describe an instrument's performance when measuring quantities that remain constant or vary slowly. They include properties like linearity, sensitivity, resolution, repeatability, hysteresis, and environmental effects. Dynamic characteristics describe how the instrument responds when the measured quantity varies rapidly over time. Instruments can be modeled as a series of blocks, each with their own static and dynamic transfer functions. The overall static and dynamic responses are obtained by multiplying the individual block transfer functions. Characterizing both the static and dynamic behavior is important for understanding an instrument's performance.
Thermocouples are temperature measurement devices that produce a voltage when two different conductors contact each other at different temperatures. The voltage is proportional to the temperature difference and relies on the Seebeck effect where a temperature gradient along conductors generates an electric current. Common thermocouple types use different metal combinations like chromel-iron and alumel-constantan wired into a circuit to measure temperature in various applications such as steel production, gas appliances, and vacuum gauges.
This document describes an experiment on thermocouples. It explains the principle of thermocouples, how they work, different types of thermocouples, and their construction. It then provides the procedure to set up and conduct the experiment, which involves taking readings from a thermocouple and PT-100 sensor as temperature is varied and plotting the results. The aim is to understand thermocouple characteristics and determine sensitivity and linearity.
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar metals joined together that produces a voltage dependent on the temperature difference between the junctions. Thermocouples operate based on the Seebeck effect and Peltier effect to measure a wide range of temperatures from -270°C to 3000°C. They are commonly used to monitor temperatures in industrial processes like kilns but are less accurate than other sensors for measuring small temperature differences with high precision.
This document discusses two common types of temperature sensors: thermocouples and RTDs. Thermocouples generate voltage based on dissimilar metals and come in different types, while RTDs change resistance proportionally to temperature. Thermocouples are cheaper and work over a wider temperature range but provide less accuracy than RTDs. The key factors in choosing a sensor are the required temperature range, response time, size constraints, and needed accuracy.
1) The document discusses heat transfer through conduction in three dimensions. It presents the general heat conduction equation and applies it to steady state one-dimensional heat transfer situations in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.
2) Methods to calculate heat transfer through solid materials like slabs, cylinders, and spheres are presented. This includes determining the temperature distribution and thermal resistance of different geometries.
3) The concepts of thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and resistance are defined and applied to problems involving composite materials and situations with both internal heat generation and no generation.
Static and dynamic characteristics of instrumentsfreddyuae
Static characteristics describe an instrument's performance when measuring quantities that remain constant or vary slowly. They include properties like linearity, sensitivity, resolution, repeatability, hysteresis, and environmental effects. Dynamic characteristics describe how the instrument responds when the measured quantity varies rapidly over time. Instruments can be modeled as a series of blocks, each with their own static and dynamic transfer functions. The overall static and dynamic responses are obtained by multiplying the individual block transfer functions. Characterizing both the static and dynamic behavior is important for understanding an instrument's performance.
Heat can be transferred through three mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat between objects in direct contact through collisions of molecules. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves and can occur through a vacuum. The rate of heat transfer by conduction follows Fourier's Law and depends on factors like thermal conductivity, area, and temperature difference. Materials with high thermal conductivity like metals are good conductors while materials with low conductivity like wood and air are good insulators. Radiation transfer follows the Stefan-Boltzmann law and depends on emissivity, area, and the temperature difference between objects.
Thermocouples produce a voltage related to temperature difference based on the Seebeck effect. Common materials used include chromel-alumel for Type K and iron-constantan for Type J. Thermocouples have advantages such as wide temperature range, long transmission distances, low cost, and fast response time. Limitations include needing cold junction compensation and signal amplification. Applications include temperature monitoring in steel making and heating appliances.
One dimensional steady state fin equation for long finsTaufiq Rahman
This document presents the derivation of the one-dimensional steady-state fin equation for a long fin. It defines key terms like fin, temperature at the base (Tb) and surrounding fluid (T∞). The energy balance equation is shown for a differential volume element of the fin. Solving the resulting ordinary differential equation gives the temperature distribution equation as T(x) - T∞ = (Tb - T∞)e-mx, where m is a parameter involving heat transfer coefficient and fin properties. The heat flow equation is also derived. Two example problems are included to demonstrate calculating heat loss from long fins using the derived equations.
Heat transfer from extended surfaces (or fins)tmuliya
This file contains slides on Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (FINS). The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
Contents: Governing differential eqn – different boundary conditions – temp. distribution and heat transfer rate for: infinitely long fin, fin with insulated end, fin losing heat from its end, and fin with specified temperatures at its ends – performance of fins - ‘fin efficiency’ and ‘fin effectiveness’ – fins of non-uniform cross-section- thermal resistance and total surface efficiency of fins – estimation of error in temperature measurement - Problems
Thermocouples are transducers that convert heat directly into electricity according to the Seebeck effect. They consist of two conductors welded together at one end to form a junction, with the voltage difference between the junctions proportional to the temperature difference. The main types are K, J, T, E, N, S, B, and R, which differ in temperature range and sensitivity. Thermocouples are used to measure temperature and generate power due to their ruggedness, low cost, and ability to function over a wide range of temperatures. However, they also have low accuracy and can be vulnerable to corrosion.
This document discusses radiation pyrometers, which are devices used to measure the temperature of an object without physical contact by detecting the amount of thermal radiation emitted. It describes the basic components and working of a radiation pyrometer, including an optical system that focuses thermal radiation onto a detector which converts it to an electrical signal and temperature display. The document outlines common types of pyrometers and provides details on the construction, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and limitations of radiation pyrometers specifically.
Thermistors are a type of resistor whose resistance changes significantly with temperature. They are made of semiconducting materials like metal oxides and their resistance decreases with rising temperature (NTC thermistors) or increases with rising temperature (PTC thermistors). NTC thermistors are used in applications like temperature sensors and overcurrent protection, while PTC thermistors are used in self-regulating heaters and current-limiting devices. Thermistors have a fast response time, are compact and inexpensive but have non-linear resistance-temperature characteristics and may self-heat.
Temperature measurement is important across many industries and applications. There are several common temperature sensors including glass thermometers, bi-metallic thermometers, RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, and IC sensors. Each sensor has advantages and disadvantages regarding factors like accuracy, sensitivity, temperature range, cost, and stability over time that must be considered when choosing a sensor for a particular application like industrial processes, manufacturing, health and safety applications.
This ppt is made for making the topic clear. The aim is to make available content regarding thermocouple which is available on various sites. This ppt is made only for study purposes. The author doesn't claim originality of the content.
The thermocouple can be defined as a kind of temperature sensor that is used to measure the temperature at one specific point in the form of the EMF or an electric current. This sensor comprises two dissimilar metal wires that are connected together at one junction. A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from different metals. The wires' legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. The voltage can then be interpreted using thermocouple reference tables to calculate the temperature.The temperature can be measured at this junction, and the change in temperature of the metal wire stimulates the voltages. These are used as the temperature sensors in thermostats in offices, homes, offices & businesses.
These are used in industries for monitoring temperatures of metals in iron, aluminum, and metal.
These are used in the food industry for cryogenic and Low-temperature applications. Thermocouples are used as a heat pump for performing thermoelectric cooling.
These are used to test temperature in the chemical plants, petroleum plants. These are used in gas machines for detecting the pilot flame.
Thermocouples operate by generating a voltage when two dissimilar metals are joined and exposed to different temperatures. They are inexpensive, small, and accurate when used properly. Thermocouples work based on the Seebeck effect where a voltage is produced due to temperature differences between junctions. Tables are used to correlate the voltage measured to a specific temperature once the reference junction temperature is accounted for through laws such as the Law of Intermediate Temperatures. Common thermocouple types are T, J, and K, with the material chosen based on the required temperature range and accuracy.
Thermocouple is a temperature measurement device consisting of two dissimilar metals joined at one end to form a junction. When there is a temperature difference between the junction and the other ends, a voltage is produced due to the Seebeck effect. This effect converts thermal energy into electrical energy proportional to the temperature difference. Thermocouples have various applications in industries like steel, gas, manufacturing, and power production to measure temperature. Common types are classified based on the materials used like copper-constantan, iron-constantan, and platinum-rhodium. Thermocouples can operate within a wide range of temperatures depending on the type.
A pyrometer is a non-contact device that measures the surface temperature of an object by detecting the thermal radiation it emits. Modern pyrometers became available in 1901 with the development of the disappearing filament pyrometer. Issues with early pyrometers relying on emissivity led to the development of ratio or two-color pyrometers. There are different types of pyrometers including optical, radiation, digital, and infrared pyrometers that use various detectors like thermopiles, photocells, bolometers, and thermistors. Pyrometers are useful for measuring temperatures of moving or inaccessible objects and are widely used in industries like smelting, heat treatment, and steam boilers.
A thermocouple is a device that uses the Seebeck effect to convert temperature differences into electrical signals. It consists of two dissimilar metals joined together at two points called thermocouple junctions. When the junctions are at different temperatures, it generates a voltage that can be measured to determine the unknown temperature. Common types of thermocouples use combinations like copper-constantan, iron-constantan, and chromel-alumel wires. Thermocouples have a wide temperature range but lower accuracy compared to resistance temperature detectors. They are cheaper, respond faster, and are well suited for applications that require temperature measurements over a broad range.
A thermocouple is an electrical device that measures temperature using the Seebeck effect, which generates a voltage when two dissimilar metals are joined together at different temperatures. It consists of two wires made of different metals welded together at each end. One end measures the temperature and the other end is placed at a known reference junction. The voltage generated depends on the temperature difference between the two ends and can be calibrated to indicate the temperature being measured. Common types include nickel-alloy, platinum-alloy, and tungsten-alloy thermocouples, each suited for different temperature ranges. Thermocouples have applications in industries like steel where they monitor temperatures throughout processes.
Thermocouples are temperature sensors that use the Seebeck effect to measure temperature by generating a voltage proportional to the temperature difference between the thermocouple junction and a reference junction. They consist of two dissimilar metals welded together at the measuring junction. Common types include K, J, T, E, which have different temperature ranges and sensitivities. Thermocouples are widely used to measure temperature in industrial processes, kilns, engines, and other applications requiring temperature measurement.
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
RTDs measure temperature by detecting changes in electrical resistance of a wire as temperature varies. There are two types based on whether resistance increases or decreases with temperature. RTDs are used in bridge circuits where changes in resistance produce voltage changes proportional to temperature. Thermocouples use the Seebeck effect where different metals produce voltage when joined and subjected to a temperature gradient. Common types include J, K, B, S, T, and R which vary in sensitivity and measurable temperature range. Both RTDs and thermocouples require signal conditioning due to their small voltage outputs and are calibrated using a temperature indicator, controller, and oven.
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
Heat can be transferred through three mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat between objects in direct contact through collisions of molecules. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves and can occur through a vacuum. The rate of heat transfer by conduction follows Fourier's Law and depends on factors like thermal conductivity, area, and temperature difference. Materials with high thermal conductivity like metals are good conductors while materials with low conductivity like wood and air are good insulators. Radiation transfer follows the Stefan-Boltzmann law and depends on emissivity, area, and the temperature difference between objects.
Thermocouples produce a voltage related to temperature difference based on the Seebeck effect. Common materials used include chromel-alumel for Type K and iron-constantan for Type J. Thermocouples have advantages such as wide temperature range, long transmission distances, low cost, and fast response time. Limitations include needing cold junction compensation and signal amplification. Applications include temperature monitoring in steel making and heating appliances.
One dimensional steady state fin equation for long finsTaufiq Rahman
This document presents the derivation of the one-dimensional steady-state fin equation for a long fin. It defines key terms like fin, temperature at the base (Tb) and surrounding fluid (T∞). The energy balance equation is shown for a differential volume element of the fin. Solving the resulting ordinary differential equation gives the temperature distribution equation as T(x) - T∞ = (Tb - T∞)e-mx, where m is a parameter involving heat transfer coefficient and fin properties. The heat flow equation is also derived. Two example problems are included to demonstrate calculating heat loss from long fins using the derived equations.
Heat transfer from extended surfaces (or fins)tmuliya
This file contains slides on Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (FINS). The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
Contents: Governing differential eqn – different boundary conditions – temp. distribution and heat transfer rate for: infinitely long fin, fin with insulated end, fin losing heat from its end, and fin with specified temperatures at its ends – performance of fins - ‘fin efficiency’ and ‘fin effectiveness’ – fins of non-uniform cross-section- thermal resistance and total surface efficiency of fins – estimation of error in temperature measurement - Problems
Thermocouples are transducers that convert heat directly into electricity according to the Seebeck effect. They consist of two conductors welded together at one end to form a junction, with the voltage difference between the junctions proportional to the temperature difference. The main types are K, J, T, E, N, S, B, and R, which differ in temperature range and sensitivity. Thermocouples are used to measure temperature and generate power due to their ruggedness, low cost, and ability to function over a wide range of temperatures. However, they also have low accuracy and can be vulnerable to corrosion.
This document discusses radiation pyrometers, which are devices used to measure the temperature of an object without physical contact by detecting the amount of thermal radiation emitted. It describes the basic components and working of a radiation pyrometer, including an optical system that focuses thermal radiation onto a detector which converts it to an electrical signal and temperature display. The document outlines common types of pyrometers and provides details on the construction, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and limitations of radiation pyrometers specifically.
Thermistors are a type of resistor whose resistance changes significantly with temperature. They are made of semiconducting materials like metal oxides and their resistance decreases with rising temperature (NTC thermistors) or increases with rising temperature (PTC thermistors). NTC thermistors are used in applications like temperature sensors and overcurrent protection, while PTC thermistors are used in self-regulating heaters and current-limiting devices. Thermistors have a fast response time, are compact and inexpensive but have non-linear resistance-temperature characteristics and may self-heat.
Temperature measurement is important across many industries and applications. There are several common temperature sensors including glass thermometers, bi-metallic thermometers, RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, and IC sensors. Each sensor has advantages and disadvantages regarding factors like accuracy, sensitivity, temperature range, cost, and stability over time that must be considered when choosing a sensor for a particular application like industrial processes, manufacturing, health and safety applications.
This ppt is made for making the topic clear. The aim is to make available content regarding thermocouple which is available on various sites. This ppt is made only for study purposes. The author doesn't claim originality of the content.
The thermocouple can be defined as a kind of temperature sensor that is used to measure the temperature at one specific point in the form of the EMF or an electric current. This sensor comprises two dissimilar metal wires that are connected together at one junction. A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from different metals. The wires' legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. The voltage can then be interpreted using thermocouple reference tables to calculate the temperature.The temperature can be measured at this junction, and the change in temperature of the metal wire stimulates the voltages. These are used as the temperature sensors in thermostats in offices, homes, offices & businesses.
These are used in industries for monitoring temperatures of metals in iron, aluminum, and metal.
These are used in the food industry for cryogenic and Low-temperature applications. Thermocouples are used as a heat pump for performing thermoelectric cooling.
These are used to test temperature in the chemical plants, petroleum plants. These are used in gas machines for detecting the pilot flame.
Thermocouples operate by generating a voltage when two dissimilar metals are joined and exposed to different temperatures. They are inexpensive, small, and accurate when used properly. Thermocouples work based on the Seebeck effect where a voltage is produced due to temperature differences between junctions. Tables are used to correlate the voltage measured to a specific temperature once the reference junction temperature is accounted for through laws such as the Law of Intermediate Temperatures. Common thermocouple types are T, J, and K, with the material chosen based on the required temperature range and accuracy.
Thermocouple is a temperature measurement device consisting of two dissimilar metals joined at one end to form a junction. When there is a temperature difference between the junction and the other ends, a voltage is produced due to the Seebeck effect. This effect converts thermal energy into electrical energy proportional to the temperature difference. Thermocouples have various applications in industries like steel, gas, manufacturing, and power production to measure temperature. Common types are classified based on the materials used like copper-constantan, iron-constantan, and platinum-rhodium. Thermocouples can operate within a wide range of temperatures depending on the type.
A pyrometer is a non-contact device that measures the surface temperature of an object by detecting the thermal radiation it emits. Modern pyrometers became available in 1901 with the development of the disappearing filament pyrometer. Issues with early pyrometers relying on emissivity led to the development of ratio or two-color pyrometers. There are different types of pyrometers including optical, radiation, digital, and infrared pyrometers that use various detectors like thermopiles, photocells, bolometers, and thermistors. Pyrometers are useful for measuring temperatures of moving or inaccessible objects and are widely used in industries like smelting, heat treatment, and steam boilers.
A thermocouple is a device that uses the Seebeck effect to convert temperature differences into electrical signals. It consists of two dissimilar metals joined together at two points called thermocouple junctions. When the junctions are at different temperatures, it generates a voltage that can be measured to determine the unknown temperature. Common types of thermocouples use combinations like copper-constantan, iron-constantan, and chromel-alumel wires. Thermocouples have a wide temperature range but lower accuracy compared to resistance temperature detectors. They are cheaper, respond faster, and are well suited for applications that require temperature measurements over a broad range.
A thermocouple is an electrical device that measures temperature using the Seebeck effect, which generates a voltage when two dissimilar metals are joined together at different temperatures. It consists of two wires made of different metals welded together at each end. One end measures the temperature and the other end is placed at a known reference junction. The voltage generated depends on the temperature difference between the two ends and can be calibrated to indicate the temperature being measured. Common types include nickel-alloy, platinum-alloy, and tungsten-alloy thermocouples, each suited for different temperature ranges. Thermocouples have applications in industries like steel where they monitor temperatures throughout processes.
Thermocouples are temperature sensors that use the Seebeck effect to measure temperature by generating a voltage proportional to the temperature difference between the thermocouple junction and a reference junction. They consist of two dissimilar metals welded together at the measuring junction. Common types include K, J, T, E, which have different temperature ranges and sensitivities. Thermocouples are widely used to measure temperature in industrial processes, kilns, engines, and other applications requiring temperature measurement.
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
RTDs measure temperature by detecting changes in electrical resistance of a wire as temperature varies. There are two types based on whether resistance increases or decreases with temperature. RTDs are used in bridge circuits where changes in resistance produce voltage changes proportional to temperature. Thermocouples use the Seebeck effect where different metals produce voltage when joined and subjected to a temperature gradient. Common types include J, K, B, S, T, and R which vary in sensitivity and measurable temperature range. Both RTDs and thermocouples require signal conditioning due to their small voltage outputs and are calibrated using a temperature indicator, controller, and oven.
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
IPM Global is a project management software company that offers an integrated project management solution. The software allows users to manage projects, documents, schedules, and other project data from a web browser or mobile app. It offers custom dashboards, reporting, submittal management, forecasting, and other functionality. The software also integrates with accounting systems to provide a single source of project truth between estimating, project management, and accounting.
This document discusses various physical separation techniques including magnetism, simple distillation, hand separation, filtration, sifting or sieving, evaporation, and chromatography. It provides examples of how each technique can be used to separate different mixtures, such as using a magnet to separate nails from wood chips, distilling water from a saltwater solution, sifting sand from pebbles, and using chromatography paper to separate ink into its original components. The key idea is that physical separation techniques separate mixtures into their original pure substances without chemical changes through methods like filtration, evaporation, magnetic attraction, or passing through columns.
The document provides details about three experiments conducted using instrumentation and control systems lab equipment:
1. The first experiment investigates strain gauges and how metal foil gauges can be used to measure strain. A linear relationship was observed between position and output voltage.
2. The second experiment uses a Wheatstone bridge circuit to determine the value of an unknown resistor. The measured value matched closely with the theoretical value.
3. The third experiment studies a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) and how it can convert mechanical displacement into an electrical output signal. Graphs of AC and DC output versus core position showed the expected linear relationship.
Calibration involves determining an instrument's accuracy by comparing its readings to a standard instrument. Instruments should be calibrated according to the manufacturer's recommendations, after repairs or modifications, periodically, or whenever readings seem questionable. Common laboratory equipment calibrated include volumetric flasks, burettes, and pipettes. The calibration process for each involves taking multiple measurements of known volumes of water and performing calculations to determine accuracy. Class A equipment has tighter tolerances and higher accuracy than Class B. Tolerance is the acceptable range of variation in measurements.
JISC Legal Service Manager Jason Miles-Campbell's presentation on 'IPR and OER: Legal Lessons Learned' from the UKOER Showcase on 23 July 2010. For more information, please go to: www.jisclegal.ac.uk.
my slideshare consist of various activities that can easily understand by the pupils and also videos which can be visualize and guide pupils how to do the hands on activity.
The document discusses the disassembly of the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) and its components. It provides photos showing the AGC during assembly in the Command Module, its memory and logic trays, sense amplifier and RAM module assemblies, dual nor gates used in logic modules, core rope memory schematic, and DSKY subassemblies. The photos illustrate the internal construction and components of the AGC.
dish and heat gently. NH4Cl will sublime leaving behind NaCl.
Filter the remaining NaCl through the funnel. The filtrate will
contain the sublimed NH4Cl.
This separates the mixture using the technique of sublimation
based on the fact that NH4Cl sublimes but NaCl does not.
Experiment 1 demonstrates sublimation as a method of separating mixtures where one component sublimes and the other does not.
Syllabus requirement met: describe the separating methods of simple distillation , fractional distillation , filtration , layer separation and identify sublimation as a method of separating mixtures based on their composition.
The document contains instructions for calibrating a rotameter to measure fluid flow rate. It describes connecting the rotameter to a test setup with a pump, valves, measuring tank and sump. The procedure involves taking readings from the rotameter and measuring tank at different valve positions, with and without pressure. Observations are recorded and flow rates calculated to determine the error between theoretical discharge and rotameter readings. A graph will compare the true and measured values.
This document discusses methods for separating mixtures into their pure components. It describes techniques like filtration, crystallization, distillation, and paper chromatography. Filtration can separate insoluble solids from liquids. Crystallization involves evaporating a solution to leave behind crystals of the solute. Distillation separates liquids based on their boiling points. Paper chromatography uses a solvent to separate mixtures on a paper strip based on how far different substances travel up the paper. The document emphasizes that pure substances have fixed melting and boiling points, while mixtures can be separated into pure components using these techniques.
The document discusses the calibration of volumetric glassware used in analytical chemistry laboratories. It explains that volumetric glassware like burettes, pipettes, and volumetric flasks must be precisely calibrated to deliver accurate volumes of liquids. The document provides details on properly calibrating and using common types of volumetric glassware like burettes, pipettes, and volumetric flasks to ensure precise volume measurements.
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gasesijsrd.com
Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
Thermocouples produce a voltage when two dissimilar metals are joined at both ends and exposed to different temperatures. This effect is called the Seebeck effect. For accurate temperature measurement, the reference or "cold" junction must be at a known temperature like 0°C. In industry, the cold junction is often at ambient temperature which introduces error. To compensate, a voltage corresponding to the ambient temperature is added to the thermocouple voltage measurement. Thermocouples are widely used in industrial processes like steel making due to their ruggedness, wide temperature range up to 2300°C, and linear output.
The document discusses various topics related to low temperature physics and thermoelectricity:
1. It lists the group members and their roll numbers working on the project.
2. It discusses low temperature physics, the Joule-Thomson effect, thermoelectricity, thermocouples, the Seebeck effect, and the Peltier effect.
3. Different group members provide explanations and examples for various topics like thermoelectric materials and applications, how thermocouples work, and the scientific principles behind the Seebeck and Peltier effects.
Working principle and structure of thermocoupleYiDan Li
Thermocouples measure temperature by detecting small voltage differences created by the junction of two different metals. The document discusses how thermocouples work based on thermoelectric principles and three laws of thermocouples. It also describes common thermocouple types and structures, potential issues with measurement, and proper installation and handling procedures to ensure accurate temperature readings.
1) The document describes an experiment to measure the thermal profile of an egg white cylinder cooking in boiling water using a thermocouple. Trials showed a linear relationship between temperature difference and time.
2) A COMSOL simulation modeled the system and also showed a linear relationship, though the slope differed from experimental results, likely due to modeling assumptions.
3) A theoretical model based on an infinite cylinder approximation had results close to experiments, with less than 1% error in slope, suggesting it adequately modeled the system.
Thermocouple temperature measurement principle and common faultsYiDan Li
Thermocouple is one of the most commonly used temperature detection elements in industry. It works based on the Seebeck effect where a thermal current is generated when two conductors with different components are connected and their temperatures differ. Thermocouples have advantages such as high measurement accuracy from direct contact, a wide measurement range from -50°C to over +2800°C, and a simple and convenient structure.
Research proposal: Thermoelectric cooling in electric vehicles KristopherKerames
This experiment aims to characterize a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) for cooling electric vehicle batteries by measuring its Seebeck coefficient and coefficient of performance (COP). A small-scale system using a hot plate, TEC module, and fan will simulate an EV battery cooling system. Temperature and voltage measurements taken with and without the hot plate will be used to calculate the Seebeck coefficient and COP of the TEC and determine the uncertainty in these values. The results will help engineers evaluate TECs for optimal battery thermal management.
This document provides information on temperature measurement instruments and methods. It discusses that temperature is measured indirectly through effects on physical, chemical, electrical or optical properties of substances. Common methods include resistance thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, and thermocouples. Resistance thermometers measure the change in electrical resistance of metals with temperature. Bimetallic thermometers use the differential expansion of two metals bonded together. Thermocouples generate a voltage proportional to temperature difference at the junction of two dissimilar metals. The document also covers temperature scales, applications, advantages and limitations of different temperature measurement techniques.
The document discusses various methods for measuring temperature, including primary reference temperatures defined by the International Practical Temperature Scale. It describes mechanical methods like liquid-in-glass thermometers, electrical methods using resistance temperature detectors and thermistors, and thermoelectric sensors like thermocouples. Specifically, it provides details on how bimetallic strips, pressure thermometers, RTDs, thermistors, and thermocouples measure temperature based on physical properties like expansion, resistance, or thermoelectric effects.
Peltier Thermoelectric Modules Modeling and EvaluationCSCJournals
The purpose of this work is to develop and experimentally test a model for the Peltier effect heat pump for the transient simulation in Spice software. The proposed model uses controlled sources and lumped components and its parameters can be directly calculated from the manufacturer’s data-sheets. In order to validate this model, a refrigeration chamber was designed and fabricated by using the Peltier modules. The overall system was experimentally tested and simulated with Spice. The simulation results were found to be compatible with the experimental results. This model will help designers to better design thermal systems using the Peltier modules.
Gives a brief introduction about temperature measurement and its unit. it also enumerates the different techniques employed in temperature measurement.
The document discusses temperature and thermometry. It defines temperature and describes how it relates to the kinetic energy of particles. It introduces common temperature scales like Celsius and Kelvin, and describes how fixed points are used to define scales. Thermometers are devices that measure temperature, with examples being gas thermometers, resistance thermometers, liquid-in-glass thermometers, and thermoelectric thermometers. The key properties measured include pressure, resistance, volume, and voltage. Formulas are provided for converting between measured values and reported temperatures on different scales.
The document discusses concepts of heat and temperature including molecular concepts of thermal energy, heat, and temperature. It explains the meaning of thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics. The document also describes the working principle of the mercury thermometer and how it is constructed and used to measure temperature based on the concept of thermal equilibrium.
Applications of thermoelectric modules on heat flow detectionISA Interchange
This paper presents quantitative analysis and practical scenarios of implementation of the thermoelectric module for heat flow detection. Mathematical models of the thermoelectric effects are derived to describe the heat flow from/to the detected media. It is observed that the amount of the heat flow through the thermoelectric module proportionally induces the conduction heat owing to the temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module. In turn, the Seebeck effect takes place in the thermoelectric module where the temperature difference is converted to the electric voltage. Hence, the heat flow from/to the detected media can be observed from both the amount and the polarity of the voltage across the thermoelectric module. Two experiments are demonstrated for viability of the proposed technique by the measurements of the heat flux through the building wall and thermal radiation from the outdoor environment during daytime.
1. The document discusses heat transfer through conduction in fluids and determining the thermal conductivity of water. An apparatus is used to study heat conduction in air and water without natural convection.
2. The thermal conductivity of air is known and used to calculate the heat transfer and losses in the apparatus. This allows determining the thermal conductivity of water.
3. The second part of the document discusses determining the natural convection heat transfer coefficient for a vertically oriented cylindrical tube exposed to atmospheric air and losing heat through natural convection. Different heating levels are used to study natural convection pipe flows.
The document discusses various topics related to temperature and thermometry:
1. It defines temperature and explains how it is measured objectively using the zeroth law of thermodynamics and thermal equilibrium between bodies.
2. Common temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin are introduced. Various thermometers including liquid-in-glass, electrical resistance, thermocouple and gas thermometers are described based on the thermometric property they measure.
3. The concepts of reference points and fixed points used to calibrate thermometers are explained using the triple point of water as an example.
4. Methods for measuring high temperatures like radiation thermometers are also summarized.
Thermoelectric power generation (TEG) devices typically use special semiconductor materials, which are optimized for the Seebeck effect. The simplest TEG device consists of a thermocouple, comprising a p-type and n-type material connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel.
Heat is applied into one side of the couple and rejected from the opposite side. An electrical current is produced, proportional to the temperature gradient between the hot and cold junctions.
The document summarizes a student mini project on developing a thermoelectric air conditioning system. The system uses a thermoelectric Peltier module based on the Peltier effect to provide cooling without moving parts. It consists of a 12V Peltier device sandwiched between two heat sinks to dissipate heat, powered by a 12V battery. Fans are used to aid heat transfer. The document discusses thermoelectric principles, components used including specifications, assembly, advantages and limitations. The system was able to lower temperature by 2.11°C with a coefficient of performance of 0.8064 for cooling.
Similar to Instrumentation Lab. Experiment #8 Report: Thermocouples (20)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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1. Jordan University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Instrumentation and Dynamic Systems Lab
Experiment #8: Thermocouples
Introduction:
2. External
circuit
Material 2
Material 1
Junction
A
B
I
Since many of the matter features are related to the temperature, such as the pressure, electrical
resistance, expansion coefficient, etc …, and they change with it, they can be used to measure the
change in the temperature of bodies
The electrical resistance is used widely, because of the high accuracy and ease to use. The
temperature change tends to change the resistance of the material being used for this purpose, so
the material draw a voltage signal, can be amplified and measured as an indication to the
temperature change.
Figure 1: typical representation for a thermocouple connected to an external circuit.
When the thermocouple junction receives a temperature change, an emf is existed between
the two points "A" and "B", this phenomenon is called the See-beck effect
Thermocouple connection depends on two terminals, so if the temperature of one terminal is
known, it's easy to find the other terminal temperature using the thermoelectric properties of the
materials, which are listed in standard tables. The known temperature of the first terminal is
called the reference temperature, and it's commonly used to be "zero ºC", established in an ice
bath. Standard tables are prepared on this basis, which relates the generated emf with the
temperature, and are based on a third order polynomial regression:
E=AT+BT2/2+CT3/3
Where the constants A, B and C depend on the material type of the thermocouple used.
The thermocouples are widely used in several applications, such as measuring the internal
temperature of furnaces, especially in heat treatment operations, also in measuring body's
temperature when it's difficult to be measured using the traditional thermometer, also
thermocouples can be used as a control system, when the temperature is the affecting parameter,
for example, the fire safety systems, the furnaces shut down system and many other applications.
To attain higher accuracy, multi-thermocouples are connected in series, this configuration is
called a thermopile. When connecting multi-thermocouples in parallel with each thermocouple-
end at a different temperature (but having the same reference), the average value of theses
temperatures are given.
Equipments and instrumentations:
Chromel-Alumel thermocouple.
Thermometer: Mercury thermometer is used to read the actual temperature of the water.
Vessel: Glass vessel or cup is used to melt the ice with water.
3. Voltmeter with precision at least of 10-3: electrical device used for measuring the induced
voltage or emf.
Chart Recorder: Mechanical, second order system, used for plotting the response of
other systems directly on a paper, it transforms the input voltage to a move the plotter
head on the plotting paper.
Ice (reference) and hot water.
Procedure:
The thermocouple should be prepared for measuring the temperature, this is done
by joining the ends of both wires, either by mechanical means, or by welding them
electrically, and electrical welding is used in this experiment.
Connect the thermocouple free ends to the voltmeter, and set a scale of 10-3, i.e.
m-volt.
Put ice in the vessel, and contact the welded end to it, and read the voltage
induced.
Use the thermometer to measure the temperature, and convert it into an emf using
the standard tables of Chromel-Alumel thermocouple (table "1"), call it V
(Thermometer).
Read the voltage from the voltmeter, and convert the induced voltage (emf) into a
temperature, using the standard table, call it
T (Voltmeter).
Add some water to the vessel, and repeat the readings.
Repeat the process 6 or 8 times, by adding a little amount of water, in order to
change the solution temperature.
Results:
4. Figure 2: Experiment Results
Sample of Calculation:
The See-beck coefficient for the chromel-alumel thermocouple is:
K= 41µV/Kelvin.
Assuming linear relation:
𝑇ℎ = 𝑇𝑐 + 𝛥𝑉/K
At iteration # 2:
𝑇ℎ = 4.5 +
3.2 ∗ 10−3
41 ∗ 10−6
= 67.9
Or
𝑉ℎ = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝛥𝑉
= 0.139 + 3.2 = 3.34
Referring to the Table of the chromel-alumel thermocouple, then Th = 67.9
degrees Celsius.
Discussion of Results:
The experiment shows how a thermocouple is used to measure unknown
temperature with respect to a known reference temperature, assuming linearity
between voltage change and temperature difference for the thermocouple. This
assumption is correct to large extent as long as the temperature differences aren’t
so large (many hundreds).
The Table in Figure 2 shows the results of the experiment.
Sources of error aren’t identified clearly, although a large error value is
recorded.
5. Percentage Error(iteration #2) =
67.9−45
45
∗ 100% = 29%
Conclusions:
Thermocouples are widely used devices due to its simplicity and linearity for a
wide range of temperature differences.
The arrangement of many thermocouples determines whether the device is used
for more sensitive measurements or for multi-temperature points
.