The document discusses various instructional factors to consider when designing effective tutorials, including: 1) The introduction should state clear objectives, motivate learners, and assess prerequisite knowledge. 2) Questions and responses should keep learners engaged, provide practice, and assess understanding. Feedback and remediation should follow responses. 3) The organization and sequencing of content, as well as learner control features, are also important factors for tutorial design.

1. TUTORIALS By Luis Q. Colón Ortiz BWP Tech Liaison

2. Instructional factors “Methodology” Introducing the tutorial Questions and responses Judgment of responses Feedback about responses Remediation Organization and sequence of programs Learner control in tutorials diagram

3. Introduction of the Tutorial Presentation of Objectives should be stated in terms that learner can understand Should motivate learners demonstrating relevance Stimulating prior knowledge Rich natural context facilitates learning outcomes Pretesting To assess knowledge of prerequisites (ready for new material) To assess knowledge of the final objectives (already know the content of the lesson) Example

4. Questions and Responses The function of Questions Frequency of Questions Types of Questions Other Factors Affecting Quality of Question Use of Graphics in Questions Placement of Questions

5. Questions and Responses (cont.) Mode of Response (keyboard,mouse, speech) Response Economy (short responses) The Response Prompt and the Typing Prompt <type your response> or<click the best answer> Box or mark where typing will appear Other types of Learner Interaction (take notes, make diagrams or create analogies)

6. Judgment of Responses Types of Judgments Response is: correct, contains an expected or unexpected error, neither right nor wrong Response Types Multiple choice, Marking question, drawings or essays General Judging Considerations Length, Time Limits, Help and Escape

7. Feedback about Responses Feedback following: Format Errors Correct Responses Neutral Responses Content Errors Positive and Corrective Feedback Timing of feedback Types of feedback graphics, audio/video Subsequent Attempts

8. Remediation Repeat information Provide restatements of information with new and simpler wording

9. Organization and Sequence of Programs Types of Information Organization Linear Tutorials Branching Tutorials Tutorials that Assess Learner Level and Adjust Difficulty Level Organization Not Well Suited to the Tutorial Methodology Exiting the Tutorial

10. Learner Control in Tutorials Paging Review Help Asking for the answer

11. Summary Instructional Factors Introduction of the Tutorial Question and Responses Judgment of Responses Feedback about Responses Remediation Organization and Sequence of Programs Learner control in Tutorials

12. Thank you for your Attention

13. OBJECTIVES

14. General Structure and Sequence of a Tutorial Program Introductory section Present information Questions and Responses Judge response Feedback or Remediation Closing

15. The Function Of Questions Keep the learner attentive to the program Provide practice Encourage deeper processing Assess how well the learner remembers and understands information

16. Frequency of Questions Four-Part Cycle Present information Feedback or remediation Judge response Question and response

17. Types of Questions Alternate-response (objectives) Multiple Choice Marking question True or False (Yes/No) Match Constructed-Response Completion Questions Short-Answer and Essay Questions

18. Other Factors Affecting Quality of Questions Assessing Comprehension Reading Level Abbreviations Negative Words Scrolling

19. Use of graphics in Questions Graphics as the Context Graphics as Prompts

20. Placement of Questions Before or after the information they assess Motivate learner Facilitate learning Focus attention

21. A Multiple-Choice Question What country does this flag represent? Spain United States Cuba Puerto Rico Exit Help Back Next Menu

22. EXCELLENT!

23. SORRY! Try again!

24. A Marking Question Mark the prepositions in the sentence below by clicking on them with the mouse. The boy ran over the hill and under the bridge on his way home . Exit Menu Help Back Next

25. EXCELLENT!

26. SORRY! Try again!

27. True or false Questions T F T T T F F F Faster film speed permits smaller aperture. Slower film speed is better for faster action. Greater ASA settings requires a flash. Focusing is more accurate at maximum zoom. PHOTOGRAPHY BASIS Click on T or F for each statement below. Exit Menu Help Back Next

28. Great!

29. Sorry! That’s not the right answer

30. A Matching Question Match the countries with the flag. Click on the box with the right answer. A B Puerto Rico United States B A A B Exit Menu Help Back Next

31. EXCELLENT!

32. SORRY! Try again!

33. A Completion Questions Complete this statement. The three of rocks are sedimentary, , and metamorphic. Click on a box to type a word into it. Exit Menu Help Back Next

34. Essay Questions

35. Short-Answer and Essay Questions What is the primary element in the atmosphere? Answer Exit Menu Help Back Next