It focuses on sleep medicine - sleep disorders, sleep stages, DSM classification, types, classifications, and pharmacological and non pharmacological management.
Do you have trouble falling asleep, or find yourself constantly waking up throughout the night ? You may have Insomnia. Take a self test @ https://www.sleepmedcenter.com/psychomotor-vigilance-test/
It focuses on sleep medicine - sleep disorders, sleep stages, DSM classification, types, classifications, and pharmacological and non pharmacological management.
Do you have trouble falling asleep, or find yourself constantly waking up throughout the night ? You may have Insomnia. Take a self test @ https://www.sleepmedcenter.com/psychomotor-vigilance-test/
Understanding the sleep cycle is often the first step to better sleep quality. When you know, what affects your sleep cycle, you can take measures to cut out distractions and get ample restful sleep every night.
Also, to help you understand the various sleep stages and sleep cycles easily, we have also created an infographic for this.
Read more details on the source site: https://sleepsherpa.com/stages-of-sleep-and-sleep-cycles-explained/
This a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content please email the teacher, Laura Astorian: laura.astorian@cobbk12.org
Jessica Peeling was a 4th year medical student from UNECOM in Biddeford, Maine on rotation at the Falcon Clinic in Utica, NY. She gave a presentation on "Insomnia" during a luncheon at the office.
Sleep is a subject dear to all our hearts, so here is my current assignment.
Please do not use this information as medical advice. It is only a brief summary of other people's research. Consult your doctor or psychologist if you have insomnia
Understanding the sleep cycle is often the first step to better sleep quality. When you know, what affects your sleep cycle, you can take measures to cut out distractions and get ample restful sleep every night.
Also, to help you understand the various sleep stages and sleep cycles easily, we have also created an infographic for this.
Read more details on the source site: https://sleepsherpa.com/stages-of-sleep-and-sleep-cycles-explained/
This a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content please email the teacher, Laura Astorian: laura.astorian@cobbk12.org
Jessica Peeling was a 4th year medical student from UNECOM in Biddeford, Maine on rotation at the Falcon Clinic in Utica, NY. She gave a presentation on "Insomnia" during a luncheon at the office.
Sleep is a subject dear to all our hearts, so here is my current assignment.
Please do not use this information as medical advice. It is only a brief summary of other people's research. Consult your doctor or psychologist if you have insomnia
Sleep Is an issue in modern world. We are progressing in the world of Insomnia. Using sleeping pills have its disadvantages. Here we discuss about sleep management without medicines.
by : Dr. Vijay Pathak, MBBS , MD Psychiatry (CIP,Ranchi), Practising Since : 2010
Dr. Vijay Pathak is a well-known Consultant Psychiatrist in Delhi. After MBBS, he did MD in Psychiatry from legendary Central Institute of Psychiatry , Ranchi. He worked in RML Hospital New Delhi as Senior Resident Psychistrist in New Delhi. During this extensive traing he gained experience in the Drug Dependence Treatment, neurology, neurosurgery, psychotherapy & Child Adolescent Psychitry. His areas of specialization include adult psychiatry (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and anxiety ), child psychiatry (ADHD), de-addiction (alcohol and Drugs). Among Top Psychiatrist in Delhi, Dr. Vijay Pathak is reviewed as best Psychiatrist in Delhi by his many clients.
Women and the Importance of Sleep
Texas Health Resources and the Advances in Medicine Lecture Series are proud to collaborate with the Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center on a lecture about women and the importance of sleep.
Clinical sleep disorder and sleep debt are often unrecognized, untreated misdiagnosed in millions of women. The amount of sleep a woman gets every night can affect her stress level, weight and overall health. Sleep loss even increases aging including memory.
This lecture presented by Dr. Emily Kirby will bring to light causes, effects and solutions. Written by Anne L. Smalligan, BSN, Med. with Kaye Renshaw, LPC
Are you sleeping good ? Are you sleeping enough ? A common problem reported by the university students. it is essential to have early intervention and effective management to overcome the problem.
Pulmonologist, Jenny Kim, MD, FCCP of our Sleep Disorders Center partnered with the Livingston Health Department to present, Can’t Sleep? The ABCs of Your ZZZs to the community. During the session, Dr. Kim discussed tips for improving sleep and treatment options for common sleep disorders.
As in, ZZZZZZZzzzzzzz. Hopefully, you might sleep through this workshop, and it won’t be due to boredom. We’ll talk about healthy sleeping patterns and habits, strategies for better sleep, and hopefully get to practice a little.
Are you tired of being tired ? See how to improve your sleep efficiency with a help of sleep medicine center located in Chicago called ' The Center for Sleep Medicine'. We helps you to prevent from sleep disorder problem to lead a happy and healthy life. To get appointment visit www.sleepmedcenter.com.
Having a good sleep is what we always want. To be able to relax and forget the hassles that we have experienced after a long day. It is our comfort and sanctuary. Here are facts about sleep and good habits to acquire sound sleep.
Facilitating improved sleep hygiene - Dr Bronwen BonfieldMS Trust
Aims:
To explore MS & Sleep
To understand the patterns of sleep.
To explore factors that affect our sleep.
To share experiences of working with clients with sleep difficulties.
To discuss hints and tips on how to support clients and their families who are experiencing sleep difficulties
Many people suffer from short term to long term insomnia but they do not know what to do about it. This short presentation slide can give you an insight into some of the underlying causes of insomnia.
Take this quiz and overcome insomnia- http://903014jdmkq2z6cn0-ndvnq-sd.hop.clickbank.net/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
3. OBJECTIVE
1. What is Insomnia
2. Types of Insomnia
3. Symptoms of Insomnia
4. Causes of Insomnia
5. Effects of Insomnia
6. Treatments for Insomnia
7. Survey results
4. WHAT IS INSOMNIA?
• Insomnia is the inability to get the amount of sleep you need to wake up
feeling rested and refreshed.
• Because different people need different amounts of sleep, insomnia is defined
by the quality of your sleep and how you feel after sleeping—not the number
of hours you sleep or how quickly you doze off.
• Even if you’re spending eight hours a night in bed, if you feel drowsy and
fatigued during the day, you may be experiencing insomnia.
5. TYPES OF INSOMNIA
• Acute insomnia
• A brief episode of difficulty sleeping. Acute insomnia is usually caused by a life event,
such as a stressful change in a person's job, receiving bad news, or travel. Often acute
insomnia resolves without any treatment.
• Chronic insomnia
• A long-term pattern of difficulty sleeping. Insomnia is usually considered chronic if a
person has trouble falling asleep or staying asleep at least three nights per week for three
months or longer.
6. TYPES OF INSOMNIA
• Comorbid insomnia
• Insomnia that occurs with another condition. Psychiatric symptoms are known to be
associated with changes in sleep. Certain medical conditions can either cause insomnia or
make a person uncomfortable at night (as in the case of arthritis or back pain).
• Onset insomnia
• Difficulty falling asleep at the beginning of the night.
• Maintenance insomnia
• The inability to stay asleep. People with maintenance insomnia wake up during the night
and have difficulty returning to sleep.
7. SYMPTOMS
• Difficulty falling asleep despite being tired
• Trouble getting back to sleep when waking up in the night
• Waking up too early in the morning
• Relying on sleeping pills or alcohol to fall asleep
8. SYMPTOMS
• Not feeling refreshed after sleep
• Daytime drowsiness, fatigue, or irritability
• Difficulty concentrating during the day
9. CAUSES OF INSOMNIA
• Medical Causes of insomnia: There are certain medical conditions that are
suspected to directly be the reason of insomnia or causes enough discomfort to a point
that it makes sleep difficult. Examples;
• Sinus allergies
• Asthma
• Chronic pain
• Gastrointestinal problems such as acid reflux
• Mental illness Causes of insomnia: Depression and Anxiety can make it
very hard to fall asleep.
• Studies show that insomnia can cause or worsen depression
• Being constantly worried or having anxious thoughts will make it difficult to fall
asleep. Such as; being constantly stressed about the future or replaying upsetting
events from the past.
10. CAUSES OF INSOMNIA
• Lifestyle Causes of insomnia: without a doubt an unhealthy lifestyle
will cause an unhealthy sleeping pattern, unhealthy activities or lack of
activities will result in an unbalanced sleeping pattern. Examples of such;
• Being exposed to a lot of artificial light from constantly using the computer or mobile
phone
• Not getting enough exercise or spending a lot of time in a sitting or unmoved position
• Taking a lot of naps
• Eating habits that Cause insomnia: there are certain substances and
eating patterns when consumed that will result in insomnia. Such as;
• Caffeine
• Heavy meals
• Nicotine
11. CAUSES OF INSOMNIA
• Insomnia and the brain: Which also explains why some people never find a cure to
their insomnia despite trying many methods and lifestyle changes.
• In some causes Insomnia is a result of certain imbalances in the neurotransmitters in the
brain that is responsible for sleep and wakefulness.
• Another cause of insomnia is also an imbalance of the chemicals in our brains that help us
sleep.
12. EFFECTS OF INSOMNIA
• Sleep disorders and sleep loss can put you at risk for:
1 Heart disease.
2 Irregular heartbeat.
3 High blood pressure.
4 Strokes
5 Diabetes.
• According to some estimates, 90% of people with insomnia also
have other health condition.
13. EFFECTS OF INSOMNIA
• Insomnia is depressing.
• Depression and insomnia feed on each other.
• Sleep loss often aggravates the symptoms of depression, and
depression can make it more difficult to fall asleep.
14. EFFECTS OF INSOMNIA
• Losing sleep makes you forgetful
• Getting plenty of sleep will keep your memory sharp.
• -Losing sleep can make you gain weight.
• Lack of sleep seems to be related to an increase in hunger and appetite,
and possibly to obesity.
• According to a study, people who sleep less than six hours a day were
almost 30% more likely to become obese than those who slept seven
to nine hours.
15. TREATMENTS:
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES INCLUDE:
• Education about good sleeping habits.
• Good sleep habits include having a regular sleep schedule, avoiding stimulating activities
before bed, and having a comfortable sleep environment.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy.
• This type of therapy helps you control or eliminate negative thoughts and worries that
keep you awake. It may also involve eliminating false or worrisome beliefs about sleep,
such as the idea that a single restless night will make you sick.
• Relaxation techniques.
• Progressive muscle relaxation, biofeedback and breathing exercises are ways to reduce
anxiety at bedtime. These strategies help you control your breathing, heart rate, muscle
tension and mood.
16. TREATMENTS :
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES INCLUDE:
• Sleep restriction.
• This treatment decreases the time you spend in bed, causing partial sleep deprivation,
which makes you more tired the next night. Once your sleep has improved, your time in
bed is gradually increased.
• Remaining passively awake.
• Also called paradoxical intention, this treatment for learned insomnia is aimed at reducing
the worry and anxiety about being able to get to sleep by getting in bed and trying to stay
awake rather than expecting to fall asleep.
• Light therapy.
• If you fall asleep too early and then awaken too early, you can use light to push back your
internal clock. You can go outside during times of the year when it's light outside in the
evenings, or you can get light via a medical-grade light box.
17. TREATMENTS :
MEDICATION
• Prescription medications
• Taking prescription sleeping pills may help you get to sleep.
• Doctors generally don't recommend relying on prescription sleeping pills.
• Over-the-counter sleep aids
• Nonprescription sleep medications contain antihistamines.
• Antihistamines may initially make you groggy.
• These effects may be worse in older adults. Antihistamines also can worsen
urinary problems, causing you to get up to urinate more during the night.
18. INSOMNIA SURVEY IN YOUNG ADULTS
• A survey was distributed to more than 30 Saudi females between the ages of
18 and 25 in order to identify whether hey suffer from insomnia
• The results showed great insight into the sleeping habits of Saudi young adults
• You ca also take the survey at
• https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/7LYPQXS
19. SURVEY QUESTIONS
• The survey included questions such as
• How many hours do you sleep at night?
• How long does it take you to fall asleep?
• How many cups of coffee do you drink in a day?
• How often do you exercise?
20. SURVEY RESULTS
• Which statements apply to you ?
• The participants chose statements used to
identify those suffering from sleep deprivation
21. SURVEY RESULTS
• What causes you anxiety and keeps you up at night?
• Young adults worry
about school and
assignments and exams
22. SURVEY RESULTS
• How long does it take you to fall asleep?
• *their answers are compared to those of their adult
counterparts