This document discusses insomnia and normal sleep patterns. It provides details on:
1) The stages of the normal sleep cycle and how sleep needs change throughout life from childhood to older age.
2) Insomnia as a common sleep disorder defined by difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep that impairs daytime functioning.
3) Factors that can cause insomnia like medical conditions, medications, and psychiatric disorders.
4) Treatments for insomnia including sleeping pills, cognitive behavioral therapy, sleep restriction, stimulus control, and improving sleep hygiene.
Sleep is a subject dear to all our hearts, so here is my current assignment.
Please do not use this information as medical advice. It is only a brief summary of other people's research. Consult your doctor or psychologist if you have insomnia
Narcolepsy is a chronic disorder of the central nervous system characterized by the brain's inability to control sleep-wake cycles. At various times throughout the day, people with narcolepsy experience irresistible and sudden bouts of sleep, which can last from a few seconds to several minutes.
sleep disorders contains dyssomnias ,parasomnias ,and sleep disorder associated with other major medical disorders . Restless leg syndrome and PLM are also covered here. this ppt also shows how to differentiate between sleep terror and night mares . treatment of sleep disorders also included.
Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by difficulty falling and/or staying asleep.
symptoms :
• People with insomnia have one or more of the following symptoms:
• Difficulty falling asleep.
• Waking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleep.
• Waking up too early in the morning.
• Feeling tired upon waking.
Now days due to various lifestyle people cannot able to sleep and having good sleep
There is difficulty in initiation, maintaining, & awakening during sleep.
I will try to help for understanding normal sleep, neurophysiology, sleep disorder & its Pharmacotherapy by this seminar session.
It focuses on sleep medicine - sleep disorders, sleep stages, DSM classification, types, classifications, and pharmacological and non pharmacological management.
Do you have trouble falling asleep, or find yourself constantly waking up throughout the night ? You may have Insomnia. Take a self test @ https://www.sleepmedcenter.com/psychomotor-vigilance-test/
As in, ZZZZZZZzzzzzzz. Hopefully, you might sleep through this workshop, and it won’t be due to boredom. We’ll talk about healthy sleeping patterns and habits, strategies for better sleep, and hopefully get to practice a little.
Sleep is a subject dear to all our hearts, so here is my current assignment.
Please do not use this information as medical advice. It is only a brief summary of other people's research. Consult your doctor or psychologist if you have insomnia
Narcolepsy is a chronic disorder of the central nervous system characterized by the brain's inability to control sleep-wake cycles. At various times throughout the day, people with narcolepsy experience irresistible and sudden bouts of sleep, which can last from a few seconds to several minutes.
sleep disorders contains dyssomnias ,parasomnias ,and sleep disorder associated with other major medical disorders . Restless leg syndrome and PLM are also covered here. this ppt also shows how to differentiate between sleep terror and night mares . treatment of sleep disorders also included.
Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by difficulty falling and/or staying asleep.
symptoms :
• People with insomnia have one or more of the following symptoms:
• Difficulty falling asleep.
• Waking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleep.
• Waking up too early in the morning.
• Feeling tired upon waking.
Now days due to various lifestyle people cannot able to sleep and having good sleep
There is difficulty in initiation, maintaining, & awakening during sleep.
I will try to help for understanding normal sleep, neurophysiology, sleep disorder & its Pharmacotherapy by this seminar session.
It focuses on sleep medicine - sleep disorders, sleep stages, DSM classification, types, classifications, and pharmacological and non pharmacological management.
Do you have trouble falling asleep, or find yourself constantly waking up throughout the night ? You may have Insomnia. Take a self test @ https://www.sleepmedcenter.com/psychomotor-vigilance-test/
As in, ZZZZZZZzzzzzzz. Hopefully, you might sleep through this workshop, and it won’t be due to boredom. We’ll talk about healthy sleeping patterns and habits, strategies for better sleep, and hopefully get to practice a little.
Introduction
The sleep – wakefulness cycle is genetically determined rather than learned and is established sometime after birth.Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity and [inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscle during REM sleep] reduced interactions with surroundings.
Sleep can be regarded as a physiological reversible reduction of conscious awareness. Nearly one third of human life is spent in sleep. Disorders of sleep can affect activities of daily living (ADL) of an individual.
Definition
It is an easily reversible state of relative unresponsiveness and serenity which occurs more or less regularly and repetitively each day.
The EEG recordings show typical features of sleep which is broadly divided into two broadly different phases:
1. D-sleep (desynchronised or dreaming sleep), also called as REM- sleep (rapid eye movement sleep),active sleep, or paradoxical sleep.
2. S-sleep (synchronised sleep), also called as NREM-sleep (non-REM sleep), quiet sleep, or orthodox sleep. S-sleep or NREM-sleep is further divided into four stages, ranging from stages 1 to 4. As the person falls asleep, the person fifi rst passes through these stages of NREM-sleep.
Stages of sleep
The EEG recording during the waking state shows alpha waves of 8-12 cycles/sec. frequency. The onset of sleep is characterised by a disappearance of the alpha-activity.
Stage 1, NREM-sleep is the first and the ligh test stage of sleep characterised by an absence of alphawaves, and low voltage, predominantly theta activity.
Stage 2, NREM-sleep follows the stage 1 within a few minutes and is characterised by two typical EEG changes:
i. Sleep spindles: Regular spindle shaped waves of 13-15 cycles/sec. frequency, lasting 0.5-2.0
seconds, with a charac teristic waxing and waning amplitude.
ii. K-complexes: High voltage spikes present intermittently.
Stage 3, NREM-sleep shows appearance of high voltage, 75 μV, δ-waves of 0.5-3.0 cycles/sec.
Stage 4, NREM-sleep shows predominant δ-activity in EEG. NREM-sleep is followed by REM-sleep, which is a light phase of sleep. The EEG is characterised by a return of α-waves (α-wave sleep); other changes are similar to stage 1 NREM-sleep. One of the most characteristic features of the REM-sleep is presence of REM or rapid (conjugate) eye move ments. The other features include generalised mus cular atony, penile erection, autonomic hyperactivity (increase in pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure), and movements of small muscle groups, occurring intermittently. Although it is a light stage of sleep, arousal is diffificult. These stages occur regularly throughout the whole duration of sleep. The first REM period occurs typically after 90 minutes of the onset of sleep, although it can start as early as 7 minutes after going off to sleep, e.g. in narcolepsy, in major depression, and after sleep deprivation.
The ABCs of Your ZZZs - Alison S. Kole, MD, MPH, FCCP, Pulmonologist Kerry K...Summit Health
Learn from our Sleep Disorder Center experts about the basics of good sleep and the physical impact of poor sleep. We will also discuss tips for improving sleep and the treatment options for common sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and insomnia, among others.
Facilitating improved sleep hygiene - Dr Bronwen BonfieldMS Trust
Aims:
To explore MS & Sleep
To understand the patterns of sleep.
To explore factors that affect our sleep.
To share experiences of working with clients with sleep difficulties.
To discuss hints and tips on how to support clients and their families who are experiencing sleep difficulties
Anxiety&depression in primary caredrsherifsaad
Depression and anxiety are common psychiatric conditions that frequently co-occur and are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. These psychiatric conditions may be accompanied by physical symptoms, and patients often present in primary care offices with physical rather than psychological complaints.
The world’s population is ageing rapidly, and with it is coming to a significant increase in the number of
older people with dementia. This increase presents major challenges for the provision of healthcare
generally and for dementia care in particular, for as more people have dementia, there will be more
people exhibiting behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).
BPSD exact a high price from both the patient and the caregiver in terms of the distress and disability
they cause if left untreated. BPSD is recognisable, understandable and treatable. The recognition and
appropriate management of BPSD are important factors in improving our care of dementia patients
and their caregivers,
As the rates of obesity increase, so do the medical problems caused and exacerbated by this physical state. For many, traditional methods of weight loss have proven ineffective for achieving and maintaining significant weight reduction. Bariatric surgery (ie, laparoscopic gastric banding, gastric bypass) offers these patients the opportunity to experience significant weight loss that can be maintained. The number of obese patients seeking bariatric surgery is steadily rising. But, unlike traditional diets for which risks are low and discontinuation can occur at any time, bariatric surgery has inherent risks and requires highly restrictive, long-term behavioral changes afterwards. Therefore, these patients typically are required to complete a thorough evaluation, including psychological assessment, to determine their appropriateness for surgery.
there is a link between emotional problems and incidence, response, prognosis of heart diseases especially ischemia. management of this co morbidity is very important.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Sleep is Essential to Our
Overall Health and Well-
Being
• Key to our health, performance, safety
and quality of life
• As essential a component as good
nutrition and exercise to
optimal health
• Essential to our ability to perform both cognitive
and physical tasks, engage fully in life and
function in an effective, safe and productive way
3. Normal Sleep and Normal
Aging: Our Internal Clock
• The biological clock resides in
the brain
• It helps regulate when we feel
sleepy and when we are alert
• It works in tandem with light
and dark, and our body
temperature and hormones
4. Sleep stages
• We cycle through the stages of sleep
about every 90 minutes during the
night, in the same order
• Most dreaming occurs during the
second half of the night, as REM sleep
lasts longer and longer
– Stage 1: Very light sleep
– Stage 2: Light sleep
– Stage 3: Deeper sleep
– Stage 4: Very deep sleep, most
restorative
– Stage 5: REM sleep, when we dream
5. The Sleep Cycle in
Adults
Awake
Stages
Hours in Sleep
REM
REM
REM
REM
REM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
2
3
4
6. Sleep throughout life
• Childhood and adolescence
– Sleep needs range from 18 hrs a day for
infants to about 9 hrs a day for teenagers
• Adulthood
– Amount of deep sleep drops dramatically
between age 20 and 40, and average sleep
time is 7.5 hours
– Women’s reproductive cycles affect sleep
• Especially pregnancy (sleepier first trimester)
• Also affected by menstrual cycle (sleepier second
half of cycle)
7. Sleep in middle age
Sleep becomes lighter and nighttime awakenings
become more frequent and last longer
Often wake up after 3 hours of sleep
Menopause may lead to hot flashes that interrupt
sleep repeatedly
Breathing problems may begin, especially among
overweight people
Physically active adults sleep more soundly than
their sedentary peers.
About 20% of sleep time is spent in dreaming
8. Sleep among older adults
• Little deep sleep, but dreaming still 20%
• Dozens of awakenings during the night
• Falling asleep takes longer
• Despite the above, over a 24-hour period
older adults accumulate the same amount of
total sleep as younger people
– Older adults more likely to nap during the day
• Older adults do need the same amount of
sleep as they did when they were younger
11. Sleep Disorders (ICSD
2)
1. Insomnia.
2. Sleep Related Breathing Disorders.
3. Hypersomnia.
4. Cicadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder.
5. Parasomnia.
6. Sleep related Movement Disorder.
12.
13. Insomnia
A common sleep problem
• Insomnia is defined as:
Difficulty initiating sleep,
maintaining sleep, final
awakenings that occur much
earlier than desired or sleep that
is non-restorative and of poor
quality and result in impairment
in daytime function.
14. Insomnia
A common sleep problem
• People with insomnia may have
– Trouble falling asleep
– Many awakenings during the night,
with difficulty going back to sleep
– Fitful sleep
– Daytime drowsiness
• During the day, people with
insomnia may be
– Anxious and irritable
– Forgetful, with difficulty concentrating
15. Types of Insomnia
• Transient: Less than 2 weeks
• Intermittent: Repetitive episodes of
transient insomnia
• Chronic: Continuing difficulty with sleep
16. Chronic insomnia
• Complaint of poor sleep causing
distress or impairment for 6 months
or longer
• Average less than 6.5 hours sleep
per day
• Or 3 episodes per week of:
– Taking longer than 30 minutes to fall asleep
– Waking up during the night for at least an hour
• Not accounted for by another sleep
disorder, mental disorder, medical condition
or substance use.
17.
18. How common is
insomnia?
• More than half of adults in the U.S. said
they experienced insomnia at least a
few nights a week during the past year
• Nearly one-third said they had insomnia
nearly every night
• Increases with age
• The most frequent health complaint
after pain
• Twice as common in women as in men
19. GUIDELINES FOR TAKING A
SLEEP HISTORY IN INSOMNIA
• Define the specific sleep problem
• Assess the onset and clinical course of the
condition
• Evaluate 24-h sleep/wakefulness patterns
• Assess stressful events and personality patterns
• Determine the presence of anxiety and/or
depression
• Determine the presence of other sleep disorders
• Obtain a family history of sleep and psychiatric
disorders
• Evaluate the medical, psychiatric, and personal
impact of insomnia
20. Conditions that can
cause insomnia
• Hyperthyroidism
• Arthritis or any other painful condition
• Chronic lung or kidney disease
• Cardiovascular disease (heart failure,
CAD)
• Heartburn (GERD)
• Neurological disorders (epilepsy,
Alzheimer’s, headaches, stroke, tumors,
Parkinson’s Disease)
• Diabetes
• Menopause
21. Common drugs that can
cause insomnia
• Alcohol
• Caffeine/chocolate
• Nicotine/nicotine
patch
• Beta blockers
• Calcium channel
blockers
• Bronchodilators
• Corticosteroids
• Decongestants
• Antidepressants
• Thyroid hormones
• Anticonvulsants
• High blood pressure
medications
22. Additional Causes
• Psychiatric disorders
– Especially phobias and panic attacks, bipolar
disorder, depression, and schizophrenia
• Poor sleep habits
• Shift work
• Other sleep disorders
– Circadian rhythm disorders
– Restless legs syndrome
– Periodic limb movement disorder
– Sleep apnea
23.
24. Consequences of
insomnia
• Decreases in mental performance and
motor functioning
• Accidents
• Inability to accomplish daily tasks
• Mood disturbance
– More sadness, depression, and anxiety
• Interpersonal difficulties
– With families, friends, and at work
25. Sleeping pills
• Most common treatment approach
– Drowsiness common the next day
• NOT meant for chronic insomnia
– Effective for short-term (a couple weeks) insomnia
only
• Tolerance and dependency may develop
• Withdrawal, rebound, relapse may occur
• But commonly used, despite the above
– 5-10% of adults have used a benzodiazepine in
past year as a sleep aid
– 10-20% of those over age 65 use sleeping pills
28. Cycle of Persistent
Insomnia
MALADAPTIVE HABITS
•Excessive time in bed
•Irregular sleep schedule
•Daytime napping
•Sleep- incompatible activities
AROUSAL
•Emotional
•Cognitive
•Physiologic
CONSEQUENCES
•Mood Disturbances
•Fatigue
•Performance impairments
•Social Discomfort
DYSFUNCTIONAL COGNITIONS
•Worrying over sleep loss
•Ruminating over consequences
•Unrealistic Expectations
29. How to keep track of your
sleep
• Daily sleep diary or sleep log
– Bedtime
– Falling asleep time
– Nighttime awakenings
– Time to get back to sleep
– Waking up time
– Getting out of bed time
– Naps
30. Cognitive Therapy
• Identify beliefs about sleep that
are incorrect
• Challenge their truthfulness
• Substitute realistic thoughts
31. False beliefs about
insomnia
• Misconceptions about causes of insomnia
– “Insomnia is a normal part of aging.”
• Unrealistic expectations: sleep needs
– “I must have 8 hours of sleep each night.”
• Faulty beliefs about insomnia consequences
– “Insomnia can make me sick or cause a mental
breakdown.”
• Misattributions of daytime impairments
– “I’ve had a bad day because of my insomnia.”
– I can’t have a normal day after a sleepless night.”
32. Common Myths about
Insomnia
• Misconceptions about control and
predictability of sleep
– “I can’t predict when I’ll sleep well or
badly.”
• Myths about what behaviors lead to
good sleep
– “When I have trouble getting to sleep, I
should stay in bed and try harder.”
33. Sleep Restriction:
best if done with a
professional
• Cut bedtime to the actual amount of
time you spend asleep (not in bed), but
no less than 4 hours per night
• No additional sleep is allowed outside
these hours
• Record on your daily sleep log the
actual amount of sleep obtained
34. Sleep Restriction
(cont’d)
• Compute sleep efficiency (total time
asleep divided by total time in bed)
• Based on average of 5 nights’ sleep
efficiency, increase sleep time by 15
minutes if efficiency is >85%
• With elderly, increase sleep time if
efficiency >80% and allow 30 minute
nap.
35. Stimulus Control:
You can do this on your
own
• Go to bed only when sleepy
• Use the bed only for sleeping
• If unable to sleep, move to another
room
• Return to bed only when sleepy
• Repeat the above as often as
necessary
• Get up at the same time every morning
• Do not nap
36. Relaxation
training
• More effective than no treatment, but not as
effective as sleep restriction
• More useful with younger compared with
older adults
• Engage in any activities that you find relaxing
shortly before bed or while in bed
– Can include listening to a relaxation tape, soothing
music, muscle relaxation exercises, a pleasant
image
37. Healthy sleep habits
(sleep hygiene)
Avoid alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, chocolate
For several hours before bedtime
Cut down on non-sleeping time in bed
Bed only for sleep and satisfying sex
Avoid trying to sleep
You can’t make yourself sleep, but you can set the stage
for sleep to occur naturally
Avoid a visible bedroom clock with a lighted dial
Don’t let yourself repeatedly check the time!
Can turn the clock around or put it under the bed
38. More healthy sleep
habits
• Expose yourself to bright light at the right time
– Morning, if you have trouble falling asleep at night
– Night, if you want to stay awake longer at night
• Establish a regular sleep schedule
– Get up at the same time 7 days a week
– Go to bed at the same time each night
• Exercise every day - exercise improves sleep!
• Deal with your worries before bedtime
– Plan for the next day before bedtime
– Set a worry time earlier in the evening
39. More healthy sleep
habits
• Adjust the bedroom environment
– Sleep is better in a cool room, around 65 F.
– Darker is better
– If you get up during the night to use the bathroom,
use minimum light
– Use a white noise machine or a fan to drown out
other sounds
– Make sure your bed and pillow are comfortable
– If you have a partner who snores, kicks, etc., you
may have to move to another bed (try white noise
first)
40. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Technique Pat ient Symptoms
Stimulus control Delayed sleep onset
Excessive time spent in bed;
Sleep restriction fragmented or poor quality sleep
High physiologic, cognitive, or
Relaxation emotional arousal
Racing or obsessive thoughts around
Cognitive bedtime
Any of the above or general poor sleep
Sleep hygiene education hygiene
Spielman AJ, et al. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1987; Walsh JK, et al. Insomnia: Assessment and Management in Primary Care. 1998.