Insomnia is a sleep disorder where a person has difficulty falling or staying asleep. It can be transient (less than a week), acute (less than a month), or chronic (more than a month). Causes include stress, medications, sleep disorders, medical conditions, and psychological factors. Symptoms include daytime fatigue, sleepiness, mood changes, and poor concentration. Diagnosis involves assessing sleep history, medical conditions, medications, and sleep patterns. Treatments include behavioral changes, medications, herbal remedies, and addressing underlying causes. Complications include impaired job performance, accidents, psychiatric issues, health problems, and weakened immunity.
sleep disorders contains dyssomnias ,parasomnias ,and sleep disorder associated with other major medical disorders . Restless leg syndrome and PLM are also covered here. this ppt also shows how to differentiate between sleep terror and night mares . treatment of sleep disorders also included.
sleep disorders contains dyssomnias ,parasomnias ,and sleep disorder associated with other major medical disorders . Restless leg syndrome and PLM are also covered here. this ppt also shows how to differentiate between sleep terror and night mares . treatment of sleep disorders also included.
SO GUYS ONCE AGAIN HERE I PRESENT U THE OWN MADE PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC DEMENTIA I HOPE U LIKE THAT IT IS BEEN USEFUL U WHILE MAKING PSYCHIATRIC PRESENTATION
Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by predominantly positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. These debilitating symptoms blur the line between what is real and what isn't, making it difficult for the person to lead a typical life.
Sleep is a subject dear to all our hearts, so here is my current assignment.
Please do not use this information as medical advice. It is only a brief summary of other people's research. Consult your doctor or psychologist if you have insomnia
SO GUYS ONCE AGAIN HERE I PRESENT U THE OWN MADE PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC DEMENTIA I HOPE U LIKE THAT IT IS BEEN USEFUL U WHILE MAKING PSYCHIATRIC PRESENTATION
Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by predominantly positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. These debilitating symptoms blur the line between what is real and what isn't, making it difficult for the person to lead a typical life.
Sleep is a subject dear to all our hearts, so here is my current assignment.
Please do not use this information as medical advice. It is only a brief summary of other people's research. Consult your doctor or psychologist if you have insomnia
WTM Africa 2015 Responsible Tourism Speed MarketingLisa Scriven
10 small business from across Africa shared their stories of travel experience excellence and responsible tourism at WTM Africa 2015. Products on offer were incredibly diverse - from budget to luxury, wildlife sanctuaries to volunteering, and urban guesthouses to remote lodges.
The event was made possible by WTM Africa and Thebe Reed Exhibitions, organised by Tourism Collaboratory, and closed by Tim Williamson of Responsible Travel.com.
The presenter lineup can be found on Tourism Collaboratory's Facebook page (www.facebook.com/tourismcollaboratory), or on the WTM Africa 2015 event programme (http://www.wtmafrica.com/en/Sessions/12315/Responsible-Tourism-Speed-Marketing).
It focuses on sleep medicine - sleep disorders, sleep stages, DSM classification, types, classifications, and pharmacological and non pharmacological management.
it is about nervous system disorders
(1) depression, positive and negative symptoms and its relation with hormones, especially dopamine
(2) schizophrenia positive and negative symptoms and short video illustrate the patient life.
(3) bipolar disorder positive and negative symptoms + the difference between the manic and depressive mood with a 2 short video to illustrate the patient life.
—the difference between major depression and bipolar disorder.
(4) Parkinson’s disease positive and negative symptoms with a short video to illustrate the patient life.
(5) drug addiction positive and negative symptoms with an explanation of The reward system besides a short video to illustrate the patient life.
(6) Alzheimer’s disease symptoms and the brain of the patient.
Women and the Importance of Sleep
Texas Health Resources and the Advances in Medicine Lecture Series are proud to collaborate with the Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center on a lecture about women and the importance of sleep.
Clinical sleep disorder and sleep debt are often unrecognized, untreated misdiagnosed in millions of women. The amount of sleep a woman gets every night can affect her stress level, weight and overall health. Sleep loss even increases aging including memory.
This lecture presented by Dr. Emily Kirby will bring to light causes, effects and solutions. Written by Anne L. Smalligan, BSN, Med. with Kaye Renshaw, LPC
Introduction
The sleep – wakefulness cycle is genetically determined rather than learned and is established sometime after birth.Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity and [inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscle during REM sleep] reduced interactions with surroundings.
Sleep can be regarded as a physiological reversible reduction of conscious awareness. Nearly one third of human life is spent in sleep. Disorders of sleep can affect activities of daily living (ADL) of an individual.
Definition
It is an easily reversible state of relative unresponsiveness and serenity which occurs more or less regularly and repetitively each day.
The EEG recordings show typical features of sleep which is broadly divided into two broadly different phases:
1. D-sleep (desynchronised or dreaming sleep), also called as REM- sleep (rapid eye movement sleep),active sleep, or paradoxical sleep.
2. S-sleep (synchronised sleep), also called as NREM-sleep (non-REM sleep), quiet sleep, or orthodox sleep. S-sleep or NREM-sleep is further divided into four stages, ranging from stages 1 to 4. As the person falls asleep, the person fifi rst passes through these stages of NREM-sleep.
Stages of sleep
The EEG recording during the waking state shows alpha waves of 8-12 cycles/sec. frequency. The onset of sleep is characterised by a disappearance of the alpha-activity.
Stage 1, NREM-sleep is the first and the ligh test stage of sleep characterised by an absence of alphawaves, and low voltage, predominantly theta activity.
Stage 2, NREM-sleep follows the stage 1 within a few minutes and is characterised by two typical EEG changes:
i. Sleep spindles: Regular spindle shaped waves of 13-15 cycles/sec. frequency, lasting 0.5-2.0
seconds, with a charac teristic waxing and waning amplitude.
ii. K-complexes: High voltage spikes present intermittently.
Stage 3, NREM-sleep shows appearance of high voltage, 75 μV, δ-waves of 0.5-3.0 cycles/sec.
Stage 4, NREM-sleep shows predominant δ-activity in EEG. NREM-sleep is followed by REM-sleep, which is a light phase of sleep. The EEG is characterised by a return of α-waves (α-wave sleep); other changes are similar to stage 1 NREM-sleep. One of the most characteristic features of the REM-sleep is presence of REM or rapid (conjugate) eye move ments. The other features include generalised mus cular atony, penile erection, autonomic hyperactivity (increase in pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure), and movements of small muscle groups, occurring intermittently. Although it is a light stage of sleep, arousal is diffificult. These stages occur regularly throughout the whole duration of sleep. The first REM period occurs typically after 90 minutes of the onset of sleep, although it can start as early as 7 minutes after going off to sleep, e.g. in narcolepsy, in major depression, and after sleep deprivation.
Are you tired of being tired ? See how to improve your sleep efficiency with a help of sleep medicine center located in Chicago called ' The Center for Sleep Medicine'. We helps you to prevent from sleep disorder problem to lead a happy and healthy life. To get appointment visit www.sleepmedcenter.com.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. Insomnia, or sleeplessness, is a sleep
disorder in which there is an inability to fall
asleep or to stay asleep
Types of insomnia
Insomnia can be classified as
Transient
Acute
Chronic
4. • Transient insomnia
Insomnia lasts for less than a week. It can
be caused by another disorder, by changes in the
sleep environment, by the timing of sleep,
severe depression, or by stress.
Acute insomnia
Is the inability to consistently sleep well for a
period of less than a month. Acute insomnia is
also known as short term insomnia or stress
related insomnia. It present when there is
difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or when
the sleep that is obtained is non-refreshing or of
poor quality
5. Chronic insomnia
lasts for longer than a month. It can be caused
by another disorder, or it can be a primary
disorder. People with high levels of stress
hormones or shifts in the levels
of cytokines are more likely to have chronic
insomnia. Its effects can vary according to its
causes. They might include muscular
fatigue, hallucinations, and/or mental fatigue.
Chronic insomnia can cause double vision.
6. • Subjective insomnia/Paradoxical insomnia
• Some cases of insomnia are not really
insomnia in the traditional sense. People
experiencing sleep state misperception often
sleep for normal durations, They may believe
they slept for only four hours while they, in
fact, slept a full eight hours.
7. Etiology
• Stressful life situations (divorce or
separation, death of a loved one losing a job,
preparing for an examination)
• Medications that can cause insomnia
antidepressants, cold and flu medications that
contain alcohol, pain relievers that contain
caffeine (Midol, Excedrin) diuretics,
corticosteroids, thyroid hormone, high blood
pressure medications.
8. • Sleep hygiene
• Sleep hygiene can play an important role in insomnia.
Poor sleep hygiene includes physical factors such as:
• using the bedroom for things other than sleeping,
• eating or exercising prior to sleep,
• going to bed hungry,
• sleeping in a room with too much noise or lighting, or
• doing work in bed.
• Other causes of insomnia may be related to sleep
disorders including:
• sleep walking , sleep apnea,resstless leg
syndrom (creeping sensations in the leg during sleep,
relieved by leg movement),periodic limb movement
disorder (involuntary repeated leg movement during
sleep),
9. •Medical problems that can cause insomnia
Asthma, allergies, Parkinson’s disease, hyperthyroidism,
acid reflux, kidney disease, cancer, chronic pain.
Physiologic conditions can lead to insomnia such as:
menopause, menstrual cycle, pregnancy.
Psychological problems that can cause insomnia depression,
anxiety, chronic stress, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder.
Psychophysiologic ("learned") insomnia - Many people go to bed
worrying about insomnia because of previous episodes. This creates
an anxiety about going to sleep, which usually leads to greater difficulty
sleeping.
10. Clinical finding
common symptoms include
• daytime fatigue,
• daytime sleepiness,
• mood changes,
• poor attention and concentration,
• lack of energy,
• anxiety,
• poor social function,
• headaches,
• increased errors and mistakes.
• Other according to diseases
11. Diadnosis
• History
• Medical (diseases & drugs)
• Psychiatric patient history (stress & truamatic event)
• Sleep history focuses on (duration of sleep,time of
sleep,
• time to fall sleep,
• number and duration of awakenings,
• time of final awakening in the morning, and
• time and length of any daytime naps.
12. • General physical examination to assess for any
abnormal findings (chronic diseases) is also important,
including assessment of mental status and
neurological function.
• Lab investigation (according to diseases, thyroid &
blood test.
• Pt sleep pattern in sleep center
Treatments
• Behavioral techniques / non-medical treatments
• Sleep as much as possible to feel rested, then get
out of bed (do not over-sleep).
• Maintain a regular sleep schedule.
• Do not force yourself to sleep.
13. • Do not drink alcohol prior to going to bed.
• Do not smoke, especially in the evening.
• Adjust the bedroom environment to induce sleep.
• Do not go to bed hungry.
• Resolve stress and anxiety before going to bed.
• Exercise regularly, but not 4-5 hours prior to bed time.
• Go to bed only when you feel ready to sleep.
• Turn off the lights and all the noise in and around the
bedroom.
• Get up at the same time every morning to avoid over-
sleeping.
• If you do not fall asleep longer than 20 minutes after
going to bed, get up and try some relaxation techniques
until you are ready to sleep again.
16. Complications
• Lower performance on the job or at school
• Slowed reaction time while driving and higher risk of
accidents
• Psychiatric problems, such as depression , Bipolar
disorder or an anxiety disorder
• Overweight or obesity
• Irritability
• Increased risk and severity of long-term diseases or
conditions, such as high blood pressure, heart disease
and diabetes
• Poor Immune System Function (Increased Risk for Chronic
Diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases)