it is about nervous system disorders (1) depression, positive and negative symptoms and its relation with hormones, especially dopamine (2) schizophrenia positive and negative symptoms and short video illustrate the patient life. (3) bipolar disorder positive and negative symptoms + the difference between the manic and depressive mood with a 2 short video to illustrate the patient life. —the difference between major depression and bipolar disorder. (4) Parkinson’s disease positive and negative symptoms with a short video to illustrate the patient life. (5) drug addiction positive and negative symptoms with an explanation of The reward system besides a short video to illustrate the patient life. (6) Alzheimer’s disease symptoms and the brain of the patient.

1. Nervous system
disorders

2. Nervous system disorders can be
explained in molecular terms
• Disorders of the nervous system include
schizophrenia, depression, drug addiction,
Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease
• Genetic and environmental factors contribute to
diseases of the nervous system

3. Case 1

4. Symptoms
The psychological symptoms
•continuous low mood or sadness
•feeling hopeless and helpless
•having low self-esteem
•feeling tearful
•feeling guilt-ridden
•feeling irritable and intolerant of others
•having no motivation or interest in things
•finding it difficult to make decisions
•not getting any enjoyment out of life
•feeling anxious or worried
•having suicidal thoughts or thoughts
of harming yourself
Physical symptoms
•moving or speaking more slowly than
usual
•changes in appetite or weight (usually
decreased, but sometimes increased)
•constipation
•unexplained aches and pains
•lack of energy
•low sex drive (loss of libido)
•changes to your menstrual cycle
•disturbed sleep – for example, finding
it difficult to fall asleep at night or
waking up very early in the morning

5. Depression
• Two broad forms of depressive illness
are known: major depressive disorder
and bipolar disorder
• In major depressive disorder, patients
have a persistent lack of interest or
pleasure in most activities
• often lasting many months—during
which once enjoyable activities provide
no pleasure and provoke no interest. One
of the most common nervous system
disorders, major depression affects about
one in every seven adults at some point,
and twice as many women as men

6. Case 2

7. • Positive Symptoms:
• Hallucinations (e.g. voices, smells, tastes experienced that do not exist)
• Delusions (i.e. of being persecuted or controlled, or his / her mind being read)
• Bizarre or disorganized behavior
• Negative Symptoms:
• Poverty of speech
• Social withdrawal
• Emotional blunting (i.e. not displaying any emotion whether positive or negative)
• Apathy
• Attention impairment
• Lack of motivation and drive

8. Schizophrenia
• About 1% of the world’s population
suffers from schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia is characterized by
(such as “voices” that only they can
hear) and delusions (for example, the
idea that others are plotting to harm
them).
• Despite the commonly held notion,
schizophrenia does not necessarily
result in multiple personalities
• Available treatments focus on brain
pathways that use dopamine as a
neurotransmitter

9. Schizophrenia
Two lines of evidence suggest that schizophrenia affects
neuronal pathways that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter
the drug amphetamine (“speed”), which stimulates dopamine
release, can produce the same set of symptoms as
schizophrenia.
many of the drugs that alleviate the symptoms of
schizophrenia block dopamine receptors. Schizophrenia may
also alter glutamate signaling
The street drug “angel dust,” or PCP, blocks glutamate
receptors and induces strong schizophrenia-like symptoms

10. Case 3

11. the patient:
•feels persistently sad
•feels hopeless
•feels lethargic
•experiences disturbances in sleep
and appetite
•feels excessively guilty
•feels negative
•feels suicidal

12. Case 4

13. When, the patient behaves quite differently. He / she:
becomes overly elated and energetic
becomes more irritable
requires less sleep
has racing thoughts
talks very quickly
makes many grand plans
may believe that he has supernatural powers, or a
special mission
may impulsively engage in potentially dangerous
behavior

14. Bipolar disorder is characterized by manic (high-mood) and
depressive (low-mood) phases
Symptoms of manic phase:_ The manic phase is
characterized by high self-esteem, increased energy, a flow
of ideas, overtalkativeness, and increased risk taking
great creativity
Symptoms of depressive phase: The depressive phase
comes with lowered ability to feel pleasure, loss of
motivation, sleep disturbances, and feelings of
worthlessness. These symptoms can be so severe that
affected individuals attempt suicide.
Treatments for these types of depression include drugs
such as Prozac

17. Case 5

18. • Tremor. A tremor, or shaking, usually begins in a limb, often your hand or fingers.
You may rub your thumb and forefinger back and forth, known as a pill-rolling tremor.
Your hand may tremble when it's at rest.
• Slowed movement (bradykinesia). Over time, Parkinson's disease may slow your
movement, making simple tasks difficult and time-consuming. Your steps may
become shorter when you walk. It may be difficult to get out of a chair. You may drag
your feet as you try to walk.
• Rigid muscles. Muscle stiffness may occur in any part of your body. The stiff muscles
can be painful and limit your range of motion.
• Impaired posture and balance. Your posture may become stooped, or you may
have balance problems as a result of Parkinson's disease.
• Loss of automatic movements. You may have a decreased ability to perform
unconscious movements, including blinking, smiling or swinging your arms when you
walk.
• Speech changes. You may speak softly, quickly, slur or hesitate before talking. Your
speech may be more of a monotone rather than have the usual inflections.
• Writing changes. It may become hard to write, and your writing may appear small

19. Parkinson’s Disease
Unlike dopamine, L-dopa crosses the blood-brain barrier. Within the brain, the enzyme dopa decarboxylase
converts the drug to dopamine, reducing the severity of Parkinson’s disease symptoms:
One potential cure is to implant dopamine-secreting neurons, either in the midbrain or in the basal nuclei.
Laboratory studies of this strategy show promise
• is a motor disorder caused by death of dopamine-secreting neurons in the
midbrain
• It is characterized by muscle tremors, flexed posture, and a shuffling gait
• t. Facial muscles become rigid, limiting the ability of patients to vary their
expressions.
• Like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease is a progressive brain illness
and is more common with advancing age. The incidence of Parkinson’s
disease is about 1% at age 65 and about 5% at age 85.
• Parkinson’s disease involves the death of neurons in the midbrain that
normally release dopamine at synapses in the basal nuclei.

20. Case 5

21. • Feeling that you have to use the drug regularly — daily or even several times a day
• Having intense urges for the drug that block out any other thoughts
• Over time, needing more of the drug to get the same effect
• Taking larger amounts of the drug over a longer period of time than you intended
• Making certain that you maintain a supply of the drug
• Spending money on the drug, even though you can't afford it
• Not meeting obligations and work responsibilities, or cutting back on social or
recreational activities because of drug use
• Continuing to use the drug, even though you know it's causing problems in your life
or causing you physical or psychological harm
• Doing things to get the drug that you normally wouldn't do, such as stealing
• Driving or doing other risky activities when you're under the influence of the drug
• Spending a good deal of time getting the drug, using the drug or recovering from the
effects of the drug
• Failing in your attempts to stop using the drug
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when you attempt to stop taking the drug

22. Drug Addiction and the Brain’s Reward
System
• The reward system provides motivation for activities that enhance survival and
reproduction, such as eating in response to hunger, drinking when thirsty, and
engaging in sexual activity when aroused.
• ventral tegmental area (VTA).
• Some drugs are addictive because they increase activity of the brain’s reward
system
• These drugs include cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, alcohol, and tobacco
• Drug addiction is characterized by compulsive consumption and an inability to control
intake
• Addictive drugs enhance the act there are also long-lasting changes in the
reward circuitry. The result is a craving for the drug independent of any
pleasure associated with consumption of the dopamine pathway.
• Drug addiction leads to long-lasting changes in the reward circuitry that cause
craving for the drug

23. Case 7

24. • forget about recent
conversations or events
• misplace items
• forget the names of
places and objects
• have trouble thinking of
the right word
• ask questions repetitively
• show poor judgement or
find it harder to make
decisions
• become less flexible and
more hesitant to try new
things
• There are often signs
of mood changes, such as
increasing anxiety or
agitation, or periods of
confusion.
increasing confusion and disorientation – for
example, getting lost, or wandering and not knowing
what time of day it is
obsessive, repetitive or impulsive behaviour
delusions (believing things that are untrue) or feeling
paranoid and suspicious about carers or family
members
problems with speech or language (aphasia)
disturbed sleep
changes in mood, such as frequent mood
swings, depression and feeling increasingly anxious,
frustrated or agitated
difficulty performing spatial tasks, such as judging
distances
seeing or hearing things that other people do
not (hallucinations)

25. difficulty eating and swallowing (dysphagia)
difficulty changing position or moving around without assistance
weight loss – sometimes severe
unintentional passing of urine (urinary incontinence)or stools (bowel
incontinence)
gradual loss of speech
significant problems with short- and long-term memory

26. Alzheimer’s
Disease
• is a mental deterioration characterized by confusion and
memory loss
• Alzheimer’s disease is caused by the formation of
neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain
• There is no cure for this disease though some drugs are
effective at relieving symptoms
• is age related, rising from about 10% at age 65 to about 35% at
age 85. The disease is progressive, with patients gradually
becoming less able to function and eventually needing to be
dressed, bathed, and fed by others.

27. • lose their ability to recognize people, including their immediate
family, and may treat them with suspicion and hostility.
• characteristic features: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary
tangles. There is also often massive shrinkage of brain tissue,
reflecting the death of neurons in many areas of the brain,
including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
• The plaques are aggregates of β-amyloid, an insoluble
• peptide that is cleaved from the extracellular portion of a
• membrane protein found in neurons.

30. Thanks for your attention
Bassmala
Mohammed Awad