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Insect morphology insect morphology insect morphology
- 1. Insect Morphology Dr. FarrukhBaig Entomology MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan
- 2. Outline 1. Integument 2. Head Typesof Antennae Eyes and Types Mouthparts and Types 3. Thorax Legs and Types Wings and Types 4. Abdomen Segmentation Body Systems
- 3. External Morphology (grasshopper) HeadThorax Abdomen Antenna Compound eye Wing
- 4. The integument consistsof three main layers. 1. Cuticle (Epicuticle, Exocuticle and Endocuticle) 2. Epidermis 3. Basement membrane What is integument ? The outer covering or body wall of an insect is called integument
- 5. Integument Cross-section of cockroachcuticle Integument cross-section
- 6. T TY YP PI IC CA AL L I IN NS SE EC CT T I IN NT TE EG GU UM ME EN NT T SETAOR HAIR SOCKET FIXED HAIR EPICUTICLE EXOCUTICLE PORE CANAL ENDOCUTICLE DUCT OF GLAND EPIDERMIS BASEMENT MEMBRANE GLAND TRICHOGEN TORMOGEN
- 7. Cuticle ➢ Outer non-cellularlayer. ➢ It is secreted by the epidermal cells below it. ➢ When newly formed it is flexible and elastic ➢ Later on it becomes hard through the process of sclerotization. ➢ It protects the insects from water loss, penetration of insecticides and provides ground for the attachment of muscles.
- 8. Epicuticle It is theoutermost non-chitinous and very thin layer. It is 1-4 m in thickness. It is comprised of cement, wax, lipoprotein, polyphenol wax and cuticulin layers Exocuticle It is the middle much thicker layer. It is hard, pigmented, darker Consists of chitin and protein Endocuticle It is the innermost thickest layer, It is soft and flexible and also contains chitin and protein.
- 9. Epidermis ➢ Unicellular layerof cells which is known as epidermis. ➢ Among the normal cells of epidermis are some modified or specialized cells for performing different functions. ➢ The trichogen and tormogen cells participate in the formation of setae or hair, while the glandular cells throw their secretions through their ducts on the surface of cuticle. ➢ For forming a seta, a single trichogen cell becomes greatly enlarged. Another adjoining cell or tormogen is also enlarged to form a cup-like socket or pit and an articular membrane of the hair at its base Basement membrane ➢ It is a very thin (up to 0.5 m thick) ➢ Non-cellular layer lying beneath the epidermis. ➢ The epidermal cells stand on it.
- 10. Setae Commonly known ashairs Arise from a cup like Pit At the point of articulation a membrane is present Cuticular Processes Rigidly connected with the cuticle At the point of articulation a membrane is absent Cuticular Appendages 1. Setae 2. Cuticular Processes
- 11. What is exoskeleton? The body wall having muscles on its inner side is called exoskeleton. Major component of exoskeleton Chitin – 25 – 50% dry weight – mostly polysaccharide Major Proteins A – Sclerotins B – Arthropodins C – Resilin
- 12. Exoskeleton Hardening ➢Newly moltedexoskeletons are soft and light colored. ➢Exposure to air and other chemicals(tyrosine) produced by insect causes hardening. ➢Sclerotization (hardening) and later melanisation (browning) takes place. ➢This can take several days
- 13. Exoskeleton Advantages 1. Supportand strengthen the body of insects. 2. Protection of insects, especially the internal organs. 3. Protection against physical damage and abrasion 4. Provides excellent protection against many predators 5. Help for attachment of muscles 6. Retardation of water movement 7. Barrier against pesticides absorption
- 14. 1. For exoskeletonit is more difficult to regulate body temperature 2. Major restriction on growth 3. Exoskeleton is the thicker and heavier 4. Once damaged the internal organisms of an exoskeleton are very susceptible Exoskeleton Disadvantages
- 15. How Insects JumpOut of Their Exoskeleton ➢ Chitinases and proteases secreted from endodermal glands dissolve endocuticle ➢ Epidermal cells multiply and secrete new cuticle ➢ Waxy layer is also secreted ➢ Old insects cuticle splits along specialized wrinkles (ecdysial lines) and insect crawls out
- 16. Apodemes Cuticular ingrowths orfour deep invaginations that meet internally and form a brace for the head and muscles attachment and found in all insects. In the pterygote insects, however, these ingrowths start at the tentorial pits on the face and have evolved to form the head endoskeleton or tentorium.
- 17. Four major apodemesprovide support to an internalized ‘endoskeleton’ Tissue support and attachment sites. For muscles. • Tentorium---------head • Furca---------------thorax • Phragma----------thorax • Apophysis--------thorax
- 18. Sulcus These sclerites areseparated by the grooves called sulci (sing. sulcus) Appendages There are many outgrowths of the body wall (such as antennae, legs, wings, etc.) which are called appendages Sclerites The body wall consists of a number of hardened areas or plates, the sclerites
- 19. Coloration Pigmentary or chemicalcolours Some substances of definite chemical composition which have the property of absorbing some light waves and of reflecting other. Cuticular colours: Mostly contained in the exocuticle. These are brown, black and yellow, which are permanent. Epidermal colours In the form of granules or drops of fat in the cells of the epidermis. They may be red, orange, green or yellow Subepidermal colours: Contained in the fat body and blood.
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- 21. Antennae Structure of typicalAntenna • Each antenna consist of three parts: 1. Scape 2. Pedicel 3. Flagellum • Paired, jointed primarily sensory appendages • Located b/w or below the compound eyes on the head • Also called feelers • Absent in order Protura
- 22. • Selection offood • Selection of plants for the purpose of egg laying • Find out friend and foe (Communication) • Feelers Function of Antennae
- 23. Appendages of insectHead Antennae • Sensory organs • One Pair on head • Jointed • Called “feelers” • Filiform most common • shape (segments = size) • May be modified
- 24. Modifications of Antennae Moniliform •They are bead like in shape • Example-termites
- 25. Modifications of Antennae Filiform •They have thread like shape • Example-ground beetles, Cockroaches
- 26. Modifications of Antennae Clavate •Gradually clubbed at the end • Example-carion beetles
- 27. Modifications of Antennae Setaceous •These are simplest type of antenna having bristle shape • They are found in dragon fly, Cicadas
- 28. Modifications of Antennae Geniculate •They are hinged or bent like an elbow • Example-bees and ants, weevils
- 29. Modifications of Antennae Aristate •Pouch like with a lateral bristle. • Example-house fly
- 30. Modifications of Antennae Plumose •These type of antenna have horizontal brushes on root antenna • They are found in mosquito
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- 33. Pectinate • Comb likeshape • Example-glow worm and fire colored beetles Modifications of Antennae
- 34. • Bi-pectinate Modifications ofAntennae
- 35. Serrate • They aresaw toothed shape • Example-click beetles Modifications of Antennae
- 36. • Capitate antenna •Abruptly clubbed at the end. • Example-butterfly Modifications of Antennae
- 37. Appendages of Head-EYES Simple eyes, Ocelli (1 to 3) • Records daily changes in light intensity
- 38. •Compound Eyes ➢Numerous faucetsthat each have a lens, each singly functional ➢Senses color, movement, and, to a lesser extent, distance Appendages of Head- EYES
- 39. • Compound Eyes Appendagesof Head- EYES
- 40. Appendages of Head-Mouthparts
- 41. • Mouthparts Anotherprominent feature of the head • Adults that don’t feed • Vestigial – highly reduced • Absent – not there • Shape and morphology related to the food it consumes Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 42. Orientation of head(Three types) 1. Hypognathous 2. Prognathous 3. Opisthognathous Six segments of head 1.Pre- antennary 2. Antennary 3. Intercalary 4. Mandibular 5. Maxillary 6. Labial
- 43. Hypognathous: This type ofhead having the mouthparts on its lower side and projecting downward is called hypognathous
- 44. Prognathous: Head in whichthe mouthparts are on the front side and project forward is called prognathous
- 45. Opisthognathous: Type of headin with the mouthparts on its lower side in the form of a proboscis projecting backward
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- 47. Types of Mouthparts ❑Chewing •Ex. Grasshopper or mantis ❑Piercing-sucking • Ex. Mosquito or assassin bug ❑Sponging • Ex. House fly ❑Siphoning • Ex. Flea ❑Chewing-lapping • Ex. Honey bee Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 48. Chewing Mouthparts • Clypus– immovable; above the labrum • Labrum – “upper-lip”; can be bent • Mandibles – paired; responsible for tearing or biting food and then grinding or chewing it so insect can ingest; darkest portion is the hardest Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 49. Chewing mouthparts • Maxilla– below mandible; projection near base called maxillary palpi which helps move food into the mouth; • Labium – “lower-lip” • Labial palpi –similar function to maxillary palpi; project from base of labium • Hypopharynx – “tongue”; on upper surface of labium Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 50. Piercing-sucking mouthparts • Why? •Liquid diet • Type of liquid diets? • Nectar • Plant juices • Blood • Mouthparts as a whole called beak Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 51. Piercing-sucking mouthparts • Samegeneral mouthparts as chewing, but shaped differently • Mandibles and maxillae are shaped into long, slender stylets • The stylets are housed within a protective sheath made from the labium Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 53. Piercing-sucking mouthparts • Oneor more channels • Suck in food • Salivary channel for secretions • Types of secretions • Antiesthetic • Anti-coagluants • Toxins • Enzymes (break down food) Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 54. Sponging Mouthparts • Why? •Non-invasive sucking of liquids • Types of meals? • Exposed food or liquid • Blood • Common among flies Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 55. Sponging Mouthparts • Theproboscis is a modified labium • The end of the proboscis are the modified labella • The labella are fleshy lobes with transverse grooves that use capillary action to draw food up to the mouth Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 56. Variations of spongingmouthparts • Horse fly – have blade-like part that slices skin. Blood pools and sponging mouthparts sponge the blood up. Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 57. Variations of spongingmouthparts • Tsetse fly – have teeth on labella that cut the skin then they suck up the blood Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 58. Siphoning mouthparts • Why? •Get liquid meals from deep within flowers • Types of food? • Nectar • Water • Salt and minerals in liquid • Butterflies and moths Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 59. Siphoning mouthparts • Coiledtongue is modified maxillae • Labial palpi are located between head and proboscis • Other mouthparts are either too small to see or have been lost evolutionarily • Proboscis works like a straw Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 60. Chewing Lapping mouthparts •Insects that lap up liquids, but still have intact mandibles • Uses mandibles to perform other tasks • Ex. Honeybee will use mandibles to form wax into combs Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 61. • Chewing Lappingmouthparts Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 62. Other mouthparts • Antlionlarvae have huge toothed mandibles that grab ants as they fall into their sand traps • Dragonfly larvae (naiads) labiums have become a long, flat hinged structure that shoots out and impales or hooks the prey • Antlion larvae • Dragonfly larvae Appendages of Head- Mouthparts
- 63. Insect Thorax - 3segmented Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax Pterothorax Anterior Posterior
- 66. pleuron notum sternum pleuron Cross section ofinsect thorax Insect Thorax
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- 69. Internal support inthorax pleural ridge pleural apophysis sternal apophysis sternopleural muscle furca Furca Pleural/sternal apophysis Apodemes Insect Thorax
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- 71. • 11 Segmentsof Legs 1. Epicoxa (present, e.g., as the wing articulation on the thorax of winged insects) 2. Subcoxa (embedded in pleu-ral membrane as the pleuron) 3. Coxa 4. Trochanter 5. Prefemur (typically fused either with the trochanter or femur) 6. Femur 7. Patella (fused with the tibia) 8. Tibia 9. Basitarsus 10. Eutarsus (often subdivided) 11. Pretar-sus Insect Thorax Appendages - Legs
- 72. Insect Leg -Articulation Monocondylic leg • Monocondylic joints have a single point of articulation, somewhat like a ball-and-socket joint, and usually are situated dorsally. • They allow considerable freedom of movement and are characteristic of the legs of larval insects Insect Thorax
- 73. Insect Leg -Articulation Dicondylic leg Insect Thorax • Dicondylic joints have an anterior and a posterior condyle, or a dorsal and ventral condyle in the case of the trochanterofemoral joint. • They typically limit movement to that of a hinge.
- 74. Insect Leg -Articulation Monocondylic Decreasing mobility Increasing strength Trochantin Dicondylic leg leg leg Insect Thorax
- 75. Modifications of insectlegs • Saltatorial (metaleg of AK grasshopper) • Cursoroial (metaleg of cockroaches) • Antenna cleaner (proleg of Honeybee) • Pollen colleting (metaleg of honey bee) • Tarsal structures (Rubber fly) • Silk secreting (proleg of webspinner) • Clinging (louse) • Natatorial (metaleg of giant water bug) • Fossorial (pro leg of mole cricket) • Raptorial (proleg of mentid) Insect Thorax
- 76. Saltatorial (jumping) Migratory locust(Orthoptera: Locustidae) Insect Thorax Thoracic Appendages – Legs Modifications
- 77. Insect Thorax Thoracic Appendages– Legs Modifications Antenna Cleaner Legs (Pro legs of Honey bees)
- 78. Insect Thorax Thoracic Appendages– Legs Modifications Pollen collecting Legs (Meta legs of Honey bees)
- 79. Insect Thorax Thoracic Appendages– Legs Modifications Clinging Legs (Louse)
- 80. Insect Thorax Thoracic Appendages– Legs Modifications Silk Secreting (Pro-leg of Webspiner )
- 81. Insect Thorax Thoracic Appendages– Legs Modifications Cursorial (running) Tiger beetle, Cockroaches
- 82. Thoracic Appendages –Legs Modifications Digging (Fossorial) Mole cricket (Orthoptera:Gryllotalpidae) Insect Thorax
- 83. Insect Thorax Thoracic Appendages– Legs Modifications Natorial (swimming) Predaceous diving beetle
- 84. Pneustonic (water surface) Whirligbeetle (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) Insect Thorax Thoracic Appendages – Legs Modifications
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- 86. Suction (mating pads) Predaceousdiving beetle (Coleoptera:Dytiscidae) Insect Thorax Thoracic Appendages – Legs Modifications
- 87. Thoracic Appendages -Wings Development cuticle haemocoel Evagination of body wall 1. 2. blood(hemolymph) trachea nerve cuticle epidermis vein
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- 89. The Insect Wing Wingmodifications Dragonfly (Odonata) -archedictyon
- 90. Evolutionary Trends 1. Reducenumber of cross veins = loss of weight 2. Fuse or lose longitudinal veins 3. Less sclerotization 4. Reduce fluting except on anterior
- 91. The Insect Wing Wingfolding
- 92. The Insect Wing Wingfolding Melolontha
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- 94. Wing Coupling Frenate (Lepidoptera) frenulumretinaculum male female
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- 98. The Insect Wing Wingmodifications Elytra (Several Orders) elytra
- 99. The Insect Wing Wingmodifications Hemelytra (True Bugs - Hemiptera)
- 100. The Insect Wing Wingmodifications Halteres
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- 104. Generalized Diagram (typicalof grasshopper)
- 105. Absorption of digestedmaterial
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- 110. Insect Respiratory System(to Draw) Spiracles, Tracheae, Tracheal Trunks & Air Sacs, Tracheoles
- 111. Respiratory System inAquatic insects Siphon
- 112. Respiratory Position ofdifferent mosquitoes
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- 119. Types of Reproduction 1-Oviparity:- Grasshoppers, butterflies 2- Viviparity:- Aphids 3- Parthenogenesis:- Wasps, Thrips 4- Paedogenesis:- Cecidomyids & Midges (Henria sp) 5- Polyembryony:- Parasitic wasps 6- Hermaphroditism:- Phorid flies, Scale insect
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- 122. Caterpillar Digestive SystemMilkweed Bug Digestive System Insect Abdomen Insect Digestive System