This document provides an overview of three orders of neopteran insects: Dermaptera, Phasmida, and Isoptera. It discusses the key characteristics and classifications of earwigs, leaf-like and stick-like insects in the orders Dermaptera and Phasmida. It focuses on termites in the order Isoptera, describing their true social structure with different castes like workers, soldiers, primary and secondary reproductives. The document aims to teach students about these insect groups, with a focus on the economically and ecologically important termites and their social life.

1. University of Sulaimania
School of Science
Department of Biology
2nd Class Year
19t h La b.
Pterygotes - Neopteran Insects:
Orders
Dermaptera, Phasmida and Isoptera
Lecturer: Farhad A. Khudhur

2. Objectives:
this lecture gives knowledge about insects groups
Earwigs, leaf-like and stick-like insects and termites in the
orders Dermaptera, Phasmida and Isoptera, respectively.
Their classifications and identification keys. Focusing on
termites, the economically and ecologically important
insects, and their social life.
Scientific content:
•Order Dermaptera (Earwigs)
•Order: Phasmida (leaf-like and stick-like insects)
•Order: Isoptera (Termites)
•True Social life in termite colonies

3. Order: Dermaptera
Earwigs

5. Order Phasmida is divided into two families:
Family: PHYLLIIDAE (leaf insects)
Family: PHASMATIDAE (stick insects).
Family: Phylliidae Family: Phasmatidae
(leaf-like insects) (stick-like insects)
Have Flattened & leaf-like Possess elongate & cylindrical
body body
Winged, the forewings are They often apterous
reduced & sclerotised, the (wingless)
hindwings are membranous.
With lamellate expansions of Without lamellate expansions
the legs of the legs

9. Order Isoptera
- Termites or White Ants
- True Social Insects
- Castes:
- Primary Reproductives (King and Queen)
- Secondary Reprodutives
- Soldiers
- Workers
- Imatures

13. References:
• David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2004). General
and Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hill
Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. 1184 p.
• Elzinga, Richard J. (1997). Fundamentals of Entomology.
4th ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 475 pp.
• Gillot, Cedric. (2005). Entomology. 3rd ed. Springer,
Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 831 pp.
• Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume
3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans,
Rosser W. Garrison,
• Markle, Sandra. (2008). Termites: hardworking insect
families. Minneapolis, USA. Lerner Publications Company.
48 p.
• Resh, Vincent H. & Cardé, Ring T. (2003). Encyclopedia of
Insects. USA. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1266 pp.