SuprTEK is developing a cyber intelligence solution to correlate threat intelligence data with internal asset and vulnerability findings. The solution ingests multiple data sources, extracts relevant exploit targets from threats, identifies exploitable internal assets, and prioritizes vulnerabilities through scoring based on known threats. Future work includes improving threat intelligence, using machine learning to infer security weaknesses from threats, and validating the solution in a larger enterprise.
This document discusses how cyber intelligence can be used to combat advanced cyber adversaries. It notes that traditional computer network defense is no longer sufficient due to state-sponsored groups, hacktivists, and crime rings. Cyber intelligence involves fusing open source data, reports, and internal attack data to provide organizations threat profiles, attack timelines, and malware intelligence. This intelligence can be combined with network defense to give a broader view of adversaries and better arm organizations against advanced threats.
This document discusses cyber threat intelligence and strategies for defense. It begins with an introduction to cyber threat intelligence and discusses the cyber attack life cycle model from Lockheed Martin. It then addresses questions to consider regarding cyber threats. The document outlines threat intelligence standards and tools like STIX and TAXII, and discusses challenges with SIEM systems. It proposes architectures that incorporate threat intelligence to provide preventive, detective, and fusion capabilities. The presentation concludes with a discussion of data sources and architectures to support cyber threat analysis.
Cyber threat intelligence involves collecting, analyzing, and sharing information about threats to help organizations assess risks and defend themselves. It follows principles like being centralized, objective, and continuous. The Structured Threat Information Expression (STIX) framework allows sharing threat data consistently between organizations using common language. Intrusion detection systems monitor networks and systems for malicious activity, using either signature-based methods to detect known threats or anomaly-based methods to find unknown behaviors.
Title: Welcome to the world of Cyber Threat Intelligence!
Abstract: Welcome to the world of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)! During this presentation, we will discuss about some of the basic concepts within CTI domain and we will have a look at the current threat landscape as observed from the trenches. The presentation is split into 3 parts: a) Intro to CTI, b) A view at the current threat landscape, and c) CTI analyst skillset.
Short Bio: Andreas Sfakianakis is a Cyber Threat Intelligence and Incident Response professional and works for Standard and Poors' CTI team. He is also a member of ENISA’s CTI Stakeholders’ Group and Incident Response Working Group. He is the author of a number of CTI reports and an instructor of CTI. In the past, Andreas has worked within the Financial and Oil & Gas sectors as well as an external reviewer for European Commission. Andreas' Twitter handle is @asfakian and his website is www.threatintel.eu
Cyber Threat Intelligence is a process in which information from different sources is collected, then analyzed to identify and detect threats against any environment. The information collected could be evidence-based knowledge that could support the context, mechanism, indicators, or implications about an already existing threat against an environment, and/or the knowledge about an upcoming threat that could potentially affect the environment. Credit: Marlabs Inc
Sans cyber-threat-intelligence-survey-2015Roy Ramkrishna
The document is a survey report on cyberthreat intelligence (CTI) conducted by SANS in 2015. Some key findings include:
- 69% of respondents have implemented CTI to some extent, with 64% having a dedicated team for CTI.
- Common tools used for CTI include SIEM (55%), intrusion monitoring (54%), and security analytics platforms (28%).
- Respondents gather intelligence internally (59%) and externally from the security community (76%), vendor CTI feeds (56%), and open source feeds (53%).
- Top areas for future planning include aggregating information from any source (30%) and providing a full picture view of events (29%).
Recently, NTT published the Global Threat Intelligence Report 2016 (GTIR). This year’s report focused both on the changes in threat trends and on how security organizations around the world can use the kill chain to help defend the enterprise.
Turning threat intelligence data from multiple sources into actionable, contextual information is a challenge faced by many organizations today. The Global Threat Intelligence Platform provides increased efficiency, reduces risks and focuses on global coverage with accurate and up-to-date threat intelligence.
This presentation was given at Carnegie Mellon University by Kenji Takahashi, VP of Product Management, Security at NTT Innovation Institute.
SuprTEK is developing a cyber intelligence solution to correlate threat intelligence data with internal asset and vulnerability findings. The solution ingests multiple data sources, extracts relevant exploit targets from threats, identifies exploitable internal assets, and prioritizes vulnerabilities through scoring based on known threats. Future work includes improving threat intelligence, using machine learning to infer security weaknesses from threats, and validating the solution in a larger enterprise.
This document discusses how cyber intelligence can be used to combat advanced cyber adversaries. It notes that traditional computer network defense is no longer sufficient due to state-sponsored groups, hacktivists, and crime rings. Cyber intelligence involves fusing open source data, reports, and internal attack data to provide organizations threat profiles, attack timelines, and malware intelligence. This intelligence can be combined with network defense to give a broader view of adversaries and better arm organizations against advanced threats.
This document discusses cyber threat intelligence and strategies for defense. It begins with an introduction to cyber threat intelligence and discusses the cyber attack life cycle model from Lockheed Martin. It then addresses questions to consider regarding cyber threats. The document outlines threat intelligence standards and tools like STIX and TAXII, and discusses challenges with SIEM systems. It proposes architectures that incorporate threat intelligence to provide preventive, detective, and fusion capabilities. The presentation concludes with a discussion of data sources and architectures to support cyber threat analysis.
Cyber threat intelligence involves collecting, analyzing, and sharing information about threats to help organizations assess risks and defend themselves. It follows principles like being centralized, objective, and continuous. The Structured Threat Information Expression (STIX) framework allows sharing threat data consistently between organizations using common language. Intrusion detection systems monitor networks and systems for malicious activity, using either signature-based methods to detect known threats or anomaly-based methods to find unknown behaviors.
Title: Welcome to the world of Cyber Threat Intelligence!
Abstract: Welcome to the world of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)! During this presentation, we will discuss about some of the basic concepts within CTI domain and we will have a look at the current threat landscape as observed from the trenches. The presentation is split into 3 parts: a) Intro to CTI, b) A view at the current threat landscape, and c) CTI analyst skillset.
Short Bio: Andreas Sfakianakis is a Cyber Threat Intelligence and Incident Response professional and works for Standard and Poors' CTI team. He is also a member of ENISA’s CTI Stakeholders’ Group and Incident Response Working Group. He is the author of a number of CTI reports and an instructor of CTI. In the past, Andreas has worked within the Financial and Oil & Gas sectors as well as an external reviewer for European Commission. Andreas' Twitter handle is @asfakian and his website is www.threatintel.eu
Cyber Threat Intelligence is a process in which information from different sources is collected, then analyzed to identify and detect threats against any environment. The information collected could be evidence-based knowledge that could support the context, mechanism, indicators, or implications about an already existing threat against an environment, and/or the knowledge about an upcoming threat that could potentially affect the environment. Credit: Marlabs Inc
Sans cyber-threat-intelligence-survey-2015Roy Ramkrishna
The document is a survey report on cyberthreat intelligence (CTI) conducted by SANS in 2015. Some key findings include:
- 69% of respondents have implemented CTI to some extent, with 64% having a dedicated team for CTI.
- Common tools used for CTI include SIEM (55%), intrusion monitoring (54%), and security analytics platforms (28%).
- Respondents gather intelligence internally (59%) and externally from the security community (76%), vendor CTI feeds (56%), and open source feeds (53%).
- Top areas for future planning include aggregating information from any source (30%) and providing a full picture view of events (29%).
Recently, NTT published the Global Threat Intelligence Report 2016 (GTIR). This year’s report focused both on the changes in threat trends and on how security organizations around the world can use the kill chain to help defend the enterprise.
Turning threat intelligence data from multiple sources into actionable, contextual information is a challenge faced by many organizations today. The Global Threat Intelligence Platform provides increased efficiency, reduces risks and focuses on global coverage with accurate and up-to-date threat intelligence.
This presentation was given at Carnegie Mellon University by Kenji Takahashi, VP of Product Management, Security at NTT Innovation Institute.
Threat intelligence is information that informs enterprise defenders of adversarial elements to stop them.
It is information that is relevant to the organization, has business value, and is actionable.
If you having all data and feeds then data alone isn’t intelligence.
#Threat #Intelligence #Forensics #ELK #Forensics #VAPT #SOC #SIEM #Incident #D3pak
Threat intelligence is knowledge that allows you to prevent or mitigate cyberattacks. Rooted in data, threat intelligence gives you context that helps you make informed decisions about your security by answering questions like who is attacking you, what their motivations and capabilities are, and what indicators of compromise in your systems to look for.
reference:https://www.recordedfuture.com/threat-intelligence-definition/
My Presentation on Career Opportunities in Cyber Security presented at the North Cap University during the course inauguration ceremony, where I talked about different career paths to get into the cyber security domain.
Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) involves collecting, evaluating, and analyzing cyber threat information using expertise and all-source information to provide insight and understanding of complex cyber situations. CTI can include tactical, operational, and strategic intelligence about security events, indicators of compromise, malware behavior, threat actors, and mapping online threats to geopolitical events over short, medium, and long timeframes. Implementing CTI enables organizations to prepare for and respond to existing and unknown threats through evidence-based knowledge and actionable advice beyond just reactive defense measures.
This document discusses the importance of threat intelligence programs for organizations. It begins by noting that cyber incidents are increasing significantly year-over-year and causing major financial losses. It then argues that organizations can become "antifragile" by leveraging threat intelligence to enable early discovery, rapid response, and increased resistance to threats. The document outlines different types of threat intelligence and where this information can be obtained. It concludes by providing examples of how organizations can use threat intelligence to detect compromises, respond to incidents, and share indicators with others to strengthen security collaboratively.
6 Steps for Operationalizing Threat IntelligenceSirius
The best form of defense against cyber attacks and those who perpetrate them is to know about them. Collaborative defense has become critical to IT security, and sharing threat intelligence is a force multiplier. But for many organizations, good quality intelligence is hard to come by.
Commercial threat intelligence technology and services can help enterprises arm themselves with the strategic, tactical and operational insights they need to identify and respond to global threat activity, and integrate intelligence into their security programs.
Threat intelligence sources have varying levels of relevance and context, and there are concerns about data quality and redundancy, shelf life, public/private data sharing, and threat intelligence standards. However, if processed and applied properly, threat intelligence provides a way for organizations to get the insight they need into attackers’ plans, prioritize and respond to threats, shorten the time between attack and detection, and focus staff efforts and decision-making.
View to learn:
--The difference between threat information and threat intelligence.
--Available sources of intelligence and how to determine if they apply to your business.
--Key steps for preparing to ingest threat information and turn it into intelligence.
--How to derive useful data that helps you achieve your business goals.
--Tools that are available to make collaboration easier.
The document discusses cyber threat intelligence and collaborative threat intelligence. It provides an overview of malware trends, requirements for developing threat intelligence capabilities, and principles for managing threat intelligence proactively. The document advocates for a collaborative threat intelligence framework to enable preventative response by identifying and blocking known attackers across multiple organizations through automated and real-time threat information sharing. Standards and tools discussed include IODEF, CIF and how CIF can be used to gather, identify, respond to and mitigate threats based on indicators collected from various sources.
The document outlines how to build an effective cyber intelligence program. It discusses that cyber intelligence involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting available cyber and internet information. It then describes the intelligence cycle process which includes planning requirements, collection of information, processing raw data, analysis to create finished intelligence reports, and dissemination of reports to leadership. The goal is to provide timely, accurate, usable, complete and relevant intelligence to support organizational decision making.
Session 7.3 Implementing threat intelligence systems - Moving from chaos to s...Puneet Kukreja
Puneet Kukreja of Deloitte gave a presentation at the ISF's 26th Annual World Congress on implementing threat intelligence systems. He discussed defining threat intelligence, the threat landscape facing organizations, and challenges in threat intelligence. Kukreja also covered the threat intelligence lifecycle, standards like STIX and TAXII, using cases studies and attributes to measure threat intelligence effectiveness. The presentation emphasized that threat intelligence requires integration across security operations and is one part of an overall security strategy.
Speaker at the IDC IT Security Roadshow 2017 in Doha. It was a one day event bringing together some Security Vendors and End User folks to present and discuss security related topics. The event midway was split into two tracks A - Threat Intelligence and B - Securing the Endpoint to the cloud. My End User Presentation (Track A) covered Threat Intelligence. There were some some interesting speakers and audience Q & A discussions followed by a networking lunch to boot. The venue at the Shangri La Hotel in Doha provided a great space and good networking opportunity.
G3 Intelligence, through the cyber intelligence reports, provide unique insights and competitive advantages needed to development of complex business environment.
Cyber threat intelligence: maturity and metricsMark Arena
From SANS Cyber Threat Intelligence Summit 2016. What are the characteristics of a mature cyber threat intelligence program, and how do you develop meaningful metrics? Traditionally, intelligence has been about providing decision
support to executives whilst the field of cyber threat intelligence supports this customer, and network defenders, who have different requirements. By using the intelligence cycle, this talk will
seek to help attendees understand how they can identify what a mature intelligence program looks like and the steps to take their program to the next level.
Threat Intelligence 101 - Steve Lodin - SubmittedSteve Lodin
This document provides an overview of threat intelligence and how organizations can build threat intelligence programs. It discusses what threat intelligence is, why organizations should care about it, and how threat intelligence can be used for attack prevention, detection, forensics, and hunting. It also covers threat intelligence technologies, platforms, feeds, sharing approaches, and common challenges organizations may face when developing threat intelligence capabilities. The goal is to help organizations understand threat intelligence and evaluate their own maturity to incorporate these strategies.
As we get to know what life in the digital domain is like, one of the revelations we've had is that many large and plenty of smaller organisations are targets of espionage, of the nefarious APT.
During the last decade, it has become gospel to wait, watch, analyse and learn if you detect such an attacker in your infrastructure. Why? Because you get one chance to do the eviction of the attacker right. And if you fail, all your efforts will eventually have been for nothing.
But for how long should you wait and watch? When have you watched long enough? When have you learned enough? And how do you make that decision?
That is the challenge I hope the Cyber Threat Intelligence Matrix can help you face in a more structured manner.
2016 ISSA Conference Threat Intelligence Keynote philAPhil Agcaoili
The document discusses the current state of threat intelligence and provides recommendations for improvement. It notes that most threat intelligence programs lack proper structure, analysis, and adherence to intelligence tradecraft. Vendors often provide reports without proper sourcing, context, or credibility assessments. The document recommends building intelligence functions from the top down with a focus on people, process, and then technology. Proper analysis, long-term strategic work, and direct access to stakeholders are also emphasized over short-term reporting and technical focus. Adopting intelligence tradecraft standards from agencies like the CIA could help threat intelligence programs mature.
Cyber threat Intelligence and Incident Response by:-Sandeep SinghOWASP Delhi
The broad list of topics include (but not limited to):
- What is Threat Intelligence?
- Type of Threat Intelligence?
- Intelligence Lifecycle
- Threat Intelligence - Classification & Vendor Landscape
- Threat Intelligence Standards (STIX, TAXII, etc.)
- Open Source Threat Intel Tools
- Incident Response
- Role of Threat Intel in Incident Response
- Bonus Agenda
This document discusses cyber threat intelligence management and building a Threat Intelligence Center (TIC). It provides an agenda for a 13 minute presentation covering cyber threat intelligence, the TIC, tools and solutions, standards, and how to build a TIC. It then lists and describes several open source tools that can be used to build an TIC including CRITs, Cuckoo, GitLab, SOLTRA, and TAXII that support sharing cyber threat intelligence and are friendly to various standards and programming languages.
This document provides an overview of Russia's theory and practice of information warfare. It discusses how Russia has developed its information warfare theory in opposition to Western concepts, drawing on Soviet-era psychological warfare techniques. It also examines the role of Russian geopolitical schools in popularizing and participating in information warfare. The document analyzes how Russia employed extensive propaganda in its recent operations related to Ukraine and Crimea to influence domestic and international public opinion.
This document is a satirical portrayal of a conversation between Barack Obama and an advisor about how to address the perceived threat of Anonymous. It suggests they consider using propaganda techniques like attaching negative labels to Anonymous, citing innocent victims, and creating a sense of bandwagon pressure to turn public opinion against Anonymous. The document also briefly outlines and critiques several classic propaganda techniques that could potentially be used, like poisoning devices, testimonials, and exploiting emotions like fear.
Threat intelligence is information that informs enterprise defenders of adversarial elements to stop them.
It is information that is relevant to the organization, has business value, and is actionable.
If you having all data and feeds then data alone isn’t intelligence.
#Threat #Intelligence #Forensics #ELK #Forensics #VAPT #SOC #SIEM #Incident #D3pak
Threat intelligence is knowledge that allows you to prevent or mitigate cyberattacks. Rooted in data, threat intelligence gives you context that helps you make informed decisions about your security by answering questions like who is attacking you, what their motivations and capabilities are, and what indicators of compromise in your systems to look for.
reference:https://www.recordedfuture.com/threat-intelligence-definition/
My Presentation on Career Opportunities in Cyber Security presented at the North Cap University during the course inauguration ceremony, where I talked about different career paths to get into the cyber security domain.
Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) involves collecting, evaluating, and analyzing cyber threat information using expertise and all-source information to provide insight and understanding of complex cyber situations. CTI can include tactical, operational, and strategic intelligence about security events, indicators of compromise, malware behavior, threat actors, and mapping online threats to geopolitical events over short, medium, and long timeframes. Implementing CTI enables organizations to prepare for and respond to existing and unknown threats through evidence-based knowledge and actionable advice beyond just reactive defense measures.
This document discusses the importance of threat intelligence programs for organizations. It begins by noting that cyber incidents are increasing significantly year-over-year and causing major financial losses. It then argues that organizations can become "antifragile" by leveraging threat intelligence to enable early discovery, rapid response, and increased resistance to threats. The document outlines different types of threat intelligence and where this information can be obtained. It concludes by providing examples of how organizations can use threat intelligence to detect compromises, respond to incidents, and share indicators with others to strengthen security collaboratively.
6 Steps for Operationalizing Threat IntelligenceSirius
The best form of defense against cyber attacks and those who perpetrate them is to know about them. Collaborative defense has become critical to IT security, and sharing threat intelligence is a force multiplier. But for many organizations, good quality intelligence is hard to come by.
Commercial threat intelligence technology and services can help enterprises arm themselves with the strategic, tactical and operational insights they need to identify and respond to global threat activity, and integrate intelligence into their security programs.
Threat intelligence sources have varying levels of relevance and context, and there are concerns about data quality and redundancy, shelf life, public/private data sharing, and threat intelligence standards. However, if processed and applied properly, threat intelligence provides a way for organizations to get the insight they need into attackers’ plans, prioritize and respond to threats, shorten the time between attack and detection, and focus staff efforts and decision-making.
View to learn:
--The difference between threat information and threat intelligence.
--Available sources of intelligence and how to determine if they apply to your business.
--Key steps for preparing to ingest threat information and turn it into intelligence.
--How to derive useful data that helps you achieve your business goals.
--Tools that are available to make collaboration easier.
The document discusses cyber threat intelligence and collaborative threat intelligence. It provides an overview of malware trends, requirements for developing threat intelligence capabilities, and principles for managing threat intelligence proactively. The document advocates for a collaborative threat intelligence framework to enable preventative response by identifying and blocking known attackers across multiple organizations through automated and real-time threat information sharing. Standards and tools discussed include IODEF, CIF and how CIF can be used to gather, identify, respond to and mitigate threats based on indicators collected from various sources.
The document outlines how to build an effective cyber intelligence program. It discusses that cyber intelligence involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting available cyber and internet information. It then describes the intelligence cycle process which includes planning requirements, collection of information, processing raw data, analysis to create finished intelligence reports, and dissemination of reports to leadership. The goal is to provide timely, accurate, usable, complete and relevant intelligence to support organizational decision making.
Session 7.3 Implementing threat intelligence systems - Moving from chaos to s...Puneet Kukreja
Puneet Kukreja of Deloitte gave a presentation at the ISF's 26th Annual World Congress on implementing threat intelligence systems. He discussed defining threat intelligence, the threat landscape facing organizations, and challenges in threat intelligence. Kukreja also covered the threat intelligence lifecycle, standards like STIX and TAXII, using cases studies and attributes to measure threat intelligence effectiveness. The presentation emphasized that threat intelligence requires integration across security operations and is one part of an overall security strategy.
Speaker at the IDC IT Security Roadshow 2017 in Doha. It was a one day event bringing together some Security Vendors and End User folks to present and discuss security related topics. The event midway was split into two tracks A - Threat Intelligence and B - Securing the Endpoint to the cloud. My End User Presentation (Track A) covered Threat Intelligence. There were some some interesting speakers and audience Q & A discussions followed by a networking lunch to boot. The venue at the Shangri La Hotel in Doha provided a great space and good networking opportunity.
G3 Intelligence, through the cyber intelligence reports, provide unique insights and competitive advantages needed to development of complex business environment.
Cyber threat intelligence: maturity and metricsMark Arena
From SANS Cyber Threat Intelligence Summit 2016. What are the characteristics of a mature cyber threat intelligence program, and how do you develop meaningful metrics? Traditionally, intelligence has been about providing decision
support to executives whilst the field of cyber threat intelligence supports this customer, and network defenders, who have different requirements. By using the intelligence cycle, this talk will
seek to help attendees understand how they can identify what a mature intelligence program looks like and the steps to take their program to the next level.
Threat Intelligence 101 - Steve Lodin - SubmittedSteve Lodin
This document provides an overview of threat intelligence and how organizations can build threat intelligence programs. It discusses what threat intelligence is, why organizations should care about it, and how threat intelligence can be used for attack prevention, detection, forensics, and hunting. It also covers threat intelligence technologies, platforms, feeds, sharing approaches, and common challenges organizations may face when developing threat intelligence capabilities. The goal is to help organizations understand threat intelligence and evaluate their own maturity to incorporate these strategies.
As we get to know what life in the digital domain is like, one of the revelations we've had is that many large and plenty of smaller organisations are targets of espionage, of the nefarious APT.
During the last decade, it has become gospel to wait, watch, analyse and learn if you detect such an attacker in your infrastructure. Why? Because you get one chance to do the eviction of the attacker right. And if you fail, all your efforts will eventually have been for nothing.
But for how long should you wait and watch? When have you watched long enough? When have you learned enough? And how do you make that decision?
That is the challenge I hope the Cyber Threat Intelligence Matrix can help you face in a more structured manner.
2016 ISSA Conference Threat Intelligence Keynote philAPhil Agcaoili
The document discusses the current state of threat intelligence and provides recommendations for improvement. It notes that most threat intelligence programs lack proper structure, analysis, and adherence to intelligence tradecraft. Vendors often provide reports without proper sourcing, context, or credibility assessments. The document recommends building intelligence functions from the top down with a focus on people, process, and then technology. Proper analysis, long-term strategic work, and direct access to stakeholders are also emphasized over short-term reporting and technical focus. Adopting intelligence tradecraft standards from agencies like the CIA could help threat intelligence programs mature.
Cyber threat Intelligence and Incident Response by:-Sandeep SinghOWASP Delhi
The broad list of topics include (but not limited to):
- What is Threat Intelligence?
- Type of Threat Intelligence?
- Intelligence Lifecycle
- Threat Intelligence - Classification & Vendor Landscape
- Threat Intelligence Standards (STIX, TAXII, etc.)
- Open Source Threat Intel Tools
- Incident Response
- Role of Threat Intel in Incident Response
- Bonus Agenda
This document discusses cyber threat intelligence management and building a Threat Intelligence Center (TIC). It provides an agenda for a 13 minute presentation covering cyber threat intelligence, the TIC, tools and solutions, standards, and how to build a TIC. It then lists and describes several open source tools that can be used to build an TIC including CRITs, Cuckoo, GitLab, SOLTRA, and TAXII that support sharing cyber threat intelligence and are friendly to various standards and programming languages.
This document provides an overview of Russia's theory and practice of information warfare. It discusses how Russia has developed its information warfare theory in opposition to Western concepts, drawing on Soviet-era psychological warfare techniques. It also examines the role of Russian geopolitical schools in popularizing and participating in information warfare. The document analyzes how Russia employed extensive propaganda in its recent operations related to Ukraine and Crimea to influence domestic and international public opinion.
This document is a satirical portrayal of a conversation between Barack Obama and an advisor about how to address the perceived threat of Anonymous. It suggests they consider using propaganda techniques like attaching negative labels to Anonymous, citing innocent victims, and creating a sense of bandwagon pressure to turn public opinion against Anonymous. The document also briefly outlines and critiques several classic propaganda techniques that could potentially be used, like poisoning devices, testimonials, and exploiting emotions like fear.
Information warfare and information operationsClifford Stone
This document is a bibliography compiled by Greta E. Marlatt of the Dudley Knox Library at the Naval Postgraduate School. It contains references on the topic of information warfare and information operations, organized by subtopics. The bibliography includes books, periodicals, documents, theses and technical reports on definitions of terms, information warfare, information operations, information assurance, information dominance, information superiority, cyber warfare, network centric warfare, psychological warfare, legal aspects, doctrine publications, and bibliographies. It was last revised and updated in January 2008.
This document provides information about the Journal of Information Warfare, including the journal staff, editorial board, scope, subscription information, and contents of the upcoming Volume 14, Issue 2. It discusses that the journal aims to provide a forum for academics and practitioners in information warfare/operations to discuss topics ranging from destruction of information systems to psychological aspects of information use. The upcoming issue will feature 9 articles covering key areas related to information assurance and cybersecurity such as cyber operations and defense, training cyber forces, understanding co-evolution of cyber defenses and attacks, and defending cyberspace with software-defined networks.
The document discusses events in Ukraine in March 2014. Protests in Kiev led to the ousting of President Yanukovych, who fled to Russia. A new interim government took control of Ukraine, but Russia annexed Crimea and supported separatists in eastern Ukraine, leading to ongoing tensions and conflict.
This document summarizes a presentation about tracking and implications of the Stuxnet computer worm. Stuxnet targeted Siemens industrial control systems and was designed to damage Iranian nuclear centrifuges. It spread using five Windows exploits and a Siemens password to infiltrate industrial networks. Stuxnet hid its activities using rootkit techniques and destroyed centrifuges by manipulating their speeds. Its discovery revealed vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure protection and demonstrated that industrial systems could be attacked remotely for sabotage.
Paul D. Mullins is a senior cyber operations leader and project manager with over 29 years of experience in the Army, Joint, Special Operations Forces, and interagency environments. He has expertise in creating and managing cutting-edge cyber operations and advising senior executives. Some of his roles include serving as the Senior Offensive Cyber Advisor to the Commander of European Command and chief of offensive cyber operations for the European Command Joint Cyber Center. He has a proven track record of successfully managing complex projects, developing requirements, and leading teams.
Cyber Operation Planning and Operational Design_YayımlandıGovernment
This document discusses adapting cyber operations to operational design and planning processes. It proposes a "cyber operational design" model to help cyber and military planners comprehensively understand complex cyber incidents and plan preventative approaches. The document outlines operational planning and the military decision making process (MDMP), and provides samples of how cyber factor analysis and identification of a cyber center of gravity could fit into these processes. The goal is to help planners understand cyber operations complexity and leverage analytical planning tools to improve technical personnel's understanding of operational planning.
1. China leverages computer network attack and exploitation techniques, harvesting information critical to building a modern nation-state and "informationalized", technical military forces.
2. China adapted ancient stratagems for CNA & CNE operations.
3. China can claim plausible denial for nation-sponsored hacking activities, hiding within the sea of everyday hackers.
4. On the other hand, north Korea must take CNA & CNE operations outside its country's boundaries.
The Elements of Offensive Cyber Warfare OperationsMikko Jakonen
This document defines a concept of operations for cyber warfare in targeting, accessing and running operations within allocated information space. Maneuvering offensive operations in such an information space requires a framework to handle operational tasks such as target recognition, payload delivery and execution. The joint requirements such as planning and tasking with other interoperable dimensions make
things very difficult without such a framework approach. In the worst case each of the elements is being
handled in un-coordinated manner, rendering effects of potential capabilities low and simultaneously
possessing a threat for manipulating organizations.
Based on the understanding shown, offensive cyber warfare operates quite differently compared to its
kinetic counterparts. It creates its own operational theory and models not directly aligned with others.
However, the need for tactical interoperability is obvious but quite controversial. Offensive capabilities in
the larger context up to a specific mission area for other domains and disciplines. This breaks the uniform
model.
Please note that this is excerpt from larger study related to maneuvering and tactics in cyber warfare. It
focuses only on elements that can be found in offensive capabilities
The Importance of Educating the Force on Cyberspace Operations: TechNet Augus...AFCEA International
August 25, 2015
Col. Stephen Elle, U.S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence & Fort Gordon
This discussion includes the new initiatives currently being designed such as the Future Leader Cyber Course, the Strategic Cyber Planners Course, and others. Additionally, the goal will be to ensure the materials prepared for the institutional and operational domain can also be used later for self-development.
This document discusses cyber warfare trends in the Middle East. It covers several key points:
1) Many Middle Eastern countries are developing advanced cyber capabilities and establishing national computer emergency response teams. Countries like Iran and Israel have very sophisticated state-sponsored cyber programs.
2) Significant cyber attacks have occurred between countries in the region, including attacks on Saudi Aramco and Qatari gas fields, and ongoing attacks between Israel, Iran, and their allies.
3) Non-state actors like the Syrian Electronic Army are also actively involved in cyber attacks, targeting media organizations and Western companies.
Rebranding IO (Information Operations) June 2013Ulrich Janßen
This document discusses rebranding information operations (IO) and strategic communications. It notes the evolution of concepts from combat support to joint enabling functions. It addresses challenges in behavioral conflict like understanding people, motivation, and perception management. It proposes ensuring "C5" through transforming command and control, and refining planning and decision-making. The desired effect is to achieve integration in crisis management through a comprehensive approach.
Ew asia cw and ew joint space for comments (14 sep2016)TBSS Group
Brief Summary
Cyber warfare and electronic warfare are similar in many ways. Electronic warfare is a general tool used to Deny, Disrupt, Destroy, Degrade, and Deceive which are largely achieved through the interactions with enemy’s radio frequency systems. Cyber warfare is similar and more with additional targeted effects on computer systems, networks, and applications. Information operations, however, intend to influence the person sitting behind the keyboard, resulting to wrong decision making.
Col Timothy Presby, Training and Doctrine Command Capabilities Manager of Cyber, Army said in August this year: “We need to be aware that we are very likely going to fight an adversary that is converging using [cyber and electromagnetic activity] integration, ISR and fires across full spectrum conflict, so unless we actually work together and converge our capabilities, we will be left short.”. This shows the importance of being aware and protected in the joint space.
This paper attempts to discuss the significance, seriousness and real threat in the cyber and electronics intelligence joint space. Critical military information can be obtained via cyber means and use by the forces to launch attacks in shortest possible time to cause severe damages to properties and lives.
Office Chief of Cyber Personnel Presentation: TechNet Augusta 2015AFCEA International
LTC Chris Wade, USA
The Office Chief of Cyber will provide a Cyber Personnel Overview focusing on the military occupational specialties (MOS) and areas of concentration (AOC) that enable Cyber Defensive and Offensive Operations.
The document discusses building and developing the U.S. Army's Cyber Branch career field. It outlines several initiatives to fill officer and enlisted roles to 90% by focusing on voluntary transfer programs, commissioning new second lieutenants, and capitalizing on experienced Cyber Mission Force personnel. It also discusses developing the branch's identity, culture and cohesion while training personnel to joint cyber standards and work roles.
O National Security Alliance’s (InSA) Cyber Council, organização norte-americana de inteligência e segurança, publica o primeiro de vários relatórios destinados a ampliar a visão dos tomadores de decisão da indústria e do governo sobre a importância do desenvolvimento de uma “inteligência cibernética”.
This document presents a roadmap for cybersecurity research with the goal of addressing critical vulnerabilities and protecting systems and infrastructure. It identifies 11 hard problem areas that require research investment, including scalable trustworthy systems, enterprise metrics, combating insider threats and malware, identity management, system survivability, and privacy-aware security. For each problem area, the roadmap outlines needs, gaps in research, and a proposed research agenda to address issues in the near, medium and long term through government-funded R&D efforts. It aims to help secure current systems while getting ahead of adversaries through next-generation technologies.
Irene Moetsana-Moeng: Stakeholders in Cybersecurity: Collaborative Defence fo...itnewsafrica
Irene Moetsana-Moeng, Executive Director and Head at Public Sector Agency on Stakeholders in Cybersecurity: Collaborative Defence for Cybersecurity Resilience at Public Sector Cybersecurity Summit 2024
The document discusses cyber security cooperation between India and the United States. It outlines how the two countries signed an MOU to promote closer cooperation on cyber security issues and the timely exchange of cyber threat information. This agreement establishes best practices for cooperation between the two governments on technical and operational cyber security issues. The document also examines some of the challenges to achieving global cooperation on cyber security, such as the lack of common terminology, legal frameworks, and dismantling the perception of cyber security as a domestic issue only.
This document discusses ways to improve cybersecurity cooperation between the governments of the United States and Japan. It examines how the two governments are currently organized for cybersecurity issues and how they coordinate. There are gaps in how policies and plans are implemented in practice for information sharing, law enforcement, and incident response. The document provides recommendations in four areas: 1) Establishing exchange positions between cybersecurity teams in the US and Japan and increasing videoconferences and meetings. 2) Improving cooperation between US and Japanese militaries on network security. 3) Leveraging existing frameworks for disaster response to improve public-private cooperation on cyber incidents. 4) Surveying private sector collaboration to share best practices.
Cyber Training: Developing the Next Generation of Cyber AnalystsBooz Allen Hamilton
Part of the solution involves identifying and recruiting top thinkers into the field of cybersecurity, but the more immediate challenge is ensuring that cyber professionals have access to the training and information they need to keep their cyber intelligence analysis skills relevant and effective. Due to the rapidly evolving nature of the threat, education and training must be continuous, and this document focuses on strategies and best practices for developing a cyber force that maintains America’s position as a global leader in the information age.
The document outlines India's 2013 National Cyber Security Policy. The policy aims to build a secure cyber ecosystem in India by protecting information infrastructure, reducing cyber threats and vulnerabilities, and developing cyber security capabilities. It identifies strategic objectives and approaches across areas such as creating assurance frameworks, strengthening regulatory structures, developing threat monitoring and response mechanisms, securing e-governance, protecting critical infrastructure, fostering research and workforce development, and enhancing domestic and international cooperation. The overarching goal is to secure cyberspace for citizens, businesses and the government of India.
Information Sharing of Cyber Threat Intelligence with their Issue and Challengesijtsrd
This document discusses cyber threat intelligence (CTI), including definitions, levels, providers, and challenges. CTI is the collection and analysis of information about current and potential cyber attacks. It exists at operational, tactical, and strategic levels. Major CTI providers include FireEye, IBM X-Force, and Threat Tracer. Key challenges to CTI include data overload, ensuring data quality, addressing privacy/legal issues, and interoperability between intelligence sharing platforms.
Critical Information Infrastructure Cyberspace Situational Awareness_Measure ...DaveNjoga1
This document discusses situational awareness in cyberspace and critical information infrastructure protection. It begins with background on cyberspace and defines cyberspace situational awareness. It establishes that situational awareness is important for cyberspace security management. The study reveals that comprehensive intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance of cyber incidents is vital but missing for achieving a mature and managed cyberspace. It recommends adopting a framework encompassing technical, social and political aspects to enable sustainable situational awareness, which is key to information governance and achieving development goals.
The document outlines India's national cyber security policy and strategies. It aims to build a secure and resilient cyberspace for citizens, businesses, and government. The key objectives are to create a secure cyber ecosystem, strengthen regulatory frameworks, enhance mechanisms for information gathering and response, protect critical information infrastructure, develop indigenous security technologies, and create a cybersecurity workforce. The strategies to achieve these objectives include designating agencies to coordinate cybersecurity efforts, encouraging adoption of best practices, developing testing and certification processes, and fostering public-private partnerships and cooperation.
A look at why Caribbean cyber security is important, Caribbean experiences achieving cyber security, why an effective strategy is critical and the importance of an effective Information Governance strategy.
Cyber-enabled Information Operations -- Inglis 04 27-17 -- SASCDavid Sweigert
Chris Inglis testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee about cyber-enabled information operations. He discussed three trends exacerbating the impact of technology: 1) a new geography of the internet transcending physical borders, 2) people increasingly organizing by ideology rather than proximity, and 3) private and state actors seeing cyberspace as a venue for collaboration, competition, and conflict. Any solution must address technology, people, and the procedures binding them, and emphasize collaboration between private and public sectors to improve resilience across borders.
The document outlines the Department of Defense's strategy for operating in cyberspace. It discusses 5 strategic initiatives: 1) treating cyberspace as an operational domain; 2) employing new defense operating concepts like active cyber defense and network resilience; 3) partnering with other government agencies and the private sector; 4) building international partnerships; and 5) leveraging innovation through cyber workforce development. The strategy aims to organize, train, and equip DoD to operate effectively in cyberspace while addressing growing cyber threats from state and non-state actors.
The document outlines the Department of Defense's strategy for operating in cyberspace. It discusses 5 strategic initiatives: 1) treating cyberspace as an operational domain; 2) employing new defense operating concepts like active cyber defense and network resilience; 3) partnering with other government agencies and the private sector; 4) building international partnerships; and 5) leveraging innovation through cyber workforce development. The strategy aims to organize, train, and equip DoD to operate effectively in cyberspace while addressing growing cyber threats from state and non-state actors.
The document outlines the Department of Defense's strategy for operating in cyberspace. It discusses 5 strategic initiatives: 1) treating cyberspace as an operational domain; 2) employing new defense operating concepts like active cyber defense and network resilience; 3) partnering with other government agencies and the private sector; 4) building international partnerships; and 5) developing an exceptional cyber workforce through training and innovation. The strategy aims to help the DoD organize for, defend, and leverage opportunities in cyberspace while managing threats from state and non-state actors.
The C3i Group is a national-international outreach venture providing strategic leadership in Cybersecurity, Cybercrime, and Cyber Intelligence.
The C3i Group facilitates open dialog, communication, and information sharing among key public-private entities, enabling them to DISCOVER what is at cyber-counterintelligence risk, how to DEFEND against it, and how to ENSURE cyber-secure competitiveness in the digital global economy.
Cybercrime is nothing new. What is different now is the intimacy, reach and size of those attacks. There are hundreds of billions in losses each year. This unsettling state of affairs has created a binary world with really only two kinds of companies: those that have been hacked and admit it, and those that have been hacked and don't admit it or don’t know it yet. Worse yet, for the vast majority of individuals, very few of us have been untouched whether we know it or not.
In NTT i³’s book “CyberCrime: Radically Rethinking the Global Threat,” Rich Boyer, Chief Architect for Security and Dr. Kenji Takahashi, VP Product Management for Security examine the current arms race between cybercriminals and their diverse and agile toolkits and the radically new approaches to cybersecurity that the enterprise must adopt to compete and win.
Risk and Responsibility in a Hyperconnected World assesses cyber resilience and the impact of cyberattacks. It examines necessary action areas, analyzes response readiness through interviews and surveys, and sets out three alternative future scenarios. The report finds that cyberattacks pose strategic risks and could slow innovation worth $1-21 trillion. While large companies acknowledge interdependence, most lack mature cyber risk management processes. The report concludes collaborative action is needed across sectors to build cyber capabilities and develop a framework for participants to enhance resilience. It proposes a 14-point roadmap to facilitate cooperation.
1) The document discusses the concept of Cyber 3.0, which uses machine learning and semantic analysis to provide visibility, control, and context for cybersecurity in today's environment of hyperconnectivity, mobility, and big data.
2) Current cybersecurity solutions require human intervention that does not scale to address the speed, volume, and variety of network data.
3) Cyber 3.0 automates processes through machine learning to identify threats and enforce policies faster than human analysts can, providing the intelligence needed to protect critical assets now and in the future.
1) Information security is undergoing significant change driven by evolving technology trends and how people use technology. Key trends include the growth of cloud computing, connected devices, data sharing, and new identity and trust models.
2) Over the next decade, information security requirements will be shaped by factors like globalization, regulation, and demographics. Suppliers will need to specialize to meet diverse needs.
3) Organizations require holistic information security approaches considering technology, processes, and people to adapt to threats and remain compliant with changing rules. Proactive strategies can provide competitive advantages over reactive ones.
This document provides a summary of China's "Three Warfares" concept, which includes psychological warfare, media warfare, and legal warfare. It describes each type of warfare and provides examples. Psychological warfare aims to undermine the enemy's will through operations targeting morale. Media warfare seeks to influence domestic and international public opinion in China's favor. Legal warfare uses international and domestic law to advance Chinese interests. Taiwan is a primary target of Chinese psychological operations efforts to influence its military and citizens. The document evaluates Three Warfares as an information warfare concept employed during peacetime and wartime to maximize the effects of military force.
The document discusses the ongoing European debt crisis and risks to the US economy. It analyzes the positions of various players in the European crisis including Germany, the ECB, and affected countries. There are disagreements around who should bear the costs of bailouts. The document also notes weakness in US data but argues against an imminent recession, though growth is expected to remain weak. More quantitative easing by the Fed is anticipated but benefits are uncertain. Low valuations reflect high recession probabilities priced into markets.
Hii the convergence_of_google_and_bots_-_searching_for_security_vulnerabiliti...Mousselmal Tarik
Hackers are now using botnets to automate Google searches on a massive scale, generating over 80,000 queries daily. By distributing searches across many compromised machines, hackers can evade detection techniques used by search engines. Hackers first obtain a botnet, then use a tool to coordinate widespread searching using lists of search terms likely to return vulnerable sites. This enables hackers to efficiently collect many potential targets for crafting attacks.
Cia culture-intelligence-berrett-cultural topographyMousselmal Tarik
This article introduces a new methodology called "Cultural Mapping" for intelligence analysis to better account for cultural factors. Cultural Mapping is designed to isolate and assess cultural variables influencing issues of intelligence interest and distinguish their degree of influence on decision-making and outcomes. The methodology aims to provide a more systematic and persuasive treatment of culture compared to how it is typically addressed peripherally in intelligence analysis. The authors developed Cultural Mapping to remedy perceived deficiencies in how the intelligence community incorporates cultural understanding and to improve analysis for policymakers.
1) The document provides 99 tips for maintaining and repairing corporate reputation.
2) Key tips include communicating openly during difficult times, taking responsibility for mistakes, monitoring employee sentiment, and being accessible as a leader.
3) Reputation recovery takes time, courage, and consistent small actions over an extended period.
All right reserved:
Daniele Marzoli1 and Luca Tommasi1 Contact Information
(1) Department of Biomedical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Blocco A, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy
Published on
http://blogsetie.blogspot.com
This document discusses fuzzing SMS implementations on smartphones to find vulnerabilities. It presents techniques for injecting SMS messages locally into iPhones, Android, and Windows Mobile devices without using the carrier network. The authors used the Sulley fuzzing framework to generate fuzzed SMS messages and monitor the phone software under stress. Their fuzzing found security issues that could crash or reboot devices or prevent further SMS reception.
Eiaa Marketers Internet Ad Barometer 2009 Pr PresentationMousselmal Tarik
Advertisers are increasing their online ad spending, with 70% reporting increases in 2009. On average, increases are predicted at 18% in 2009, 21% in 2010, and 15% in 2011. Most satisfied with internet advertising, 84% ranking it highly. Targeting by demographics like 25-44 year olds is increasing. Use of formats like search, display, and video are up. 16% of budgets on average are now spent at a pan-European rather than country level. Mobile and video seen as key drivers in coming years.
The document discusses a global survey on health attitudes. Some key findings include:
- Around the world, being healthy is highly valued while illness is seen negatively. Most people report being at least somewhat healthy.
- However, there are also widespread concerns about developing various illnesses like cancer or chronic conditions. People feel vulnerable to health problems outside their control.
- Recent world events have increased general anxiety and uncertainty. As wealth becomes less certain, health is becoming more important as something still within personal influence.
- Thinking about health is common. Those with lower incomes think about health more often, suggesting health is a priority when other aspects of life feel unpredictable.
Pharell dancing in a Mc Donald's restaurant in a Paris Airport... But after that what are the results on the Web? Who's taking advant-age of the buzz???
Analyse du buzz généré par la vidéo publiée par Pharell Williams lors de son passage dans un mc donalds de Paris (à l'aéroport de Roissy Charles de Gaulle)
The document outlines a design strategy for Pepsi called "BREATHTAKING" that draws inspiration from Pepsi's branding history and universal design principles to create a new identity. It explores how investigating a brand's roots can help propel it forward. The strategy aims to shift Pepsi from a conventional to innovative brand by developing an iconic shape based on geometric patterns found in past packaging. Circles placed in a specific proportional relationship are used to derive the new Pepsi identity and logo. Color palettes and dimensional effects are also discussed to enhance the multi-dimensional brand experience.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
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Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
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How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
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This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
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Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
1. ...setting the landscape
for an emerging discipline...
inTELLiGEnCE anD naTiOnaL sECuRiTY aLLianCE
cyBer intelligence: Setting the landScape For an eMerging diScipline
SEPTEMBER 2011
2. ACknowlEDgEMEnTS
insa CHaiRWOMan
Frances Fragos Townsend
insa sTaFF
Ellen McCarthy, INSA President
Chuck Alsup, INSA Vice President for Policy
Jay Fox, INSA Senior Research Intern
CYBER inTELLiGEnCE TasK FORCE EDiTinG TEaM
Terry Roberts, Executive Director, Interagency & Cyber, CMU/SEI
Bill Studeman, Independent Consultant
CYBER inTELLiGEnCE TasK FORCE WRiTinG TEaM
Barbara Fast, Vice President, CGI
Michael Johnson, Senior Scientist/Computer Security Researcher, Sandia National Laboratories
Dick Schaeffer, Riverbank Associates, LLC
EDiTORiaL REViEW
Joseph M. Mazzafro, Oracle National Security Group
insa suppORTs a HEaLTHY pLanET
InSA white Papers are printed on
recycled paper that is
50% recycled content
including 25% post
consumer waste.
3. ExECuTIvE SuMMARy
E
volving information systems technology has turned the cyber arena into a multi-dimensional attack space that extends
the conventional landscape to a virtual domain where key economic and national security assets are exposed to
significant threats. Individual, commercial, national, and international activities interact in this domain, increasing
the space for offensive and defensive operations. Cyberspace is a haven for a broad range of disruptive operations,
including reconnaissance, theft, sabotage, and espionage. It serves as an environment that allows threats to target
hardware, software, financial assets, intellectual property, and individual identities.
This paper is the first in a series developed by the Intelligence This paper assesses the cyber threat dynamic, economic
and national Security Alliance’s (InSA) Cyber Council. It costs of cyber attacks and security, as well as the current
is intended to broaden the vision of senior decision makers uS approach to cyber intelligence. Based on these
in government and industry. our goal with this paper is assessments, we believe further discussion on the following
to set the landscape for cyber intelligence by discussing topics across industry, academia and government would
why it is necessary and providing thoughts on how to be a prudent investment in the future security and reliability
approach the development of this function in the cyber of the increasingly important cyber domain. These topics
domain. while there is a great deal of focus on current include the need to:
cyber security issues, there is little focus on defining and 1. Systematically define and establish effective cyber
exploring the cyber threat environment at a higher level. intelligence approaches, enduring professions, and
Its unique dynamics and impact on our economy and needed skill-sets/training/education and technologies
national security are understudied. In this paper, we will
focus primarily on defensive cyber activities. There is a 2. Enable the creation of cyber intelligence related
rapidly increasing need to fully leverage cyber intelligence policies, approaches, and pilot efforts across industry,
assets and capabilities on a national and global scale academia/non-profits, and government that provide
to address this ubiquitous, diverse, and evolving group unclassified situational awareness, indications,
of adversaries. There is also a need to clearly define an warning data, analytics, and 24/7 unclassified and
emerging cyber intelligence discipline that can be quickly classified (as appropriate) reporting to government
and transparently shared with appropriate private and agencies, trusted industry, and global partners. The
Cyber Council believes these pilot efforts are the most
foreign partners.
relevant value–added recommendations for setting
The Cyber Threat Dynamic can be broken into three the landscape for cyber intelligence provided by this
components: paper.
• The Cyberspace Environment 3. Establish public-private partnership cyber outreach
forums that address these issues/concerns in a
• The Cyber Threat
comprehensive, practical, and executable fashion
• The Convergence of the Effects of the Cyberspace
4. Build a meaningful virtual partnership among all
Environment and the Threat
relevant agencies and the private sector to ensure
The two overarching costs from the cyber threat dynamic seamless sharing of threat information, timely
are losses due to adversarial activities and the expense analytical judgments, and reasoned, measured
of providing and maintaining security. In cyberspace, responses to clear threats
the low cost of entry and easy access creates an ultimately, effective cyber intelligence will begin to
asymmetric environment in which public and private enable predictive, strategic warning regarding cyber
sector organizations incur a disproportionate cost to threat activities, mitigate risks associated with the threat,
defend compared to the consequence of attack. while enhance our ability to assess the effects of cyber intrusion,
quantifiable assessments of the net impact of cyber attacks and streamline cyber security into a more efficient and cost
are difficult to discern, the cost is great enough to warrant effective process based on well informed decisions.
the need for a cyber security apparatus supported by
sophisticated cyber intelligence.
InSA CyBER InTEllIgEnCE wHITE PAPER | 3
4. InTRoDuCTIon: ToDAy’S CyBER EnvIRonMEnT
D
uring the 20th Century, the united States experienced tremendous
economic and industrial growth as inventors, entrepreneurs, and The United States
policy makers partnered to turn ideas into labor saving and life as a whole has
enhancing technology. During this time period, government and industry
yet to put in
needed to collaborate in unprecedented ways in order to serve national
interests and meet security requirements. place systemic
approaches,
Advances in information systems technology enabled collaboration among
individuals and states regardless of location. Innovation accelerated, and tradecraft,
benefits to the united States overshadowed concerns about how these technologies,
new capabilities might be used for malicious purposes. These same
breakthroughs gave unprincipled individuals, organizations, and nations
and end-to-end
a new range of tools with which to perpetrate theft, fraud, sabotage, solutions across
and espionage. government,
A reactive patchwork of technology and processes with the purpose of academia,
developing a preplanned comprehensive approach to constructing and and industry.
using the global network emerged to address the deficiencies created by
what was viewed as a temporary fad by these “hackers” and other unsavory
interlopers. Historically, government and industry often collaborated
on key technological innovations, like nuclear power, to utilize efforts
for the common good. Today, government agencies and industry often
seem to pursue separate (perhaps counter-productive) policies, in lieu of
cooperating effectively to address incoming threats to our local and global
network domains.
The government, as in other areas, has unique insights into the threat space but cannot seamlessly share these
insights with the very industries that own and operate over 90 percent of the telecommunications’ infrastructure
and operations. This is further exacerbated by the common misperception that these threats are technical
and tactical level attacks best handled at the unit or individual domain level. This bifurcated approach has
resulted in the loss of precious years while the cyber threat vectors and activity levels have grown exponentially.
Furthermore, the united States as a whole has yet to put in place systemic approaches, tradecraft, technologies,
and end-to-end solutions across government, academia, and industry.
while there is a great deal of focus on current cyber security issues, there is very little focus on truly defining and
exploring the cyber threat environment at a higher level, its unique dynamics, and the potential impact on our
economy and national security. we need to fully leverage cyber intelligence assets and capabilities to address
this ubiquitous, diverse and ever evolving category of adversaries. This white paper addresses the following
dimensions of the cyber threat environment:
I. The new Dimension: Cyber Threat Dynamics III. The Role of Intelligence in the Cyber Arena
II. Impact of Current levels of Cyber Attacks: Iv. Areas for Further Discussion and Review
The Economics
4 | Intelligence and national Security Alliance | www.insaonline.org
5. I. THE nEw DIMEnSIon: CyBER THREAT DynAMICS
E
merging information systems technology enables the cyber arena to extend the
conventional landscape to a virtual domain where key economic and national There is a rapidly
security assets are subject to threats. The convergence of the cyberspace increasing need
environment and threat vectors creates a complicated dynamic.
to fully leverage
The Cyber Threat Dynamic can be broken into three components: cyber intelligence
1. The Cyberspace Environment assets and
2. The Cyber Threat capabilities on
3. The Convergence of the Effects of the Cyberspace Environment and the Threat a national and
global scale to
1. THE CYBERspaCE EnViROnMEnT clearly define
Cyberspace has become a global commons that has enhanced interaction,
information exchange, and productivity. However, it is also a haven for a broad
the emerging
range of disruptive operations, including sabotage, reconnaissance, theft, and cyber intelligence
espionage. It serves as an environment that allows threats to deny, disrupt, degrade, discipline.
or destroy hardware, software, and intellectual property.
The Relevance of the “information super-Highway.”
Although the Internet and highway system analogy may be a bit of a cliché, commerce
is instructive when examining the cyberspace environment and the economic impact
of cyber intrusions. Imagine if businesses in the united States could not use the
interstate system to reliably transport goods. Similarly, in the early days of overseas
commerce, ships would often be captured by pirates and bandits who would
rob merchants with impunity and little penalty. During world war II, merchant
convoys relied on military escorts, which in turn, relied on industry for supplies
and innovations. This symbiotic partnership between industry and government was
foundational to the economic growth of this nation and the world economy. Today
90 percent of all commerce takes place on the seas, mostly without incident. The
Internet has assumed an analogous stature in its role in financial transactions and
the exchange of information. Protecting this “super-highway” is a global imperative
for the public, private, and academic sectors.
a Multi-Dimensional attack space.
The cyber environment, coupled with technology, has created a new multi-dimensional
attack space. There is an interconnection between the spatial, physical, logical,
and social layers through which the adversary moves with impunity. The complexity
of this attack space means that investigators must understand the relationship
between these layers and pinpoint the perpetrator’s origin and intent in order to gain
attribution. with the convergence of computers and telecommunications networks,
the defenders must look at this problem as a whole and then disaggregate into its
parts. There is a merging of wired, wireless, and optical technologies (networks
and RF). whereas before enterprise networks might be viewed distinctly from hand-
held devices or tactical radios, now the cyber network stretches from the enterprise
network and its infrastructure to wireless devices being used at the tactical edge by
the military, law enforcement, shoppers, or drivers using gPS-enabled devices.
InSA CyBER InTEllIgEnCE wHITE PAPER | 5
6. with each other. In most cases,
laws have not kept pace with the
technical ability of an adversary
Ultimately, effective cyber intelligence will begin to move rapidly through national,
to enable predictive, strategic warning regarding academic, commercial, and
private internet service providers.
cyber threat activities, mitigate risks associated The lexicon is especially confusing
with the threat, enhance our ability to assess the because it remains immature.
For example, there is no agreed
effects of cyber attacks, and streamline cyber
definition of what constitutes an
security into a more efficient and cost effective attack on a nation or a breach
process based on well informed decisions. of sovereignty. often theft,
espionage, reconnaissance, or
even simple hacking is described as
an attack.
Contrary to physical domains and sciences, this
The Consequences of Outsourcing.
environment is truly a complex and dynamic cyber-
The u.S. government has significantly outsourced
ecosystem that demonstrates unexpected emergent
significant portions of the design, implementation,
behaviors every day. Similar to physics in the early
and maintenance of Information Technology (IT) to
1800s, we are still in the early stages of understanding
other countries, where our potential adversaries can
cyber as a domain and its implications. Cyber
easily insert themselves into our logistical chains.
science, engineering, and domain are in their infancy,
The united States and other developed countries
and all are being driven at the speed of continuous
have outsourced their IT development for economic
technological development. little is designed with the
reasons, but the market is failing to account for the
strategic vision to systematically mitigate threats; much
reality of the increased security risk. The present
is evolved in a tactical, reactive way. new versions
situation is as dangerous as if the united States
of exploits are launched globally every day, resulting
decided to outsource the design of bridges, electrical
in new vulnerabilities. given this
flaw of software and systems, there
is no end in sight to the repetitive
iterations of tactical attack and
defense.
The government has unique insights into the
threat space but cannot seamlessly share these
The Gap Between Law and the Threat. insights with the very industries that own and
national and international laws,
operate over 90% of the telecommunications’
regulations, and enforcement
are still struggling to catch up to infrastructure and operations.
cyber activities worldwide. Rules,
protocols, and standards are few
and disconnected, often conflicting
6 | Intelligence and national Security Alliance | www.insaonline.org
8. 3. THE COnVERGEnCE OF THE EFFECTs OF THE Fostering an asymmetric Cyber Threat.
CYBERspaCE EnViROnMEnT anD THE THREaT The cyber domain encompasses a new and profound
The heart of the cyber threat dynamic is where the effects dimension of asymmetric warfare. Historically, adversaries
of the cyberspace environment and the threat meet. This of all types have chosen to take advantage of an opponent
convergence has a multiplying effect on the vulnerabilities where and when he or she is weakest, especially if
of cyber targets. the attacker is outmatched. Because of the attacker’s
familiarity with the infrastructure,
cyberspace offers an opportunity
to extend the landscape to a virtual
While there is a great deal of focus on current domain where both key economic
and national security dynamics are
cyber security issues, there is very little focus on truly at play. Individual, commercial,
defining and exploring the cyber threat environment at national, and international activities
a higher level, its unique dynamics, and the potential all work and socialize in this
domain, increasing the space to
impact on our economy and national security. attack and defend.
In this domain, it is not necessary
for a peer-on-peer relationship to be
present, nor is it necessary for the
attacker’s Familiarity with the Cyber infrastructure. attacker to be victorious. The lone individual, the criminal
Attackers derive an advantage in preparing and executing group, or a developing country can be just as dangerous
an attack from their familiarity with the hardware and as the well resourced and situated advanced player. The
software the victim uses. The attacker can experiment and disadvantage lies with states and global commercial interests
perfect an attack on the same commodity infrastructure his whose equities rely on the Internet and interconnectivity
victim is likely to have. Part of the cost of using a cookie for national security and economic trade. while every
cutter computing platform has been to give attackers nation is vulnerable, there are places that offer particularly
the blueprints to our infrastructure. These blueprints, lucrative launch points for the hacker. Failed states enable
combined with the complexity of the infrastructure that opportunities for hackers, as they do for criminals and
gives them a place to hide, are all they need. The terrorists. These states are simply not resourced, or they
software architecture is both intricately complex and are too corrupt to bring governance, law, or order to
relatively inexpensive, resulting in economies of scale bear on the issue. There are other nations that tolerate
that complicate cost metrics. we have taken advantage hackers within their borders so long as they are not the
of this economic leverage to such a degree that virtually victim themselves.
everyone has a clone of everyone else’s infrastructure. A
cyber threat retains an advantage due to the inscrutable
complexity of IT infrastructure but also to its ubiquity as an
inexpensive commodity.
Terry Roberts. Executive Director Interagency and Cyber, Carnegie Mellon, SEI Cyber Intelligence - Foundational to Cyber Mission Assurance. February 8, 2011
1
8 | Intelligence and national Security Alliance | www.insaonline.org
9. Exploiting the Current Defense paradigm.
As in other forms of asymmetric warfare,
a perimeter defense is not effective. In Because of the attacker’s familiarity with the
cyberspace, it is all the more challenging infrastructure, cyberspace offers an opportunity
with the extra obstacles of time, technology,
to extend the landscape to a virtual domain
laws, and attribution, among others.
Attackers continue to migrate from less where both key economic and national security
sophisticated denial of service operations dynamics are at play.
to very complex attacks. The Stuxnet attack
on select networks that operate centrifuges
in nuclear facilities provides an example.
Attackers now assume legitimate identities as the speed of networks increases, it allows the
to illegally procure intellectual property and conduct perpetrator to maintain the initiative. The hacker can
other operations. Attackers also insert command and take full advantage of the speed of hardware, software,
control code that lies in wait inside a victim’s network and communications technology upgrades to expedite
until activated to conduct a pre-designated activity. his/her attack vectors. The defender is continuously in a
They are increasingly able to manipulate the content game of catch-up. As the defender identifies new attacks
of information in order to meet their objective and and implements new security measures under ever tighter
influence the actions of the victim. All of these actions timelines, the attacker simply continues to outrun these
can be easily perpetrated from locations thousands of measures. For example, some criminals now sell an instant
miles away at a time of the perpetrator’s choosing with identification service of ongoing on-line transactions to
chilling effect. customers who then are able to steal money in that same
time space.
Time Favors the attacker.
The dimension of time has changed the threat environment, shared Threat and shared Responsibility.
favoring the attacker. Attacks from around the globe
Today’s cyber threat dynamic is a shared threat among
happen in seconds, transiting through multiple waypoints
public, private, and government entities. This common
that often mask their movement to the victim. The lack
threat creates additional and unprecedented risks,
of geographic boundaries permits optimized, virtual
realities, and vulnerabilities. The attacker can use the
routing to the destination. If the attacker is successful in
same mechanism to strike multiple targets. Civilian
breaching a network’s perimeter, the attacker can move
“casualties” and collateral damage are very likely. For
quickly, slowly, or lie dormant, depending on the nature
example, attacks on critical infrastructure, like electricity,
of the victim’s network and intruder’s intent. Additionally,
can have second and third order effects on hospitals,
emergency services, and other
unintended victims. Cyber threats
can breach touch-points between
Cyber science, engineering, and domain are in their
government unclassified and
infancy, and all are being driven at the speed of classified systems. In the absence
continuous technological development. Little is designed of a completely new Internet
architecture, the public and
with the strategic vision to systematically mitigate threats. private sectors are intrinsically
linked, interdependent, and must
collectively devise and adopt
solutions to be effective.
InSA CyBER InTEllIgEnCE wHITE PAPER | 9
10. II. IMPACT oF CyBER ATTACkS
AnD CoST oF CyBER SECuRITy: THE EConoMICS
T
he two overarching costs from the cyber threat dynamic are the losses due
to an intrusion and the expense of providing and maintaining security. In the We are not
cyber environment the low cost of entry and easy access creates an asymmetric effectively or
environment for “piracy and plunder.” Anyone with a computer can be a pirate
whether he or she is working for a state government or out of his/her garage. In
comprehensively
2003 estimates of losses due to cyber attacks ranged from $13 billion to $226 collecting and
billion.2 while these estimates are often challenged, the impact is certainly assessing key
significant, and the key risks and costs we incur by not effectively addressing the
breadth of threats to the cyber domain must be addressed. data points to tell
us the cumulative
aMBiGuOus EsTiMaTEs OF ECOnOMiC COsTs. impact and
The first challenge we face is determining the quantifiable effects of cyber attacks
cost of all of
and security. The absence of accurate damage assessments is a critical shortcoming.
Many researchers have published diverse estimates of the actual and potential our respective
economic costs. kshetri (2010) quotes an FBI/McAfee study as estimating uS costs government and
of cybercrime at $400 billion annually.3 Anderson (2010) estimates the potential
losses from a successful cyber attack on the uk’s petroleum infrastructure to be on
industry losses
the order of hundreds of billions of dollars.4 of intellectual
The impact on business, government, and individuals from cyber attacks has
property and
progressed significantly from distraction and moderate disruption to an inability to personal data.
operate or communicate for days. Typically in commerce, the potential for dishonest
interactions and financial losses has been coupled with the recognition that this
could be quantified, managed, and included as a business cost. However, cyber
disruptions are not always correlated to IP losses, financial theft, or IT sabotage.
This clouds the impact and increases risk to businesses and governments. we
have advanced beyond mere “acceptable levels of loss” to levels where effective
ownership of an individual’s, company’s, or country’s finances, operations and
intellectual property may be at stake. The impact has increased in magnitude, and
the potential for catastrophic collapse of a company has grown. However, it is not
yet clear that the business community understands or accepts this increase in risk.
The bottom line is that we are not effectively or comprehensively collecting and
assessing key data points to tell us this important story – the cumulative impact and
cost of all of our respective government and industry losses of intellectual property
and personal data.
2
www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/govtaffairs/images/CRS_Cyber_Attacks.pdf. 3 Kshetri 2010. 4
Anderson 2010.
10 | Intelligence and national Security Alliance | www.insaonline.org
11. CRiTiCaL inFRasTRuCTuRE:
a sECuRiTY iMpERaTiVE.
Critical infrastructure is at significant risk Today’s cyber threat dynamic is a shared threat
to this form of warfare. Much of the
world’s critical infrastructure, including in
among public, private, and government entities.
the energy, finance, and transportation
sectors, was created and netted
before the security imperative became
in space, worst case attack or warfare scenarios at the
apparent. Even if the infrastructure has modernized
high end of conflict can mean the complete breakdown
security features, it remains vulnerable to attackers who
of daily life as we know it. Simulations of a weaponized
find entry via legacy software that provides trap doors
cyber attack against our global telecommunications
into the larger, modernized network.
executed against military and government systems,
industry, and critical infrastructure portend the significant
RisKs TO iDEnTiTY anD inFORMaTiOn sECuRiTY. risk associated with our dependency on information age
legitimate IT users must constantly question whether the systems. At the mid-point of the threat spectrum, there
equipment is leaking their information. Average users are are potential losses of trust in the decision, control, and
becoming more aware that the first time they may know execution functionality we have come to associate with
of exfiltration of their data is when they read it in the news modern precision engagement warfare. At the lower
or when an adversary uses it against them. Today, users end of threat, ideas, data, and resources are stolen;
must choose either to keep their information “off the grid” functionality is hacked; service is denied; and privacy
or to take an unquantifiable risk that it will end up in the and civil liberties are violated. our lives and institutions
wrong hands. The cost of losing proprietary or personal can generally be disrupted, probed, and exposed.
information must be constantly considered alongside the
opportunity cost of sequestering information from our Impacts and risks our society faces based upon today’s
networked IT infrastructure. likely, it is the most innovative, incoming cyber threats include:
sensitive, or insightful (and thus useful) information that has • Theft Resulting in Loss of Federal Resources. This
the greatest need for legitimate, but controlled, sharing. could result in “the release of sensitive or classified
unfortunately, this information is often either over-controlled government information; the disruption of critical
or too easily accessible. This continuous set of choices information; and the undermining of agency
is very real and costly in time, technology, management, missions.”5 This fundamentally threatens our
and bureaucracy. national security.
• Disruption of Our Nation’s Telecommunications. our
THE THREaT sTaKEs aRE HiGH anD EVER inCREasinG in nation’s prosperity depends on assured and highly
THE CYBER DOMain. performing information systems. The reliance of stock
At the high end of the threat spectrum, national survival markets and financial institutions on the Internet and
could potentially be at stake in the most extreme associated networks, as well as the operational
circumstances. our dependencies on net-centricity, IT requirements for command and control by our
and telecommunications, and the related microelectronics diplomatic, military, and intelligence organizations
and paths that facilitate information age processes have identify our digital infrastructure as a critical national
become vulnerabilities for virtually all modern states. using security asset. The President has pledged to make
the broadest definition of “cyber” as part of information this infrastructure “secure, trustworthy, and resilient.”6
operations, including both the kinetic (e.g. EMP) and Cyber threats expose this infrastructure to
significant risk.
non-kinetic threats to our modern decision and control
processes, and by adding our increasing vulnerabilities
5
Montalbano 2010. 6
Goldsmith 2010.
InSA CyBER InTEllIgEnCE wHITE PAPER | 11
12. • Increased vulnerability to our Critical
Infrastructure. we continue to push initiatives
The reliance of stock markets and financial
for deeper integration of information systems institutions on the Internet and associated
of all sorts (e.g., energy “smart grid,” networks... identify our digital infrastructure
medical records, and air-traffic control)
with the Internet.7 This integration is driven as a critical national security asset.
by powerful economic incentives on the
part of both business and government.8
This integration creates the possibility of a
approaches cannot keep up. Examples include distributing
multiplier effect of cyber attacks.
“up-to-date” malware signatures when much of today’s
• Short-Term goals versus long-Term vision of Cyber malware presents a unique signature for every infection;
Security. In the early days of the Information Age, searching for an “optimal” operating system security
government and industry reaped the benefits of configuration and then replicating it in a monoculture
productivity and economic gain associated with IT across a large network; conducting thousands of hours
and the Internet. However, they have probably not of “extensive” testing that covers only a small fraction of
sufficiently invested in properly securing these critical a system’s total space; and imposing new programming
infrastructures. we will experience long-term costs if paradigms in the mistaken belief that they can eradicate
these systems are disrupted or incapacitated. Security vulnerabilities from software.
vulnerabilities in information technology represent a
market externality because the costs from insecurity
inEFFiCiEnCiEs OF THE CYBER aRMs RaCE.
are either not borne by the party best able to address
them (PC industry, cell phones) or do not fully represent Attempting to secure our systems under current cyber
the cost to society (critical infrastructure)9. Economic practices is a costly, ineffective, and never-ending
incentives of industry are aligned against sharing of struggle. we must avoid an offensive-defensive cyber
information about security threats and actual security “arms race” which consumes extensive resources, yet fails
incidents.10 As an example of one kind of disincentive, to produce an enduring or definitive outcome. At best,
the share price of companies reporting a significant adversaries struggle for strategic parity, with one ending
cyber breach fell an average of 1 - 5 percent.11 up bankrupt and all having little to show for it. At worst,
an adversary conceives of the problem from a different
a REaCTiVE anD COsT inTEnsiVE appROaCH. perspective (unbeknownst to us), and we are blindsided
through technological surprise.
Significant time and resources are spent in cumulative
attempts to address the latest threat vector and to improve we need to systematically collect key metrics on all of
cyber security. Federal Information Security Market, the above activity levels from government and industry so
2010-2015, indicates that demand for vendor-furnished that the real impact is known and the top risks identified
information security products and services by the u.S. can become the priority for resolution. The irony of
federal government will increase from $8.6 billion in reporting the impact of a cyber breach is that reporting
2010 to $13.3 billion in 2015 at a compound annual also puts the company or government agency “on report”
growth rate (CAgR) of 9.1 percent. to all. Therefore, this key data should be collected by a
not-for-profit, trusted third party, and the trends and the
These huge government expenditures result in only
cumulative impacts should be shared with all in a non-
momentary benefit because the threat vectors are moving
attributable manner.
at the speed of technology, and our current, reactive
7
Goldsmith 2010. 8 Anderson 2010. 9
Anderson 2010. 10
Anderson 2010. 11
Cashell 2004.
12 | Intelligence and national Security Alliance | www.insaonline.org
13. III. THE RolE oF InTEllIgEnCE In THE CyBER AREnA
T
he previous two sections have addressed the cyber threat dynamic and the
impact of cyber attacks and security. As in any form of security, intelligence Effective cyber
is a key component of tactical and strategic decision-making. Effective cyber
intelligence will
intelligence will enhance our ability to assess the effects of cyber attacks (a critical
shortcoming identified in the previous section), mitigate risks associated with the enhance our
threat, and streamline cyber security into an efficient and cost-effective process ability to assess
based on well informed decisions.
the effects of
DEFininG THE THREaT inTELLiGEnCE MissiOn (a pHiLOsOpHiCaL TuTORiaL). cyber attacks,
The role of intelligence in any capacity is to collect, analyze, and produce mitigate risks
information to provide complete, accurate, timely, and relevant threat assessments to associated with
inform decision makers who act on the information. It is usually most effective when
it is disseminated at the lowest possible classification level for the maximum number the threat, and
of relevant users facing these threats. In performing this mission, the intelligence streamline cyber
agencies seek to penetrate actual or potential threat targets consistent with national security into an
strategic, operational, and tactical priorities. These agencies then seek to produce
intelligence on adversary or threat capabilities and intentions in a manner that efficient and
“connects” with the maximum number of relevant customers. cost effective
process based
THE ROLE OF THREaT inTELLiGEnCE pROCEssEs TO DRiVE aCTiOns.
Intelligence and threat analysis does not exist for its own purposes. when threat
on well informed
details are suppressed or ignored, national security incurs significant consequences. decisions.
It is important to sustain a high level of performance in the dynamic cyber
arena. This environment is where threats develop rapidly and are fueled by new
concepts for the use of pervasive IT. new waves of innovative capabilities seem
to break over users in tsunami fashion, be it the coming cloud architectures or the
continuing revolution in personal devices connected to the networks. given this
relentless and constantly unfolding environment, intelligence might be successful
in keeping pace with technological innovation. Conversely, it might be slow,
or even wrong in its assessments of the threat dynamic. It is therefore important
to evaluate public and private cyber intelligence activities that support these
security missions in a strategic manner.
THE “CYBER inTELLiGEnCE COMMuniTY.”
This unique, currently ad hoc, community is made up of government, telecommunication
and internet providers, CERTs, and other formal information security entities, specialty
companies, and vendors. The members of this community engage in a myriad of
activities that could be the potential victim of a cyber threat. This “Cyber Intelligence
Community” is currently an informal coalition of the willing that collects and analyzes
unclassified and classified cyber intelligence data and trends. There is no formal
mechanism across industry and government cyber intelligence entities that successfully
collects, processes, and analyzes all identifiable key cyber threat behavior and reports
it at an unclassified or reasonable classification level to all appropriate customers. An
effective connection between intelligence provider and the customer means that the
customer has understood and internalized the intelligence resulting in action to work
the intelligence and mitigate the threat. good intelligence professionals relentlessly
InSA CyBER InTEllIgEnCE wHITE PAPER | 13
14. pursue interactions with The “Cyber Intelligence Community” is currently an informal
customers to ensure that:
the data is collected,
coalition of the willing that collects and analyzes unclassified
analyzed, and conveyed; and classified cyber intelligence data and trends.
the intelligence serves
customers’ purposes;
and some action is being
Human Intelligence (HuMInT), open Source Intelligence
taken (or deliberately
(oSInT), geospatial and Measurement Intelligence
not taken). This cycle can be referred to as a constant
(gEoInT), and the volumes of unclassified network data
process of story-finding, story-telling, story-updating, story-
and behavior being watched by global CERTs. Continuous
listening, and story-heeding. A concept to institutionalize
liaison among all related parties is critical so that sharing
this ad hoc community is currently missing.
is seamless. This ensures an evolving, improved level of
insight and reporting to an increasingly secure and highly
CYBER COnFLiCT DOEs nOT ExisT in a VaCuuM. performing cyber environment for all.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff Pub 1 (unclassified) definition of
Information warfare integrates Electronic warfare/Attack, This evolving cyber intelligence tradecraft requires deep
Computer network operations (for offense, Defense, and powerful technical and analytic expertise at all levels.
and Exploit), Military Information Support operations Such technical talent and related capabilities remain
(MISo) (previously psychological operations), operational ill-defined and in short supply across government and
deception, and operational security. These operations industry. An institution that has made some headway in
can be kinetic and/or non-kinetic. There are adjacent this regard is the Information Assurance Directorate (IAD)
definitions for Strategic Communications, Space-related at the national Security Agency. IAD is the front line
missions, Covert Action, etc. when these missions are of the defensive cyber mission. It commands substantial
successfully integrated together by a capable adversary resources, high performing talent, strong processes,
in time and space to create the maximum effects, the and informed outreach. It also works hand in hand with
results can be devastating. The cyber arena has these military, public, and private partners to ensure that our
universal adjacencies and overlapping considerations cyber capabilities and intellectual property are defended
which intelligence managers must take into account for and that our defense is informing offense and vice versa.
offensive planning and execution, as well as in building IAD is a good start, but we must emulate their good
and operating defensive resilience and response. practices and innovativeness in defining professional
attributes, associated education, and training goals for
inVEsTinG in CYBER inTELLiGEnCE TRaDECRaFT, the unique career fields associated with the cyber realm.
sKiLL sETs, anD CapaBiLiTiEs. The vast majority of the dangerous activity occurs
A substantial and continuing investment in cyber within the .com domain (as opposed to the .gov or .mil
intelligence should be a strategic imperative in the domains) and over 90 percent of the threat data and
information age. It is also imperative to use that analytics are unclassified. Therefore, as a nation, we
intelligence to safe guard our ability to maintain security. have systematically relegated the identification, tracking,
we must ensure that stable domestic and international and reporting of this threat to the network operations
economies are not jeopardized by possible conflict with arena and IT professionals without the inclusion of the
rival powers, rogue states, failing or failed states, modern invaluable expertise and the analytic tradecraft of the
terrorists and thieves, and wMD proliferators. All formal u.S. Intelligence Community.
and informal intelligence disciplines contribute to these
imperatives, including Signals Intelligence (SIgInT),
14 | Intelligence and national Security Alliance | www.insaonline.org
15. Iv. AREAS FoR FuRTHER DISCuSSIon AnD REvIEw
o
ur national ability in the area of cyber intelligence remains unclear. There
is evidence that we are collecting effectively in this complex area. There is As a nation,
sound open source evidence that we are acquiring significant cyber and we have
information warfare capabilities. unfortunately, as a nation, we remain exposed
and vulnerable to focused cyber threats. The uncertainty associated with this situation
systematically
raises many questions including: relegated the
Does the rush to play in the capability and profit arenas of Information Age markets
identification,
simultaneously drive us to a potential abyss, by causing us to ignore, play down, tracking, and
over-classify, or restrict the inconvenient cyber truths required to have information reporting of
security and assurance concurrently?
this threat to
Are our innovative endeavors so focused on markets and functionality that we the network
cannot simultaneously innovate to some low, medium, and high levels of information
security and overall hardening in the process? operations
arena and IT
Has intelligence done a sufficient job of informing the community and public on
cyber threats writ large? professionals
one can infer the answer to these questions is negative since there is a universal
without the
clamor in many concerned public and private quarters that more needs to be done inclusion of
to distribute timely threat data, situational awareness and warning. This needs to the invaluable
be data that has specific details, not just data at a high level. The u.S. military has
been so overwhelmingly superior globally against niche adversaries who threaten in
expertise and
certain dimensions that we have not had to face the comprehensive specter of real the analytic
cyber warfare. literature has been full of stories of looming or developed threats tradecraft of the
which, under the worst circumstances, can have grave implications for defense and
national critical infrastructure in terms of conflict and crisis functionality. U.S. Intelligence
Community.
virtually the entire u.S. Intelligence Community (working with extended partners) is
involved to one degree or another in cyber threat matters. The means exist, albeit
often at the classified levels, to collect, analyze and produce estimative and fact
based data on both an in-depth research analysis basis or as current intelligence.
Some organizations like nSA, CIA, DIA, DHS and the military services are more
involved than others. However, the actual handling and security classifications of
threat information are pervasive problems in disseminating cyber intelligence. new
ways need to be found to clear those who need to know, quickly sanitize the
InSA CyBER InTEllIgEnCE wHITE PAPER | 15
16. data, or not classify information
to maximize the widespread
and detailed effectiveness.
We must consider a national intelligence consortium
Classification should only be or federation and defined public-private partnership
used when there is a requirement concepts, which could implement an effective continuous
to protect sources and methods
or as it relates to our own attack
capability of collecting, organizing, analyzing,
or exploit means. we need to disseminating and leveraging threat intelligence.
develop sharing concepts on both
threats and solutions, so that every
effort is expended to disseminate
the details to federal, state,
local, tribal, private, and key intelligence. This cannot be left to the formal u.S. defense
foreign partners. and intelligence communities alone because their equities
exist on narrower national security lines. Additionally, the
DEaLinG WiTH LaRGE-sCaLE, COMpLEx naTiOn-sTaTE OR u.S. government has only a limited role in developing
the current family of digital age software, hardware,
MaRKETpLaCE pROBLEMs.
and global telecommunication networks being used or
organizing for success is the key, and it should be
designed for the future.
underpinned with strong governance to drive and/
or track results. overall, we must consider a national
intelligence consortium or federation and defined public- iDEnTiFYinG THE CusTOMERs.
Assuming we will optimize the creation and dissemination
private partnership concepts, which could implement an
of cyber intelligence at every appropriate level, we need
effective continuous capability of collecting, organizing,
analyzing, disseminating and leveraging threat to understand the customer set for threat intelligence. This is
a key question because if there are
to be strong connections between
government and industry partners,
we must define, understand, and
We need to develop sharing concepts on both threats establish their respective roles
and solutions, so that every effort is expended to and alignments to create a cyber
disseminate the details to federal, state, local, tribal, intelligence consortium analyzing
and reporting current threats and
private, and key foreign partners. serving customers.
16 | Intelligence and national Security Alliance
17. COnCLusiOns.
In response to the preceding Overall, we must consider a national intelligence
paragraphs, we make the following consortium or federation and defined public-private
suggestions across industry, partnership concepts, which could implement
academia and government.
an effective continuous capability of collecting,
1. Continue to promote discussion,
organizing, analyzing, disseminating and
debate, and action on
systematically defining and leveraging threat intelligence.
establishing effective cyber
intelligence approaches,
enduring professions, needed
skill-sets/training/education and
technologies: • Identify the specific technical means utilized or
planned for cyber attack operations in deep
• Development of strategies (beyond current “patch technical detail to include supply chain issues,
and pray” processes), policies, doctrines, legal paths to be exploited, nature and character of
frameworks, and overall global context for cyber deployed infections, systems/product weakness,
intelligence matters effects, and anticipated planned or ongoing
adjacent activities
• Increase global business, diplomatic and other
forms of engagement, which should discuss • Maintain detailed cyber situational awareness
potential ways to create more stability and mutual writ large
security in the cyber arena in order to reduce the
potential for cyber conflict, theft, sabotage, and • Participate in the rapid control and release
espionage of cyber means in order to ensure a viable
intelligence gain and loss awareness
• Support development of deterrence, dissuasion,
and other high level concepts and measures for • Identify what criminal activities are ongoing or
maintaining peace and stability at all levels of have already happened in cyber networks, do
conflict and crisis formal damage assessments in these areas, and
support development of improved defenses
• Define cyber intelligence professions, needed
skillsets, training, and education for both industry • Partner on research and development in the
and government needs challenging areas of attack attribution, warning,
damage assessment, and space related threat
2. Enable the creation of cyber intelligence related collection and analysis
polices, approaches, and pilot efforts across
• organize and support counter-intelligence and
industry, academia/non-profits, and government
counter-espionage (CI/CE) activities, with special
that provide unclassified situational awareness and
focus on identifying/using auditing tools and
indications and warning data, analytics and 24/7 processes to deal with the insider threats
unclassified and classified (as appropriate) reporting
to government agencies, trusted industry, and global • Create a consistent and meaningful approach for
partners: the cyber equivalent of Battle Damage Assessment
(BDA)/Combat Effectiveness Assessment
• Corporately define specific activities, plans, and
intentions of adversaries; continuously identify
current and emerging threat vectors, and support
our plans and intentions
InSA CyBER InTEllIgEnCE wHITE PAPER | 17
18. 3. Establish public-private
partnership cyber outreach
forums that address these areas We believe there is an urgent need to better define and
in a comprehensive, practical,
and executable fashion. These
develop cyber intelligence as a new discipline in the
forums can take the form of IC. Such a discipline will also demand discussion of
commissions that study the the unique training, education, skill sets, and tradecraft
demand for cyber intelligence
and value added to that will be required to successfully conduct meaningful
cyber security. collection and analysis in the cyber domain.
4. The dilemma that exists in
the current cyber intelligence
apparatus is that DHS has
the authority but lacks the we believe there is an urgent need to better define
experience and capabilities to orchestrate a and develop cyber intelligence as a new discipline in
comprehensive approach to cyber intelligence. the IC. Such a discipline will also demand discussion of
DoD has much of the actual cyber intelligence the unique training, education, skill sets, and tradecraft
capabilities, and private industry owns most of the that will be required to successfully conduct meaningful
infrastructure. ultimately, InSA’s Cyber Council collection and analysis in the cyber domain. These and
would like to see a meaningful partnership among all related topics, such as the role of cyber intelligence in
relevant government agencies and the private sector other aspects of cyber operations and who is best suited
to ensure seamless sharing of threat information, to develop this discipline, will be the subject of further
timely analytical judgments, and reasoned, discussion and white papers by the InSA Cyber Council.
measured responses to clear threats.
As stated earlier, there is clearly a great deal of focus
on cyber security issues. Hardly a day goes by without
some news of a major hacker attack on government
and industry information infrastructure or reports of a
significant security breach. The economic and national
security ramifications are apparent. our ability to truly
define, explore and analyze this cyber threat environment
in a thoughtful, methodical manner at a reasonable level
of classification is not yet well developed.
18 | Intelligence and national Security Alliance | www.insaonline.org
19. aBOuT insa
InSA is the premier intelligence and
national security organization that
brings together the public, private and
academic sectors to collaborate on
the most challenging policy issues and
solutions.
As a non-profit, non-partisan, public-
private organization, InSA’s ultimate goal
is to promote and recognize the highest
standards within the national security and
intelligence communities.
InSA has over 150 corporate members
and several hundred individual members
who are leaders and senior executives
throughout government, the private sector
and academia.
To learn more about INSA visit www.insaonline.org.