According to the document:
1. An estimated 120 million occupational accidents occur annually worldwide, resulting in 210,000 fatalities. Every day over 500 workers die from work-related accidents.
2. Accident prevention has traditionally relied on investigating past accidents and near misses to identify causes and mitigate risks. Analysis of individual accidents aims to determine direct causes and contributing factors.
3. There are various theories on the causes of accidents, including the domino theory which identifies a sequence of factors leading to injury. Multiple causation theory recognizes that accidents rarely have a single cause.
Module-I (12 Hours)
Development of safety movement: - Need for safety-safety and productivity-planning for safetyplanning
procedure-safety policy-formulation of safety policy-safety budget-role and
qualification of safety professional-safety committees-need, types and functions of committeessafety
organizations.
Module II (12 Hours)
Accident prevention: - Basic philosophy of accident prevention-nature and causes of accidentsaccident
proneness-cost of accidents-accident prevention methods-Domino theory-safety
education and training-training methods-motivation and communicating safety-personal
protective equipments.
Module III (12 Hours)
Safety management techniques: - Safety inspection-Safety sampling technique-Safety audit-
Safety survey-Incident recall technique-Job safety analysis-Damage control-Risk management.
Involvement in safety: - Role of management-role of supervisors-role of workmen- role of
unions-role of government
Module IV (12 Hours)
Occupational health and hygiene: - Functional units and activities of occupational health and
hygiene-types of industrial hazards-physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, social, biological,
ergonomic and environmental hazards-factors impeding safety-house keeping-hearing
conservation programme
Module V (12 Hours)
Industrial fire protection: - Fire chemistry-classification of fires-fire prevention activities-fire
risks-fire load -contributing factors to industrial fires-fire detection-industrial fire protection
systems.
PREVENT WORK-RELATED INJURIES
Behavior-based safety is based on the theory that most accidents at workplaces can be prevented with the right behavioral analysis and training. Minor errors and oversights are often left unreported and thus can lead to major accidents if the causes for the incidents are not addressed.
Improve employee safety with our presentation on Behavior-Based Safety:
http://www.presentationload.com/behavior-based-safety-powerpoint-template.html
The BBS approach examines which behaviors and organizational circumstances led to accidents. By knowing this, you can inform employees about safe behavior at the workplace and implement Behavior-Based Safety in your company.
This template not only contains images with background information on occupational safety, but also a series of graphs with statistics and figures on the subject as well as a useful icons toolbox.
Module-I (12 Hours)
Development of safety movement: - Need for safety-safety and productivity-planning for safetyplanning
procedure-safety policy-formulation of safety policy-safety budget-role and
qualification of safety professional-safety committees-need, types and functions of committeessafety
organizations.
Module II (12 Hours)
Accident prevention: - Basic philosophy of accident prevention-nature and causes of accidentsaccident
proneness-cost of accidents-accident prevention methods-Domino theory-safety
education and training-training methods-motivation and communicating safety-personal
protective equipments.
Module III (12 Hours)
Safety management techniques: - Safety inspection-Safety sampling technique-Safety audit-
Safety survey-Incident recall technique-Job safety analysis-Damage control-Risk management.
Involvement in safety: - Role of management-role of supervisors-role of workmen- role of
unions-role of government
Module IV (12 Hours)
Occupational health and hygiene: - Functional units and activities of occupational health and
hygiene-types of industrial hazards-physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, social, biological,
ergonomic and environmental hazards-factors impeding safety-house keeping-hearing
conservation programme
Module V (12 Hours)
Industrial fire protection: - Fire chemistry-classification of fires-fire prevention activities-fire
risks-fire load -contributing factors to industrial fires-fire detection-industrial fire protection
systems.
PREVENT WORK-RELATED INJURIES
Behavior-based safety is based on the theory that most accidents at workplaces can be prevented with the right behavioral analysis and training. Minor errors and oversights are often left unreported and thus can lead to major accidents if the causes for the incidents are not addressed.
Improve employee safety with our presentation on Behavior-Based Safety:
http://www.presentationload.com/behavior-based-safety-powerpoint-template.html
The BBS approach examines which behaviors and organizational circumstances led to accidents. By knowing this, you can inform employees about safe behavior at the workplace and implement Behavior-Based Safety in your company.
This template not only contains images with background information on occupational safety, but also a series of graphs with statistics and figures on the subject as well as a useful icons toolbox.
This presentation is all about industrial safety and precaution. the precaution that we have to take while working on any industries.
Thankyou
made by -Head of department Mechanical engg. govt polytechnic college, seoni(M.P)
PRAKASH SHINDE
This presentation is all about industrial safety and precaution. the precaution that we have to take while working on any industries.
Thankyou
made by -Head of department Mechanical engg. govt polytechnic college, seoni(M.P)
PRAKASH SHINDE
BOS 3651, Total Environmental Health and Safety Managemen.docxarnit1
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BOS 3651, Total Environmental Health and Safety Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Examine management tools necessary to implement effective safety management systems.
7.1 Discuss the need for a safety management system to focus on serious injuries and fatalities.
7.2 Explain how human behavior and workplace processes combine to create the potential for
serious injuries.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 3:
Innovations in Serious Injury and Fatality Prevention
Chapter 4:
Human Error Avoidance and Reduction
Chapter 5:
Macro Thinking: The Socio-Technical Model
Unit Lesson
Serious injuries and human error play pivotal roles in the success of any accident prevention effort. The costs
and other consequences created by accidents dictate the need for changes that will ensure a reduction in
their occurrence. Discussing serious injuries and human error in this unit will better prepare us to tackle the
details of safety management systems and ANSI/AIHA Z10 in subsequent units.
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Serious Injury Prevention
and Human Error Reduction
Safety pyramid based on H. W. Heinrichâs study of industrial accidents. âHeinrichâs Lawâ
proposed that for every major injury 29 minor injuries and 300 noninjury incidents occur
(Heinrich, 1931).
BOS 3651, Total Environmental Health and Safety Management 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
In the course textbook, Manuele (2014) challenges the notion that if we eliminate all the minor injuries, the
severe injuries will be taken care of as well. The accident pyramid concept first proposed by H.W. Heinrich in
the 1930s has been embraced by safety professionals for decades.
Manuele (2014) presents some compelling evidence that perhaps we need to focus on the top of the pyramid
rather than the bottom. His research has demonstrated that incident frequency may have been reduced over
the past several decades, but severity has not decreased proportionately. He also shows that serious injuries
most often occur in nonroutine and nonproduction activities.
On what do safety professionals focus most of their prevention efforts? Routine and production activities! Of
course, increased exposure increases the risk, but if we are not experiencing serious injuries in these routine
operations, maybe we have them under control and should focus more of our efforts on the nonroutine. Keep
in mind that one fatal injury can quickly undo years of safety program building.
Trying to identify the nonroutine operations is reminiscent of former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeldâs
âknown knowns and unknown knownsâ comments from a few years ago. Or was it âknown unknownsâ?
Whateverâthe point is that we need to examine our safety culture to see if it supports identification of the
unknowns. Is incident reporting supported by policies that do not place blame? Does the incident investigation
...
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Systems Model of Construction Accident Causation
Panagiotis Mitropoulos1; Tariq S. Abdelhamid2; and Gregory A. Howell3
Abstract: The current approach to safety focuses on prescribing and enforcing âdefenses;â that is, physical and procedural b
reduce the workersâ exposure to hazards. Under this perspective, accidents occur because the prescribed defenses are violate
of safety knowledge and/or commitment. This perspective has a limited view of accident causality, as it ignores the work syste
and their interactions that generate the hazardous situations and shape the work behaviors. Understanding and addressing
factors that lead to accidents is necessary to develop effective accident prevention strategies. This paper presents a new accid
model of the factors affecting the likelihood of accidents during a construction activity. The model takes a systems view of acc
focuses on how the characteristics of the production system generate hazardous situations and shape the work behaviors, and
conditions that trigger the release of the hazards. The model is based on descriptive rather than prescriptive models of work be
takes into account the actual production behaviors, as opposed to the normative behaviors and procedures that workers âsho
The model identifies the critical role of task unpredictability in generating unexpected hazardous situations, and acknowl
inevitability of exposures and errors. The model identifies the need for two accident prevention strategies:~1! reliable production plannin
to reduce task unpredictability, and~2! error management to increase the workersâ ability to avoid, trap, and mitigate errors. T
causation model contributes to safety research by increasing understanding of the production system factors that affect the f
accident. The practical benefit of the model is that it provides practitioners with strategies to reduce the likelihood of acciden
DOI: 10.1061/~ASCE!0733-9364~2005!131:7~816!
CE Database subject headings: Occupational safety; Construction site accidents; Accident prevention.
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Introduction
In recent years, construction accident rates have declined
result of substantial effort by many parties. Increased pres
from OSHA and owners, and increased cost of accidents r
the contractorsâ awareness. In turn, contractors increased
training and enforcement. These efforts have reduced the
and illness rate from 12.2 in 1993 to 7.9 in 2001. However,
rate of fatalities has shown little improvementâsince 1997,
number of fatalities per year is consistently over 1,100~Bureau o
Labor Statistics 2004!.
The current appr.
Construction Safety Training_Session 10_Risk Assessment, Hierarchy of Control...Muizz Anibire
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Learning Objectives
Describe the risk assessment process.
Carry out risk assessment studies of construction tasks.
Highlight control measures for identified risks.
Understand Methods Statement as a part of the risk assessment process.
Safety and Risk â Assessment of Safety and Risk â Risk Benefit Analysis and Reducing Risk - Respect for Authority â Collective Bargaining â Confidentiality â Conflicts of Interest â Occupational Crime â Professional Rights â Employee Rights â Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) â Discrimination
In this essay presents the rationale for risk analysis techniques, with the purpose of obtaining the costs, risks and establish the measures of protection against damage.
MOS 5101, Safety and Accident Prevention 1 Course .docxpoulterbarbara
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MOS 5101, Safety and Accident Prevention 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Apply occupational safety and health concepts to workplace scenarios.
2.1 Explain the steps required to perform a risk assessment of a mechanical hazard.
2.2 Explain the steps required to perform a risk assessment of a fall hazard.
5. Evaluate common workplace hazards.
5.1 Perform a risk assessment using a risk-assessment matrix or a risk-assessment decision tree.
5.2 Evaluate the acceptability of risk after performing a risk assessment.
6. Formulate hazard abatement strategies for common workplace hazards.
6.1 Recommend controls to reduce the risks associated with a mechanical hazard.
6.2 Recommend controls to reduce the risks associated with a fall hazard.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307â326
Unit V Scholarly Activity
2.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15, pp. 329â357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307â326
Chapter 15, pp. 329â357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
5.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307â326
Chapter 15, pp. 329â357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
6.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307â326
Unit V Scholarly Activity
6.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15, pp. 329â357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 14: Mechanical Hazards and Machine Safeguarding, pp. 307â326
Chapter 15: Falling, Impact, Acceleration, and Vision Hazards with Appropriate PPE, pp. 329â357
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Hazard Assessment and Control of
Mechanical Hazards and Falls
MOS 5101, Safety and Accident Prevention 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
So far in the course, we have discussed the history of safety, causation models for safety, how to perform
an investigation, and the role of human factors in accidents. In this unit, we start to look at how those
variables apply to some hazards that you might face in your safety jobâspecifically mechanical hazards and
fall hazards.
Two important concepts that students must be familiar with in this course are hazards and risks. While at first
glance, these terms appear to be relatively easy to understand, many students are easily confused, using the
terms interchangeably. Hazard and risk are not identical variables. A hazard is anything that has the potential
to cause harm. The harm can be to an individual, the environment, or physical property like a structure. There
are several common definitions of risk, but the most common is the probability that the hazard will cause harm
and the severity that would be associated with the harm.
Part of the safety professionalâs job is to identify hazards that are present at a workplace. There are multiple
methods for the safety professional to identify hazards, commonly referred to as a hazard analysis. We will go
into some specific hazard assessments in greater detail in Un.
WRIâs brand new âFood Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choicesâ gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
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The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
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Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
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The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83Ã10-07 at 9.04Ã10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
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A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
2. ACCIDENT PREVENTION
10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
2
īļ According to International Labour Office statistics, 120 million
occupational accidents occur annually at workplaces worldwide. Of
these, 210,000 are fatal accidents.
īļ Every day, more than 500 men or women do not come home because
they were killed by accidents at work.
īļ These are dramatic numbers which draw fairly little public attention.
Considering the fact that accidents take a considerable economic toll
from nations, companies and individuals, accidents do not get much
publicity.
īļ Accident prevention has been traditionally based on learning from
accidents and near accidents (near misses). By investigating every
incident, we learn about causes and can take actions towards mitigating
or removing the causes.
4. Analysis of Individual Accidents
10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
4
īļ Analysis of individual accidents has two primary purposes:
īļ First, it can be used to determine the cause of an accident and the specific work factors
that contributed to it. Following analysis, one can assess the extent to which the risk has
been recognized. One may also decide upon technical and organizational safety measures
and the degree to which more job experience might have diminished the risk.
Furthermore, a clearer view is gained of the possible actions that might have been taken
to avoid the risk, and the motivation that a worker must have to take these actions.
īļ Second, one can gain knowledge which may be used for analyses of many similar
accidents at both the enterprise level and at more comprehensive (e.g., organization-wide
or national) levels. In this connection, it is important to assemble information such as the
following:
īļ ¡ the identity of the workplace and the work itself (that is, information relating to the
sector or the trade in which the workplace is positioned), and the work processes and the
technology that characterize the work
īļ ¡ the nature and the seriousness of the accident
īļ ¡ factors causing the accident, such as exposure sources, the way in which the accident
occurred and the specific working situation causing the accident
īļ ¡ general conditions at the workplace and the working situation (comprising the factors
mentioned in the foregoing paragraph).
5. Types of Analyses
10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
5
ī There are five primary types of analyses of accidents, each having a distinct
purpose:
ī ¡ Analyses and identification of where and which types of accidents occur. The
goal is to determine the incidence of the injuries, as associated, for example, with
sectors, trade groups, enterprises, work processes and types of technology.
ī ¡ Analyses with respect to monitoring developments in the incidence of
accidents. The purpose is to be warned of changes, both positive and negative.
Measuring the effect of preventive initiatives may be the result of such analyses,
and increases in new types of accidents within a specified area will constitute
warning of new risk elements.
ī ¡ Analyses to prioritize initiatives that call for high degrees of risk
measurement, which in turn involve calculating the frequency and seriousness of
accidents. The goal is to establish a basis for prioritization to determine where it
is more important to carry out preventive measures than elsewhere.
ī ¡ Analyses to determine how the accidents occurred and, especially, to
establish both direct and underlying causes. This information is then applied to
the selection, elaboration and implementation of concrete corrective action and
preventive initiatives.
ī ¡ Analyses for elucidation of special areas which have otherwise attracted
attention (a sort of rediscovery or control analyses). Examples include analyses
of incidences of a special injury risk or the discovery of a hitherto unrecognized
risk identified in the course of examining an already known risk.
6. Phases of the Analysis
10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
6
ī Irrespective of the level from which an analysis starts,
it will usually have the following phases:
ī ¡ identification of where the accidents occur at the
general level selected
ī ¡ specification of where the accidents occur at a
more specific level within the general level
ī ¡ determination of goals in view of the incidence (or
frequency) and seriousness of the accidents
ī ¡ description of exposure sources or other harmful
factorsâthat is, the direct causes of damage and
injury
ī ¡ examination of the underlying causal relation and
causal development.
8. THEORY OF ACCIDENT CAUSES
10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
8
īļ The domino theory
īļ According to W.H. Heinrich (1931), who developed the so-called domino theory, 88% of
all accidents are caused by unsafe acts of people, 10% by unsafe actions and 2% by âacts
of Godâ. He proposed a âfive-factor accident sequenceâ in which each factor would
actuate the next step in the manner of toppling dominoes lined up in a row. The sequence
of accident factors is as follows:
īļ 1. ancestry and social environment
īļ 2. worker fault
īļ 3. unsafe act together with mechanical and physical hazard
īļ 4. accident
īļ 5. damage or injury.
īļ In the same way that the removal of a single domino in the row would interrupt the
sequence of toppling, Heinrich suggested that removal of one of the factors would
prevent the accident and resultant injury; with the key domino to be removed from the
sequence being number 3. Although Heinrich provided no data for his theory, it
nonetheless represents a useful point to start discussion and a foundation for future
research.
9. 10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
9
ī Multiple causation theory
ī Multiple causation theory is an outgrowth of the domino theory, but
it postulates that for a single accident there may be many
contributory factors, causes and sub-causes, and that certain
combinations of these give rise to accidents. According to this
theory, the contributory factors can be grouped into the following
two categories:
ī Behavioural. This category includes factors pertaining to the worker,
such as improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and
inadequate physical and mental condition.
ī Environmental. This category includes improper guarding of other
hazardous work elements and degradation of equipment through
use and unsafe procedures.
ī The major contribution of this theory is to bring out the fact that
rarely, if ever, is an accident the result of a single cause or act.
ī The pure chance theory
ī According to the pure chance theory, every one of any given set of
workers has an equal chance of being involved in an accident. It
further implies that there is no single discernible pattern of events
that leads to an accident. In this theory, all accidents are treated as
corresponding to Heinrichâs acts of God, and it is held that there
exist no interventions to prevent them.
10. 10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
10
ī Biased liability theory
ī Biased liability theory is based on the view that once a
worker is involved in an accident, the chances of the
same worker becoming involved in future accidents are
either increased or decreased as compared to the rest of
workers. This theory contributes very little, if anything at
all, towards developing preventive actions for avoiding
accidents.
ī Accident proneness theory
ī Accident proneness theory maintains that within a given
set of workers, there exists a subset of workers who are
more liable to be involved in accidents. Researchers have
not been able to prove this theory conclusively because
most of the research work has been poorly conducted
and most of the findings are contradictory and
inconclusive. This theory is not generally accepted. It is
felt that if indeed this theory is supported by any empirical
evidence at all, it probably accounts for only a very low
proportion of accidents without any statistical significance.
11. 10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
11
ī The energy transfer theory
ī Those who accept the energy transfer theory put forward the claim that a
worker incurs injury or equipment suffers damage through a change of
energy, and that for every change of energy there is a source, a path and a
receiver. This theory is useful for determining injury causation and evaluating
energy hazards and control methodology. Strategies can be developed
which are either preventive, limiting or ameliorating with respect to the
energy transfer.
ī Control of energy transfer at the source can be achieved by the following
means:
ī ¡ elimination of the source
ī ¡ changes made to the design or specification of elements of the work
station
ī ¡ preventive maintenance.
ī The path of energy transfer can be modified by:
ī ¡ enclosure of the path
ī ¡ installation of barriers
ī ¡ installation of absorbers
ī ¡ positioning of isolators.
ī The receiver of energy transfer can be assisted by adopting the following
measures:
ī ¡ limitation of exposure
ī ¡ use of personal protective equipment.
12. 10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
12
ī The âsymptoms versus causesâ theory
ī The âsymptoms versus causesâ theory is not so
much a theory as an admonition to be heeded if
accident causation is to be understood. Usually,
when investigating accidents, we tend to fasten upon
the obvious causes of the accident to the neglect of
the root causes. Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions
are the symptomsâthe proximate causesâand not
the root causes of the accident.
13. 10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
13
DIRECT COSTS OF ACCIDENTS
īļDirect, or insured costs for accidents are usually
considered those costs covered by workers
compensation insurance and other minor medical costs
for the accident.
īļThe company pays insurance to cover these costs.
īļThe average direct costs depend on the nature of the
injury or illness
DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS OF
ACCIDENTS
14. INDIRECT COSTS OF ACCIDENTS
10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
14
īļIndirect costs are all the "uninsured" additional costs
associated with an accident.
īļWhat is important to realize is that indirect costs are
usually much greater than direct costs: From 2-10
times as expensive.
īļAnother important point is that, unlike direct costs,
indirect costs are uninsured...they come right out of the
corporate pocketbook. These are the costs that can
drive a company into the red.
15. lists of examples for indirect or
uninsured costs:
10/19/2021
RENURAMAN J,
15
īļ Lost production time.
īļ Productive time lost by an injured employee.
īļ Productive time lost by employees and supervisors helping
the accident victim.
īļ Cleanup and startup of operations interrupted by an
accident.
īļ Time to hire or train a worker to replace the injured worker
until they return to work.
īļ Property damage. Time and cost for repair or replacement
of damaged equipment, materials or other property.
īļ Cost of continuing all or part of the employee's wages, plus
compensation.
16. Safety Committee
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ī The primary purpose of a safety committee is to
bring workers and management together in a non
adversarial, cooperative effort to assist the
employer in making improvements to the safety
management system.
17. Safety Committee Role, Purpose, Processes, and
Function
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ī The role we play â Leader, counselor, coach, supervisor,
owner. Determines expectations and purpose.
ī Purpose - the intended outcome towards which a person or
group strives.
ī Process - the means and methods used to achieve the
intended purpose.
ī Function â the actual outcome. Determined by how well
we design and carry out processes, fulfill our purposes, and
play our role. An ineffective safety committee may
âfunctionâ to hurt rather than help the employer manage an
effective safety program.
18. Safety Committee Formation and Membership
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īļAn effective safety committee should be composed of
an number of employer and employee representatives.
īļ Employee representatives should be volunteers or
should be elected by their peers.
īļWhen agreed upon by workers and management, the
number of employee representatives on the committee
should be greater than the number of employer
representatives.
īļThe chairperson should be elected by the committee
members
19. Ten Keys to an Effective Safety Committee
Meeting
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īļMeetings are well organized with expected and
unexpected activities
īļThe committee clearly understands its role and
purpose
īļAction items, activities, projects are assigned to
members and completion dates set
īļThe extent of safety committee authority is
understood
īļEstablish ground rules that set standards of
behavior and procedure. - âcommittee cultureâ
20. Ten Keys to an Effective Safety
Committee Meeting
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īļFormal and informal communications are clear
and occur often
īļMembers demonstrate a commitment to the
safety committee
īļDuties and responsibilities are delegated to
individual members
īļMember involvement and input is encouraged
and recognized
īļMembers are educated and trained on their
duties and responsibilities
21. We do what we do because of consequences!
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ī Natural consequences. Hurt or health to the employee
and employer. Injury, accident costs, morale,
productivity. We are punished or rewarded by what we
do.
ī System consequences. Discipline or
recognition/reward. The employee and employer
experience these consequences from another person or
organization. Disciplinary action.
22. Positive consequences
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When effective, increase mandatory and
discretionary behavior.
Pay, benefits, recognition, reward
īļEmployee performs to receive the consequence
īļEmployee may perform far beyond minimum
standards
īļFocus is on excellence - success based
What do you hear from employees?
īļ âIf you report a hazard, I will make sure youâre
recognized.â
īļ âIf you prevent an injury or save money, you will
be rewarded.â
23. Negative consequences
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When effective, increases required behavior only.
Discipline, punishment,
īļ Employee performs to avoid the consequence - fear based
īļ Employee performs to minimum standard - just enough to
get by
īļ This strategy can work if the goal is only compliance
What do you hear from employees?
īļ âIf you wear that eye protection, you wonât get injured.â
īļ âIf you comply with safety rules, you wonât be
disciplined.â
24. Safety Education and Training and
their importance
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Hazard Recognition
ī Certain conditions increase the risk of an accident and
resulting personal injuries or property damage.
ī These factors can be environmental, process-based, or
behavioural.
ī Occupational risks can be managed by consistently
inspecting work areas and addressing discovered hazards in
a timely manner.
26. Recognizing Environmental Hazards
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ī Physical workplace set-up (furniture, lay-out,
landscape)
ī Surrounding environment (air quality, lighting levels,
noise)
ī Contamination from chemical products or waste
27. Recognizing Process-Based Hazards
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ī Using unguarded equipment or tools inappropriate for the
task
ī Poor housekeeping within the work area
ī Inadequate work area protection (fire, electric shock,
exposure)
ī Poor ergonomic conditions or insufficient space for safe
work
ī Insufficient containment and protection in case of an
emergency
ī Lack of task-related safety training and supervision
28. Recognizing Behavioural Hazards
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ī Not wearing personal protective equipment
ī Acting complacent due to high familiarity with the task
ī Not maintaining focus, acting distracted and distracting
others
ī Rushing ahead, attempting to skip steps to finish the task
sooner
30. What Constitutes a Risk?
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ī One or more hazards persist in a favourable environment
under permissive circumstances
ī A lit butane torch is left unattended on a tabletop covered
with sawdust
ī Six boxes holding paper records are precariously stacked
on top of each other near a doorway
ī It is important to note that a person is not often necessary to
trigger an accident. A sparking faulty outlet can start a fire
if enough flammable materials are stored nearby in an
otherwise abandoned room
31. Can you identify the risks pictured
below?
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32. Injury and Illness Prevention Program
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ī Safety law designed to establish a system for the employer
and employees to identify, control, and reduce workplace
risks that lead to an injury or illness
ī Consists of eight elements for a streamlined and
comprehensive safety program
īļ Responsibility
īļ Compliance
īļ Communication
īļ Hazard Assessment
īļ Accident / Exposure Investigation
īļ Hazard Correction
īļ Training and Instruction
īļ Recordkeeping
33. Injury and Illness Prevention Program
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ī Responsibility for compliance to related safety program
standards is expected from both the employer and the
employees
ī Employer will conduct periodic inspections, identify and
rectify various hazards, communicate known information
about hazard controls to the employees, perform and
document investigations of occurred incidents, train the
employees on how to safely conduct their job assignments,
and maintain related records in case of a state or federal
audit.
ī Employees may be held accountable for violating safety
guidelines and instructions received during administered
training.
34. On-Campus Safety Inspections
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ī Safety inspections are regularly conducted and can focus
locally or on the scale of the whole campus; the goal is to
determine if any commonly recognized hazards are present,
or if any practices taking place that introduce new risks.
ī The safety inspection survey used at Otis College is
designed for a generalized oversight of local work areas by
the employees and their supervisors; additional site
inspection or a hazard assessment assistance is readily
available.
36. Closing Thoughts and Reminders
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ī Hazardous conditions in the workplace can be either
reported to class instructors, staff supervisors, or directly to
the Environmental Health and Safety Manager.
ī Employees may report observed risks or hazardous
conditions anonymously if they so choose.
ī In case a workplace incident or injury do take place, it is
imperative that the event is reported as soon as possible, in
order not to delay medical aid to any of the involved
individuals, as well as to ensure that appropriate corrective
measures are implemented in a timely manner before
another incident takes place under identical circumstances.